 

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 
AIMST University
Integral Calculus
dy
Given need to find y in terms of x
dx

The process of finding y [ or f ( x) ]

dy
from [ or f ' ( x) ] is called
dx
antidifferentiation or integration

Integration is the inverse operation of

differentiation
Notation

dy 1 3
 x , we write  x dx  x  c
2 2
If
dx 3

This is read as :
" the int egral of x 2 with respect to x "

In general :
F ' ( x)  f ( x)   f ( x) dx  F ( x)  c
 Differentiation

dy
y  x c
2  2x
dx

y  x c 
2
2 x dx

Integration
Integration is the inverse operation of
differentiation
 dy
Ex : If y  x , find  dx
6 5
and hence find x
dx

Alternatively
dy
y x , 6
 6x 5

dx
  k
5 6
Or 6 x dx x
6
x k
1 6 dy 1 5 i.e  x dx  
5
if y  x , then  6. x  x 5 6 6
6 dx 6
6
x
1 6 i.e  x dx   c
5
  x dx  x  c
5
6
6
k
where c 
where c is an arbitrary cons tan t 6
Simple Integrals
dy
If y  k x  c ,  k   k dx  kx  c
dx

x n 1 dy (n  1) x n
If y  c ,   xn
n 1 dx n 1

n 1
x
  x dx 
n
c provided n  1
n 1

dy
x
If y  e  c ,  ex   e dx  e  c
x x

dx
 dy 1
if x  0, y  ln x  c ,  ,
dx x
dy  1 1
if x  0, y  ln [ x]  c ,   ,
dx  x x

1
 dx  ln x  c
Summary x

(i) k dx  kx  c
n 1
x
(ii )  x n dx 
n 1
c provided n   1

x 
1

1
(iii ) e dx  e  c
x x
(iv) dx  dx  ln x  c
x
(i)  k f ( x) dx  k  f ( x) dx

(ii)  [ f ( x)  g ( x) ] dx   f ( x) dx   g ( x) dx
 
3 2
x x

x  x dx  x dx  xdx    C 
2 2
Ex:
3 2
4 4
x x
 
2 x dx  2 x dx  2  C  C
3 3
4 2
1
1
 x3  x dx   x 3
 x 2
dx
3
2 3
x x 1
2
2
   c  2  x  c 2
2 3 2x 3
2
Ex. Find the indefinite integral:
2x2  5
(iii) 

(i) ( 2 x  3 ) 2 dx dx
x

  [4 x 12 x  9 ] dx
2
2 2x 5
  [ 1/ 2  1/ 2 ] dx
x x
x3 x2
 4  12  9 x  c 3 1
3 2 
  [2 x  5 x
2 2
] dx
4x3
  6x 2  9x  c 5 1
3 4 2
 x  10 x 2  c
5
(ii)  (1  2 x)(3  x) dx
5 2 2 3
  (3  5 x  2 x ) dx  3x  x  x  C
2
2 3
 
3
Ex: (i) [  2e ] dx
x  3 ln x  2e x
k
x


3 3
(ii) [  6e  1 ] dx  ln x  6e x  x  k
x
2x 2

 7 

(iii)  3e   2u 2  6  du
u

 u 

1
  
 3 e du 7 du  2 u 2 du  6du 
u
u
3
2u
 3e u  7 ln u   6u  C
3
Ex : Find f ( x) given that it satisfies

(i) f ' ( x)  x 3  2 x 2  3 and f (0)  2

Since f ' ( x)  x 3  2 x 2  3

f ( x)   [ x3  2 x 2  3 ] dx

x 4 2x3
   3x  c
4 3
But f (0)  0  c  2,  c  2

x 4 2x3
 f ( x)    3x  2
4 3
(ii ) f ' ' ( x) 12 x 2  4, f ' (0)   1 and f (1)  4

