INTEGRATION

BY
SUBSTITUTION
METHOD
2.0 - Substitution

• In finding the antiderivative for some functions,

many techniques fail
• Substitution can sometimes remedy this problem
• Substitution depends on the idea of a differential.
• If u = f(x), then the differential of u, written du, is
defined as du = f’(x)dx
• Example: If u=2x3 + 1, then du=6x2 dx
2.1 - Integration by substitution

Method of integration related to chain

rule differentiation. If u is a function of
x, then we can use the formula

 f 
 fdx    du
 du / dx  

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

2.1 - Integration by substitution

Let ƒ and g be two functions that ƒ is continuous on

I and is continuous on the closed interval [a,b].
Then the function f(g(x))g'(x) is also continuous on
[a,b]. Hence the integrals

 f [ g ( x)]g ' ( x) dx   f (u) du  F (u)  c  F ( g ( x))  c

Example 2.1.1

product rule.
 
3 4
2x  1 6x2dx
• looks like the chain rule and

• But using differentials and substitution we’ll

find the antiderivative u du

 2x   2x 
3 4 2 3 4
1 6x dx  1 6x2dx


= u4du
Example 2.1.1 continued…

• Now use the power rule


5
4
u du  u
C
5

• Substitute (2x3 + 1) back in for u:

 
3 5


2x 1
2x 
3 4 2
1 6x dx  C
5
You Do

• Find
  
2 7
6x 3x  4 dx

u du

 3x  
2 7
4 6xdx  u7 du

 
8


8 2
7 u 3x  4
u du  C  C
8 8
2.1.1 Choosing u
 du

• We haven’t needed the modification of

du in the past 2 problems, but that’s not
always the case. The du happened to
have already appeared in the previous
examples.
 3x  4 6xdx
2 7

• Remember, du is the derivative of u.

  
3 4
2x  1 6x2dx
Example 2.1.2

• Find
 x2 x3  1dx

• Let u = x3 + 1, then du = 3x2dx

• There’s an x2 in the problem but no 3x2, so we
need to multiply by 3
• Multiplying by 3 changes the problem, so we
need to counteract that 3 by also multiplying
by 1/3
Example 2.1.3

 
2 3 1
x x  1 dx  3x2 x3  1 dx
3

 
1


1 1 1

3
3
 2
x  1 3x dx 
3
 u du 
3
u 2 du

 3  3 3
1  u2  1 2 2 2 2
    C   u  C  u  C
3 3  33 9
 2 
3
2 3

9

x 1  2 C
Example 2.1.4


• Find  x  3 dx

2
x2  6x

• u = x2 + 6x, so du = (2x + 6)dx = 2(x + 3)dx

 x  3 2  x  3
  
dx 
1
dx 1 du

 2

2 2
2
x  6x 2
x  6x 2 u2


 1 
1 2 1 u 1
 u du   C  C
2 2  1  2u
1
 C
 2
2 x  6x 
Example 2.1.5

  dx
x2  1
• Find
 x  3x
3

• u = x3 + 3x, so du = (3x2 + 3) dx= 3(x2 + 1)dx

x
 dx 2
1
1 du

 x  3x 

3 u

1 1
31
 u du  ln u  C
3 3
1
 ln x3  3x  C
3
You do
You Du


• Find x3 u = 1+x4, so du = 4x3dx
dx


1
 1 1 1
4 3
1x but   du  ln u 3
1
 4
u 3


1


x3dx 1 1
1  du
1x 4
 3 1 4
u 3 
2

Thus  
1 1 1 1 u 31
1 4
du  u  3 du
 C
  4 2 4
u 3
3
2

24
1 
 3   1x 3 C
4
 
2



3 1  x4  3

C
8
Example 2.1.6

 3x  x 
9
2 3
Consider the integral:  5 dx
3 2
pick u  x +5, then du  3 x dx
du
2
 dx
3x

 
10
3
10 x 5

9 u
u du  C  C
10 10
Sub to get Integrate Back Substitute

Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.

