Chapter three

Derivatives

Let y = f ( x ) be a function of x . If the limit :

dy f(x x) f(x) y
f' ( x ) lim lim
dx x 0 x x o x
exists and is finite , we call this limit the derivative of f at x and say
that f is differentiable at x .

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EX-1 – Find the derivative of the function : f ( x )
2x 3
Sol.:
1 1
f(x x) f(x) 2( x x) 3 2x 3
f' ( x ) lim lim
x 0 x x 0 x
2x 3 2( x x) 3 2x 3 2( x x) 3
lim .
x 0 x . 2( x x ) 3 2x 3 2x 3 2( x x) 3
( 2 x 3 ) ( 2( x x) 3)
lim
x 0 x . 2( x x ) 3 2 x 3( 2 x 3 2( x x) 3)
2 1
( 2 x 3 )( 2 x 3 2x 3 ) ( 2 x 3 )3

Rules of derivatives : Let c and n are constants, u , v and w are

differentiable functions of x :
1. d c 0
dx
2. d u n nu n 1 du d 1 1 du
dx dx dx u u 2 dx
3. d cu c du
dx dx
4. d ( u v ) du dv ; d ( u v w ) du dv dw
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
5. d ( u .v ) u . dv v du
dx dx dx

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 and d ( u .v .w ) u .v dw u .w dv v .w du
dx dx dx dx
v du u dv
6. d u dx dx where v 0
dx v v 2

dy
EX-2- Find for the following functions :
dx
2
a ) y ( x 2 1 )5 b) y ( 5 x )( 4 2 x )
12 4 3
c) y ( 2x3 3x2 6x ) 5
d) y 3
x x x4
( x2 x )( x 2 x 1) 2
x 1
e) y f) y
x3 x 2
x 2
Sol.-
dy
a) 5( x 2 1 )4 .2 x 10 x ( x 2 1 )4
dx
b ) dy
2 (5 x )( 4 2x ) 2( 5 x) (4 2x )
dx
8( 5 x )( 2 x )( 2 x 7 )
dy
c) 5( 2 x 3 3x2 6 x ) 6 (6 x2 6x 6)
dx
30 ( 2 x 3 3x2 6 x ) 6 ( x2 x 1)
1 3 dy
d) y 12 x 4x 3x 4 12 x 2
12 x 4
12 x 5
dx
dy 12 12 12
dx x2 x4 x5
e) ( x 1 )( x 2 x 1 )
y
x3
dy x 3 ( x 2 x 1 ) ( x 1 )( 2 x 1 ) 3 x 2 ( x 1 )( x 2 x 1) 3
dx x6 x4

dy 2 x( x 2 x 2 ) ( x 2 1 )( 2 x 1 ) x2 2x 1
f)
dx ( x 2 x 2 )2 ( x2 x 2 )2

2
The Chain Rule:

1. Suppose that h = go f is the composite of the differentiable

functions y = g( t ) and x = f( t ) , then h is a differentiable
functions of x whose derivative at each value of x is :
dy dy dx
dx dt dt

2. If y is a differentiable function of t and t is differentiable

function of x , then y is a differentiable function of x :
dy dy dt
y g( t ) and t f(x) *
dx dt dx
EX-3 – Use the chain rule to express dy / dx in terms of x and y :

t2
a) y and t 2x 1
t2 1
1
b) y 2
and x 4t 1
t 1
2
t 1 1
c) y and x 1 at t 2
t 1 t2
1 1
d) y 1 and t at x 2
t 1 x
Sol.-

t2 2t( t 2 1 ) 2t .t 2
dy 2t
a) y 2 2 2
t 1 dt
( t 1) ( t 1 )2
2

1 1
dt 1 1
t ( 2x 1 )2 .( 2 x 1 ) 2 .2
dx 2 2x 1
dy dy dt 2t 1 2 2x 1 1 1
. 2 2
. 2
.
dx dt dx ( t 1 ) 2 x 1 (( 2 x 1 ) 1 ) 2x 1 2( x 1 )2