Since f ' ' ( x) 12 x 2  4

3
12 x
f ' ( x )   [12 x 2  4 ] dx   4 x  c  4x  4x  c
3

3
But f ' (0)   1 0  c  1,  c   1
 f ' ( x )  4 x 3  4 x 1

 f ( x)   [4 x3  4 x  1] dx  x 4  2 x 2  x  d

But f (1)  4 1  2  1  d  4
d  6

 f ( x)  x 4  2 x 2  x  6
 Differentiation

dy
y  x c
10
10x 9

dx
y  x c
10
 10 9
x dx

Integration
Integration is the inverse operation of
differentiation
-- Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
 The int egral of (ax  b) , n   1 n

n 1 dy
If y  (ax  b) ,  (n  1) (ax  b) n .a
dx

 a (n  1) (ax  b)
n 1
 n
dx  (ax  b)  c1

 a (n  1)  (ax  b) dx  (ax  b)
n n 1
 c1

Remember
n 1
 ax  b 
  ax  b   n  1
n
dx  C
a(n  1)
c1
C  a cons tan t
a(n  1)
 5
Ex : Find (a)  (2 x  3) dx

5 (2 x  3) 6 (2 x  3) 6

 (2 x  3) dx  2.6  c  12  c
2
(b)  1  3x
dx

1
2 
 1  3x
dx  2  (1  3x) 2
dx
1
(1  3x) 2 1
4
 2.  c   (1  3x)  c2
1 3
(3)( )
2
 dy
Ex : (a) Find y given  2  3x
dx
3
3
(2  3x)
1 2
2
y   (2  3 x) 2
dx  c  ( 2  3x) 2 c
3 9
.(3)
2
3
(b) Find f ( x) given f ' ( x) 
(1  x) 2

 (1  x) 
3
f ( x)  2
dx  3 (1  x) 2 dx

(1  x) 1 3
 3. c  c
(1)( 1) (1  x)
 dy
Ex If  3x  1, find y given that y  8 when x  5
dx
1
y  3x  1 dx   (3x  1) 2 dx
3
3
(3x  1) 2 2
 c  (3x  1) 2 c
3 9
(3)
2
3
2
Put x = 5 and y = 8 8 (16) 2 c
9
3
9 2 9
c  y (3x  1) 2 
16 9 16
 2
Ex : A function f ( x) has slope function ,
2x  3
and passes through the po int (3,  1). Find
f ( x) and the value of f ( x) at x   1
2 1
f ' ( x)  y  f ( x)  2 (2 x  3)  c 2
2x  3
2 when x  3, y   1
f ( x)   dx 1
2x  3
1  1  2.(6  3)  c
2

 2  (2 x  3) 2
dx
 1 2.3  c, c   7
1 1
(2 x  3) 2
f ( x)  2 (2 x  3)  7 2
 2. c
1 1
2. at x  1, y  2.(2  3)  7  5
2
2
Further Integrals
dy
If y  e ax  b
,  a.e axb ,   a.eaxbdx  eaxb  k
dx
1 axb
 e dx  a e  C
Remember ax b

1 dy 1 1 1
If ax  b  0, y  ln (ax  b) ,  . .a 
a dx a ax  b. ax  b
1 1
 dx  ln (ax  b)  C
ax  b a
Remember
If ax  b  0, the same results occurs

1 1
  ax  b 
1
 dx  dx  ln ax  b  C
ax  b a
 dy
if y  e 2 x 1 and hence find 
2 x 1
Ex : Find e dx
dx

dy 1 2 x 1
ye 2 x 1
,  2.e 2 x 1  e 2 x 1
dx  e c
dx 2

 6e 
3 x 5
Ex : Find (a) 2x
e dx (b) dx
3x  2


3 x

 
2x 5 1
(a) [6e e ] dx dx  5 dx
3x  2 3x  2

e 2 x e 3 x 1
6  c  5. ln 3x  2  c
2 3 3
1 3 x 5
 3e 2x
 e c  ln 3x  2  c
3 3
 
1
Find (a) [1  x  ] dx
e 2 x 1
3
 [2  e
0.5 x
(b)  ] dx

1 1  2x
(a) [1  x  ] dx
e 2 x 1
3
 [2  e
0.5 x
(b)  ] dx
 [1 x  e
1 2 x
 ] dx 1  2x

e 0.5 x 1
x 2 e1 2 x  2x   3. ln 1  2 x  c
 x  c  0.5 2
2 2
1 2 x 3
x e2  2 x  2e 0.5 x
 ln 1  2 x  c
 x  c 2
2 2
 1 2 x
Find (a) f ( x) if f ' ( x)  x  e
2
and f (0)  1 / 4