Example 2.1.7

x
2
Evaluate 5 x  7 dx
du 2 Pick u,
Let u  5 x  7 then  dx
10 x compute du
1 1/ 2
 
2
x 5 x  7 dx  u du Sub in
10
3/ 2
 1 u
  C Integrate
 10  3 / 2 

 
3/ 2
2
5x 7
 C Sub in
15
Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Example 2.1.8

dx
Evaluate  x ln x  3
Pick u,
Let u  ln x then xdu  dx compute du

dx Sub in
 x ln x    u
3
3
du
2 Integrate
u
 C
2
2

 ln x 
C Sub in
2
Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Example 2.1.9

3t
e dt
Evaluate
e3t  2 Pick u,
3t du compute du
Let u  e +2 then 3t  dt
3e
e3t dt 1 1 Sub in
 3t

e 2 3 u
du 
Integrate
ln u
 C
3


3t
ln e  2   C Sub in
3
Copyright (c) 2004 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc.
Example 2.2.1(variable substitution)

 x  8  7 dx Let u = x , therefore du = dx

Let u = x + 8, therefore du = dx 1

1 1
  u  8 du
7

 x  8 dx   u
7 7
du

!!!!!
Example 2.2.2(variable substitution)

x 1
 x  2x  3
2
dx
du
Let u = x2 + 2x + 3, therefore  2 x  2 or du = 2x + 2 dx
dx
1 du
  or du  x  1dx
2 u 2
1
 ln u   c
2 Let u = x + 1, therefore du = dx
 lnx 2  2 x  3 c
1
udu
2  2
( x  2 x  3) !!!!!
 Example 2.2.3 (variable substitution)

 x 2  5x  dx
2 3 3

du
Let u = 2 - 5x , therefore
3
 15x 2 or du = -15x2 dx
dx
1
1
  u 3 du
15 Let u = x2, therefore du = 2x dx
 4 
1  u 3 
Let u = -5x3, therefore du =-15x2 dx
  c
15  4 
 
 3  !!!!!
1
 2  5 x 3 3  c
4

20
 Example 2.3.1 (trigonometric function)

Let u =x du=dx
 x cos 3 x
2
dx

2
u cos 3u du
Let u =3x2 du=6xdx du/6 = xdx

1
  cos u du
Let u = cos 3x  du/dx = -6x sin 3x
2 2

6 !!!!!
1 1
 sin u  c  sin 3x 2  c
6 6
 Example 2.3.2 (trigonometric function)

 
 sin( x)  1 cos( x)dx
7

Let u = sin(x) + 1, therefore du = cos(x) dx

Let u =cos(x), therefore du = -sin(x) dx

  u  du
7

1 8
 u c !!!!!
8
1
 sin( x)  1  c
8

8
Example 2.4.1 (exponential function)


3x
e dx
Let u = 3x, du  3 or du  dx
dx 3

1 u
  e du
3
1 3x
 e c
3
Example 2.4.2 (exponential function)

5
x2
x dx
Let u = x2 or du
 xdx
2

1 u
  5 du
ax
 a dx  c
x

ln a
2
u x2
5 5
 c  c
2 ln 5 2 ln 5
Example 2.4.3 (exponential function)

x
e
 x
dx
du 1 1
Let u  x or  or 2du  dx
dx 2 x x

 2  e du u

 2e  c u

 2e x
c
Example 2.5.1 (resulting log function)

1
 x 1 dx

Let u = x + 1 or du = dx
du
 = ln |u|+c = ln|x + 1| + c
u
Example 2.5.2 (resulting log function)

x
 x 2  1 dx
Let u = x2 – 1 and du = 2xdx
1 du 1
    1
 ln u  c  ln x  1  c
2

2 u 2 2
Example 2.5.3 (resulting log function)

24 x  9 38x  3
 8x2  6x  2 dx   8x  6 x  2
2 dx

du
Let u = 8x + 6x + 2 or
2
 16 x  6
dx
du du
 28x  3 or  8x  3 dx
dx 2
3 du 3
 
3
 
 ln u  c  ln 8 x  6 x  2  c
2

2 u 2 2
2.6 (resulting inverse trigonometric function)

INTEGRATION FORMULAS
– The two most useful of these are:
1
 1 x 2
dx  sin1 x  C

1
 x2  1
1
dx  tan x C
Example 2.6.1(resulting inverse trigonometric function)

dx dx x
 9 x 2

a 2
x 2

 sin 1
a
 c; a  0

dx dx
 
  x 2
   x 2 
91     3 1    
 3   3 
   
3du du
 
  1  u  
Let u = x/3 == du = (1/3) dx. So:
3 1  u 
2 2

du u
  sin  c  sin 1 x  c;
1

12  u 2  1 3
 Example 2.6.3(resulting inverse trigonometric function)

•Find: dx 1 1 x
x
 x 4  9 dx  a 2  x 2   a tan a  c; a  0

– We substitute u = x2 because then du = 2x dx and

x 1 du 1 1 1  u 
 x 4  9 dx  2  u 2  9  2  3 tan  3   C
1 1  x 2

 tan    C
6  3 