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 dy 2t
b) y (t2 1) 1
2t( t 2 1 ) 2 2
dx (t 1 )2
1 1
dx 1 2
x ( 4t 1 )2 ( 4 t 1 ) 2 .4
dt 2 4t 1
dy dy dx 2t 2 t 4t 1
2 2
dx dt dt (t 1) 4t 1 ( t 2 1 )2
x2 1 1 xy 2 ( x 2 1)
.x
4 y2 4
2
x 1
where x 4t 1 t
4
1 1
where y 2
t2 1
t 1 y
2
t 1 dy t 1 t 1 ( t 1 ) 4( t 1 )
c) y 2
t 1 dt t 1 ( t 1 )2 ( t 1 )3
dy 4( 2 1 ) 4
3
dt t 2 ( 2 1 ) 27
1 dx 2 dx 2 1
x 1
t2 dt t 3
dt t 2 2 3
4
dy dy dx 4 1 16
dx t 2 dt dt t 2 27 4 27
d) t 11 1 at x 2
11 2 x
dy 11 dy 1
y 1 2
1
dt t t dt t 1 ( 1 ) 2
t (1 x ) 1 dt (1 x ) 2( 1) 1
dx ( 1 x )2
dt 1 1
dx x 2 ( 1 2 ) 2
dy dy
. dt 1* 1 1
dx x 2 dt x 2 dx x 2

Higher derivatives : If a function y = f( x ) possesses a derivative at every

point of some interval , we may form the function f '(x) and talk

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 about its derivate , if it has one . The procedure is formally identical
with that used before , that is :
d2y d dy d f (x x) f (x)
f ( x ) lim
2
dx dx dx dx x 0 x
if the limit exists .
This derivative is called the second derivative of y with respect to x .
It is written in a number of ways , for example,
d2 f ( x)
y'' , f ''(x) , or .
dx 2
In the same manner we may define third and higher derivatives ,
using similar notations . The nth derivative may be written :
dny
y( n ) , f ( n ) ( x ) , n .
dx

EX-4- Find all derivatives of the following function :

y = 3x3 - 4x2 + 7x + 10
Sol.-
dy 2 d2y
9x 8x 7 , 18 x 8
dx dx 2
d3y d4y d5 y
18 , 0 ....
dx 3 dx 4 dx 5

Ex-5 – Find the third derivative of the following function :

1
y x3
x
Sol.-
1
dy 1 3 x2
dx x2 2
d2y 2 3x 2
1

dx 2 x3 4
d3y 6 3x 2
3
d3y 6 3
3 4 3 4
dx x 8 dx x 8 x3

5
Implicit Differentiation: If the formula for f is an algebraic combination
of powers of x and y . To calculate the derivatives of these implicitly
defined functions , we simply differentiate both sides of the defining
equation with respect to x .

dy
EX-6- Find for the following functions:
dx
2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4
a ) x .y x y b ) (x y) (x y) x y
x y
c) 2 at P(3,1) d) xy 2x - 5y 2 at P(3,2)
x 2y

Sol.
dy dy dy x xy 2
a ) x2( 2 y ) y2( 2x ) 2x 2y
dx y dx dx x2 y
dy dy dy
b ) 3(x y)2 ( 1 ) 3( x y )2 ( 1 ) 4 x3 4 y3
dx dx dx
3 2 2
dy 4 x 3( x y ) 3( x y ) dy 2 x 3 3 x 2 3 y 2
dx 3( x y )2 3( x y )2 4 y 3 dx 6 xy 2 y 3
dy dy
(x - 2y)(1 - ) ( x y )( 1 2 )
dx dx dy y dy 1
c) 2
0
( x 2y) dx x dx ( 3 ,1 ) 3
dy dy dy y 2 dy 2 2
d) x y 2 5 0 2
dx dx dx 5 x dx ( 3 ,2 ) 5 3

Exponential functions : If u is any differentiable function of x , then :

d u du d u du
7) a a u .ln a . and e eu .
dx dx dx dx

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 dy
EX-7 –Find for the following functions :
dx

a) y 2 3x b) y 2 x .3 x
2
c) y ( 2 x )2 d) y x.2 x
5x
e) y e (x e ) f ) y e 1 5x 2