1 2 x x 2 1 e 2 x
(a) f ( x)   [ x  e ] dx   . c
2 2 2 2

x 2 1 2 x
  e c
2 4
1 1
f (0)  0   c   c  1/ 2
4 4
x 2 e 2 x 1
f ( x)   
2 4 2
 1
(b) f ( x) if f ' ( x)  2 x 
2 x
and f (2)  6
1
f ( x)   [2 x  ] dx
2 x

 x 2  ln 2  x  c

f (2)  4  ln 4  c  6

 c  2  ln 4

f ( x)  x  ln 2  x  2  ln 4
2
 6 1 4
Ex : Find g ( x) if g ' ( x)   13 x , g (0) 
1  3x e 3e
6 1
g ( x)   [  ] dx But g (0) 
4
1  3x e13x 3e
6
 [  e3 x 1 ] dx 1
 2 ln 1   c 
4
1  3x 3e 3e
6 e3 x 1  c  1/ e
 ln 1  3x  c
3 3
3 x 1
3 x 1 e 1
e g ( x)  2 ln 1  3x  
 2 ln 1  3x  c 3 e
3
 1 3 4x  5
Ex : Show that  
x  2 x  1 ( x  2)( x  1)
4x  5
and hence find  2 dx
x  x2
1 3

x  2 x 1

1.(x  1)  3.(x  2) 4x  5 4x  5

( x  2)( x  1)
 x 2  x  1 dx   ( x  2)( x  1) dx
x  1  3x  6
  [
1

3
] dx
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x 1
4x  5
  ln x  2  3 ln x  1  c
( x  2)( x  1)
 5x  7 2 3
Ex : Show that  
( x  2)( x  1) x  1 x  2
10 x  14
and hence find  dx
2
x  3x  2
2 3

x 1 x  2
10 x  14 2(5 x  7)

2.(x  2)  3.(x  1)  x2  3x  2 dx   ( x  2)( x  1) dx
( x  2)( x  1)

2 x  4  3x  3 3 2
  2 [  ] dx
( x  2)( x  1) x  2 x 1
5x  7
  6 ln x  2  4 ln x  1  c
( x  2)( x  1)
 3x  1 A B
Ex : If   , find A and B
( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2

6x  2
Hence find x 2
 x2
dx

3x  1 A( x  2)  B( x  1)

( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  2)

 3x  1  A( x  2)  B ( x  1)
2
Put x  1, 3  1  A(1  2) i.e. A 
3
7
Put x   2,  6  1  B (2  1) i.e. B 
3
 3x  1 2 7
  
( x  1)( x  2) 3( x  1) 3( x  2)

3x  1
x 
2 7
Hence dx  [  ] dx
2
 x2 3( x  1) 3( x  2)

6x  2
 
2 7
 dx  2 [  ] dx
x  x2
2 3( x  1) 3( x  2)

2 7
 2 [ ln x  1  ln x  2 ]  C
3 3
2
 [ 2 ln x  1  7 ln x  2 ]  C
3
 x2 A B
Ex : If   , find A and B
(2 x  1)( x  2) 2 x  1 x  2

5 x  10
Hence find  2x 2
 3x  2
dx

x2 A( x  2)  B(2 x  1)

(2 x  1)( x  2) (2 x  1)( x  2)

 x  2  A( x  2)  B (2 x  1)
1 1 1 3
Put x  ,  2  A(  2) A
2 2 2 5
4
Put x   2,  2  2  B (4  1) B
5
 x2 3 4
  
(2 x  1)( x  2) 5(2 x  1) 5( x  2)

x2
 2x 
3 4
Hence dx  [  ] dx
2
 3x  2 5(2 x  1) 5( x  2)

5 x  10
 
3 4
 dx  5 [   ] dx
2 x  3x  2
2 5(2 x  1) 5( x  2)

3
  ln 2 x  1  4 ln x  2  C
2
 2 1 x  11
Q1 : Show that  
x  3 x  4 ( x  3)( x  4)
2 x  22
and hence find  dx
x 2  x  12

[ Ans : 4 ln x  3  2 ln x  4  c]

30  5 x A B
Q2: If   , find A and B
(2  x)( x  3) 2  x x  3
A =4, B = 9
6 x
Hence find  dx
(2  x)(3  x)

[ Ans : 4 / 5 ln 2  x  9 / 5 ln x  3  c]
 2x 2  x  5 c
Ex : Write in the form ax  b 
x 1 x 1

2x 2  x  5
Hence find  x 1
dx

U sin g synthetic division -1 2 1 -5

0 -2 1
2 -1 -4
2x  x  5
2
4
  2x 1 
x 1 x 1

2x 2  x  5
 
4
dx  [ 2 x  1  ] dx
x 1 x 1

 x  x  4 ln x  1  c
2
 4x  5 b 4x  5
Ex : Write
2x 1
in the form a 
2x 1
Hence find  2 x  1 dx
U sin g long division :

2 6x 1 b
Q : Write in the form a 
2x 1 4x  5 2x 1 2x 1
4x  2 6x 1
Hence find  dx
3 2x 1

4x  5 3 [ a  3, b  4;
  2
2x 1 2x 1 3x  2 ln 2 x  1  c ]
4x  5 3 3
 2x 1 dx   2x 1
[ 2  ] dx  2 x  ln 2 x  1  c
2
 
d  x2  x2
Ex : Find (e ), hence xe dx
dx

dy d  x 2  x2
If y  e  x2
,  (e )  e . (2 x)  2 x e
 x2

dx dx


 x2  x2
  2x e dx  e k

 xe
 x2 1  x2 k
dx   e 
2 2
1  x2 k
 e C where C  
2 2
 
d
Ex : Find ( xe x ), hence x e x dx
dx

dy d
If y  xe ,  ( xe x )  xe x  e x
x

dx dx


 [ x e  e ] dx  xe k
x x x
Integrating
both sides,

 x e dx  e  xe  k
x x x


 x e dx  xe  e  k
x x x
 
d
Ex : Find ( x 2 ln x), hence find x ln x dx
dx
d 2 2 1
( x ln x)  2 x ln x  x .  2 x ln x  x
dx x


 [2 x ln x  x ] dx  x 2 ln x  k

x2
 2 x ln x dx 
2
 x 2 ln x  k

x2
 2 x ln x dx  
2
 x 2 ln x  k


x 1 2 k
x ln x dx    x ln x  C where C 
4 2 2
 2 x dy
Q1 : If y  ( x  1)e , find
dx
2 x
Hence  (6  4 x) e dx
2 x
Ans : 2( x  1)e C
2
x dy
Q 2 : If y  , find
2x  5 dx

x( x  5) 1 x2
Hence  dx Ans : [ ]C
2
(2 x  5) 2 2x  5
 The Definite Integral
b

 f ( x)dx
a

is read “ the integral of f (x) from x= a to

x= b with respect to x”
Also note that the variable x is a “dummy
variable.”
b b


a
f ( x)dx  
a
f (t )dt
 b
a
f ( x) dx  F (b)  F (a) F ' ( x)  f ( x)

Notation : F (b)  F (a)  [ F ( x)] b

a
1 dx
3
 0 (5 x  1) 3
 [ x  2 ] dx
2
Ex : Find
1
1
  (5 x  1) 3 dx
3 0
x
[  2 x  c ]13
3 (5 x  1) 2 1
[ ]0
5(2)
27 1
 [  2(3)  c ]  [  2  c ] 1 1
3 3  [ ]  [ ]
360 10
1 2
 15  2  12 35 7
3 3  
360 72
 2