Sol.-
dy
a) y 2 3x 2 3 x * 3 ln 2
dx
dy
b) y 2 x .3 x y 6x 6 x . ln 6
dx
dy
c) y (2 x )2 y 22x 2 2 x ln 2.2 2 2 x 1 ln 2
dx
2 dy 2 2 2
d)y x.2 x x.2 x ln2.2x 2 x 2 x (2x 2 ln2 1)
dx
e 5x ) dy 5x
e) y e (x e (x e ) ( 1 5 e 5 x )
dx
1 1 1
5x 2 ) 2 dy 2 2 1 2 5x
f) y e (1 e (1 5x ) ( 1 5 x 2 ) 2 .10 x e 1 5 x
dx 2 1 5x2

Logarithm functions : If u is any differentiable function of x , then :

d 1 du d 1 du
8) log u . and ln u .
dx a u .ln a dx dx u dx

dy
EX-8 – Find for the following functions :
dx

a) y log10 e x b) y log 5 ( x 1 )2
3
c) y log 2 ( 3 x 2 1 )3 d) y ln(x 2 2 )2
2 5

(2x 3 4 ) 3 .( 2 x 2 3 ) 2
e) y ln(xy) 1 f) y
( 7 x 3 4 x 3 )2

Sol. –

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 dy
ln e 1
a) y log 10 e x y x log 10 e log 10 e
dx
ln 10 ln 10
dy 2
b ) y log 5 ( x 1 )2 2 log 5 ( x 1 )
dx ( x 1 ) ln 5
dy 3
c ) y 3 log 2 ( 3 x 2 1 ) . 6x 18 x
dx 3 x 2 1 ln 2 ( 3 x 2 1 ) ln 2
2
dy 2 2 2 48 x ln( x 2 2 )
d) 3 2 ln( x 2 ) .2 x
dx x2 2 x2 2
dy 1 1 dy dy y
e) y lnx lny 1 . 0
dx x y dx dx x( y 1 )
2 5
f ) lny ln( 2 x 3 4 ) ln( 2 x 2 3 ) 2 ln( 7 x 3 4 x 3 )
3 2
1 dy 2 6 x 2 5 4x 21 x 2 4
. . 3 . 2 2. 3
y dx 3 2 x 4 2 2 x 3 7 x 4x 3
dy 2 x2 5x 21 x 2 4
2y
dx 2 x3 4 2 x2 3 7 x3 4 x 3

Trigonometric functions : If u is any differentiable function of x , then :

9) d sinu cosu. du
dx dx
10 ) d cosu sin u. du
dx dx
11 ) d 2 du
tanu sec u.
dx dx
12 ) d cotu csc 2 u. du
dx dx
13 ) d secu secu.tanu. du
dx dx
14 ) d cscu c scu.cotu. du
dx dx

dy
EX-9- Find for the following functions :
dx

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 a) y tan(3x 2 ) b) y (cscx cotx)2
c) y 2sin x xCos x d) y tan 2 (cos x )
2 2
e ) x tan(xy) 0 f) y sec 4 x tan 4 x
Sol.-
dy
a) sec 2 ( 3 x 2 ).6 x 6 x . sec 2 ( 3 x 2 )
dx
dy
b) 2(csc x cot x )( csc x .cot x csc 2 x ) 2 csc x .(csc x cot x )2
dx
dy
c) 2 cos x . 1 x( sin x ). 1 cos x x . sin x
dx 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
dy
d) 2.tan(cosx ).sec2 (cosx ).( sin x ) 2.sin x .tan(cosx ).sec2 (cosx )
dx
2 dy dy 1 y .sec2 ( xy ) cos2 ( xy ) y
e ) 1 sec ( xy ).( x y) 0
dx dx x. sec2 ( xy ) x
dy
f) 4 sec3 x .sec x .tan x 4.tan3 x .sec2 x 4 tan x.sec2 x
dx

EX-10- Prove that :

a ) d tan u sec 2 u . du b ) d sec u sec u .tan u . du
dx dx dx dx

Proof :
cosu.cosu. du sinu.( sinu ) du
a ) L.H .S . d tanu d sinu dx
2
dx
dx dx cosu cos u
2 2
cos u sin u . du 1 . du sec2 u. du R.H .S .
2
cos u dx cos2 u dx dx

b) L.H .S . d secu d 1 1 ( sinu ) du

dx dx cosu cos2 u dx
1 . sinu . du secu.tanu. du R.H .S .
cosu cosu dx dx

The inverse trigonometric functions : If u is any differentiable function