6 2
Find
1
[3 
1  2x
] dx

1
(3  e  x ) 2 dx

2

2 x 2 x

6  [96e e
[3  ] dx ] dx
1 1  2x 1

2 x
6 6 x e
 [ 3x  . ln 1  2 x ] 12  [ 9x  e  ] 12
2 1 2
e 4
 [ 3(2)  3 ln 5 ]   [ 9(2)  6e  2  ]
2
[ 3(1)  3 ln 3 ] 2
e
[ 9(1)  6e 1  ]
2
  6  3 ln 5  3  3 ln 3
4
1 e
  3  3 ln 5  3 ln 3  9  6e 1  6 e  2 
2 2
Properties of the Integral
Reversing the limits
 f  x  dx   f  x  dx
b a

a b changes the sign

f  x  dx  0
a If the upper and lower limits are equal,
 a then the integral is zero

k  f  x  dx  k  f  x  dx
b b
a a
Constant multiples can be
moved outside
b
 c dx  c(b  a),
a
where c is any constant

 f  x   g  x  dx  f  x  dx   g  x  dx
b b b
a a a

Integrals can be added (or subtracted)

 f  x  dx  f  x  dx   f  x  dx
b c c

a b a

Intervals can be added (or subtracted)

 2 3
Ex :Given  f ( x) dx  4 and  f ( x)  6, evaluate
1 2

1 1 2
(i )  f ( x)dx  f ( x)dx    f ( x)dx  4
2 2 1

2 2 2
(ii )  5 f ( x)dx
1
 5 f ( x)dx  5 f ( x)dx  5(4)  20
1 1

3 3 2 3
(iii )  f ( x)dx  f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx   f ( x)dx  4  6  10
1 1 1 2

2 2 2 2
(iv )  [2 f ( x)  3] dx  [2 f ( x)  3] dx  2 f ( x)dx   3 dx
1 1 1 1

 2(4)  [3x]12  8  3(2  1)  11

 2 3 x 1
Ex : Show that  
x  1 2 x  1 2 x 2  3x  1
4 x 1 25
Hence show that  0 2 x  3x  1
2
dx  ln
27

2 3 2(2 x  1)  3( x  1)
 
x  1 2x  1 ( x  1)(2 x  1) 3
 2 ln 5  ln 9
2
4 x  2  3x  3 x 1
  3
2 x 2  3x  1 2 x 2  3x  1  ln 25  ln 9 2

4 x 1 4 2 3
 0 2 x  3x  1
2
dx   0
[ 
x  1 2x  1
] dx  ln 25  ln 27

3 25
 [ 2 ln ( x  1)  ln (2 x  1) ]04  ln
2 27
 3 2 4x 1
Q : Show that  
x  1 2 x  1 2 x 2  3x  1
3 4x 1
Hence find  2
2 2 x  3x  1
dx

3 2 3(2 x  1)  2( x  1)
 
x 1 2x 1 ( x  1)( 2 x  1)
[3 ln 2  ln 5]  [3 ln 1  ln 3]
6x  3  2x  2 4x 1
 
2
2 x  3x  1 2 x 2  3x  1  3 ln 2  ln 5  ln 3

3 4x 1 3 3 2
 2
2 2 x  3x  1
dx   [ 
2 x 1 2x 1
] dx  ln 23  ln 5  ln 3

2 8(3) 24
 [ 3 ln ( x  1)  ln (2 x  1) ]32  ln  ln
2 5 5
 3x  1 A B
Ex : If   , find A and B
( x  1)( x  2) x  1 x  2

4 9x  3
Hence find 2 x2  x  2
dx

3x  1 A( x  2)  B( x  1)

( x  1)( x  2) ( x  1)( x  2)

 3x  1  A( x  2)  B ( x  1)
2
Put x  1, 3  1  A(1  2) i.e. 3 A  2, A 
3
7
Put x   2,  6  1  B (2  1) i.e.  3B  7, B 
3
 3x  1 2 7
  
( x  1)( x  2) 3( x  1) 3( x  2)

4 3x  1 4 2 7
Hence 
2 x2  x  2
dx   
2 3( x  1) 3( x  2)
dx

4 9x  3 4 2 7
 
2 x2  x  2
dx  3 [  
2 3( x  1) 3( x  2)
] dx

2 7
 3[ ln x  1  ln x  2 ] 42
3 3
 [2 ln 3  7 ln 6]  [2 ln 1  7 ln 4]

 2 ln 3  7 ln 2  7 ln 3  14 ln 2  9 ln 3  7 ln 2
 1 2x
Ex : Evaluate  1 x2
dx

2x 4
2 [ u sin g long / synthetic division ]
x2 x2
-2 2 0

1 2x 1 4 0 -4
 1 x2
dx   1[ 2  x  2 ] dx 2 -4

 [2 x  4 ln x  2 ] 11

 [ 2  4 ln 3] [  2  4 ln 1]

 4  4 ln 3 [ln 1 0 ]
 2 x 1
Ex : Evaluate  1 x 1
dx
-1 1 -1
0 -1
1 -2
x 1 2
U sin g synthetic division 1 
x 1 x 1

2 x 1 2
 
2
 dx  [1 ] dx
1 x 1 1 x 1

 [ x  2 ln ( x  1) ] 12

 [2  2 ln 3 ]  [ 1  2 ln 2 ]
2
 1  2 [ ln 2  ln 3 ]  1 2 ln
3
 4 3x
Q1 : Evaluate 
3 x2
dx

2 4x 1
Q2: Evaluate 
1 2x  1
dx

2
2 x  x 1
Q3: Evaluate
0 x 1
dx

x2  1 B C
Q4 : If  A  , find A , B, C
x2  1 x 1 x  1

2
3 x 1
Hence find 
2 x2  1
dx [ A  1, B  1, C  1]
 b a
Ex : Pr ove that  a
f ( x) dx   
b
f ( x) dx

b
Pr oof :  f ( x) dx  F (b)  F (a) where F ' ( x)  f ( x)
a

  [ F (a)  F (b) ]

a
  f ( x) dx
b

[ F ( x) being the int egral of f ( x) ]

Integration of Trigonometric Functions
1
2
Examples
3.
4.
 Examples

5.
6.
More examples on Integration using substitution method
Area under the graph / curve
If f ( x) is positive and continuous on the int erval a  x  b,
then the area bounded by y  f ( x), the x  axis and the
vertical lines x  a and x  b is given by
b b
 a
y dx   a
f ( x) dx

y y = f (x)

o a x
b
Similarly , the area bounded by x  g ( y), the y  axis and
the horizontal lines y  c and y  d is given by

d d
 c
x dy   c
g ( y) dy

y
x = g (y)
d

o x
Ex : Find the area of the region enclosed by
y  x 2  1, the x  axis , x 1 and x  2

y  x 1
2 Area   1
y dx
y

2
  1
[ x 2  1 ] dx

2
x  3
 x
 3  1
1 x
8 1
o 1 2  [  2]  [  1]
3 3

1
 3 unit 2
3
Find the area enclosed by the curve y 2  2 x,
the y  axis and the line y  3

y
y 2  2x y  2x
2

3
y2
x
2
0 x

3
3 y 3 
Re quired area  
0
x dy 
 6

 0
3 y2

 27 1
dy  04
0 2 6 2
Ex : Find the area of the region bounded by
the x  axis and the curve y  x 2  2 x.
y  x 2  2x
y The curve cuts the x-axis when y = 0
 x 2  2x  0
 x( x 2) 0
x

0 2  x  0 or x  2
2
2 2  x 2x 
3 2
8
Area enclosed   y dx  [ x  2 x ] dx 
    4 ] [ 0  0 ]
2
 [
0 0
3 2 0 3
4

3
Negative sign indicates the area is below the x-axis
4
 required area  unit 2

3
Ex : Find the total area of the regions contained
by y  x 3  2 x 2  3x and the x  axis
y  x 3  2 x 2  3x
At x  axis , y  0 y

i.e. x 3  2 x 2  3x  0
x ( x 2  2x  3 )  0
x ( x 1) ( x  3 )  0 x

x  0, x 1, or x   3 -3 0 1

Area between x   3 and x  0 ( shaded red )

0 0
 3
y dx  
3
[ x 3  2 x 2  3x ] dx
0
x 2x 3x 
4 3
81
2
27 1
     [0]  [  18  ]  11
4 3 2  3 4 2 4
Similarly , area between x  0 and x  1 (shaded blue)
1
  0
[ x 3  2 x 2  3x ] dx

1 Total area required

x 2x 3x 
4 3 2
    1 7
4 3 2 0  11 
4 12
1 2 3 5
 [   ]  [0] 11
4 3 2 6

7 7
  unit 2
numericall y
12 12

Negative sign indicates the area is below the x-axis

Q : Find the total area of the regions contained
by y  x3  x 2  2 x and the x  axis
3 2
y  x  x  2x
At x  axis, y  0 y

i.e. x3  x 2  2 x  0
x ( x2  x  2 )  0
x ( x 1) ( x  2 )  0 x

-2 0 1
x  0, x 1, or x   2
Area between x   2 and x  0 ( shaded red )
0
[ x  x  2 x ] dx   x  x  x 2 
0 4 3

 3 2 8
2  [0]  [ 4   4]
 4 3   2
3
8

3
Similarly , area between x  0 and x  1 (shaded blue)
1
 
0
[ x3  x 2  2 x ] dx
1 Total area required
 x4x 2
 3
  x  8 5
 4 3  0  
3 12
1 1
 [   1]  [ 0 ] 1
4 3 3
12
5 5
  unit 2 numerically
12 12

Negative sign indicates the area is below the x-axis

Area between two curves / functions

y = g (x)

y = f (x)

a b

The area of the shaded region between

the curves y  f ( x) and y  g ( x) is given by
b
 a
[ f ( x)  g ( x) ] dx
Find the area enclosed between y  4  x 2 and y  x  2

y  4 x2 y x2
y x2
 x  2  4 x2
y  4 x2
 x2  x  2  0
 ( x  2 )( x  1)  0
 x   2 or x  1
Substitute in y  x  2 :

x  2  y  0 , x  1  y  3 1
1
 x  3
Area under the curve   4  x dx   4 x    9
2

2  3  2
1 9
Area of the triangle   3 3 
2 2 9
Shaded area = area under curve – area of triangle 
2
 b
Alternatively : U sin g area 
 a
[ f ( x)  g ( x) ] dx

where f ( x)  4  x 2 , and g ( x)  x  2
1
area enclosed  
2
[ ( 4  x 2 )  ( x  2) ] dx

1
  ( 2  x  x ) dx 2
2
2 3
x x 1
 [2 x   ] 2
2 3
1 1 8 9 1
 [2   ]  [  4  2  ]   4
2 3 3 2 2
Ex : Find the area of the region enclosed
by y  x  2 and y  x 2  x  2
When the two graphs meet Area enclosed ( shaded )
x2  x  2  x  2
2
 [ ( x  2)  ( x 2  x  2) ] dx
2
x  40
2
2
x 4  x 2
2  [4  x 2 ] dx
2
pt of int er sec tion are 2
 x  3
8 8
(2, 0) and (2, 4)  4 x    [8  ]  [8  ]
 3  2 3 3
y x  x 2
2 y

2
 10
y  x2 3
x

-2 2
Ex Find the area enclosed between the curves
y  7 x  x 2 and y  x 2  5 x

Sketch the curves first :

For y  7 x  x 2 y
y  7x  x 2

when x = 0, y = 0
when y = 0, x = 0 , 7

For y  x  5x
2
o
7 x

5 6
when x = 0, y = 0
y  x 2  5x
when y = 0, x = 0 , 5
At points of intersection,
Re quired area
x  5x  7 x  x
2 2 6
 
0
[ (7 x  x 2 )  ( x 2  5 x) ] dx

2 x  12 x  0
2
6

2 x( x  6)  0
 
0
[ 12 x  2 x 2 ] dx

12 x 2 2 x 3 6
x  0, x  6 [  ]0
2 3
= [ 6x36 – 2 x 72 ] – 0
limits of integration
= 72
Ex : (i) On the same set of axes graph y  e x  3
and y  3  5e  x
For y  3  5e  x
For y  e x  3
when x = 0, y = 3 - 5 = - 2
when x = 0, y = 1 - 3 = - 2
x
when y  3  5e 0
when y  e  3  0
x
x x
5e 3  e  3 / 5  0.6
e 3
x

x  ln 3  1.098  1.10  x  ln 0.6  x  0.51

As x  , y   As x  , y  3
As x  , y   3 y = 3 is the HA
y = -3 is the HA As x  , y   
For y  e x  3 For y  3  5e  x
y-intercept = - 2 y-intercept= - 2
x  int ercept  1.10 x  int ercept  0.51
y = -3 is the HA y = 3 is the HA
y e 3 x
y
3

ln 5
-2

-3
x
y  3  5e
 (ii ) Find a lg ebraically , the po int s of
x
int er sec tion of y  e  3 and y  3  5e
x

At points of intersection

e x  3  3  5e  x
when x  ln 5, y  e ln 5  3
x
e  5e
x
60
53 2
e 2x
 6e  5  0
x

when x  0, y  e 0  3   2
(e x  5 )( e x  1)  0
e x  5 or e x  1 Points of intersection are
x = ln 5 or x = ln 1 = 0 (ln 5, 2) and ( 0, -2 )
(iii) Hence find the area of the region enclosed by
the two curves
ln 5
Area enclosed  
0
[ (3  5e  x )  ( e x  3) ] dx

ln 5
 
0
[ 6  5e  x  e x ] dx

5e  x
 [6 x   e x ] ln
0
5
1
 [6 x  5e  x  e x ] ln
0
5

 [ 6 ln 5  5 e  ln 5  e ln 5 ]  [ 0  5  1 ]

1
 [ 6 ln 5  5 ( )  5 ]  4  6 ln 5  8
5
Volume of Revolution
If f ( x) is positive and continuous on the int erval a  x  b,
the shaded area bounded by y  f ( x), the x  axis and the
vertical lines x  a and x  b is rotated through 360 about
the x  axis , then the volume generated is given by
b b
volume of revolution    y dx    [ f ( x)]2 dx
2
a a

y y = f (x)

o a x
b
 y y = f (x)

o a x
b

b b
volume of revolution    y dx    [ f ( x)]2 dx
2
a a
Some simple examples : (a)

2
y=2 vol generated  volume of cylinder

  (2) (5)  20 
2
o 5

5 5
2
Or : vol    y dx    (2) 2 dx
2
0 0

 4 x
5
0
5
 [ 20  ]  [0]
Find the volume generated when the area
bounded by the lines y = 2, x = 0, x =5
and the x-axis is rotated completely about
 20 
the x-axis
 (b)
(6, 3) vol generated  volume of cone
y=½x
1
  (3) (6)  18 
2

o 6 3

6 x 2
Or : vol    y dx   
6
2
( ) dx
6 0 0 2
3 2
6 x
  dx
0 4
6
x  3
Find the volume generated when the area   
bounded by the lines y = 2x , x = 6 and 12  0
the x-axis is rotated completely about the
x-axis  18
Ex : Find the volume of revolution when the region bounded
by the curve y  9  x 2 , the x  axis , the lines x  1, and x  2
is rotated completely about the x  axis .
2
y    (81  18 x 2  x 4 ) dx
1
y  9  x2 x 5
  [81x  6 x 3  ]12
5
5
2
o
x   [81(2)  6(2)  ]
3
1 2 5
5
1
Vol    y dx
2
2   [81(1)  6(1)  ]
3

1 5
2 602 376 226
   (9  x ) dx2 2
[  ] 
1 5 5 5
Similarly , the volume generated when the shaded area
bounded by x  g ( y ), the y  axis and the horizontal lines
y  c and y  d is rotated through 360 ( complelely )
is given by
d d
volume of revolution    x dy    [ g ( y)]2 dy
2
c c

x = g (y)
d

o x
Ex : Find the volume of revolution when the region
bounded by the curve x  y 2  4 y, the y  axis , the line
y  3, is rotated completely about the y  axis .

y x  y2  4 y 3
   ( y  8 y  16 y ) dy
4 3 2
0
3
y5 16 y 3
 [  2 y4  ]30
5 3
o x
35 16(3 3
)
3
  [  2(3 ) 
4
 0]
Vol    x 2 dy 5 3
0
153
3
   ( y  4 y) dy
2 2   unit 3
0 5
Ex : Find the volume of revolution when the region
bounded by the curve y  8  x 2 and the line
y  4, is rotated completely about the y  axis .
y
8
y  8 x V    (8  y) dy
8 2
4

y=4
y2 8
o x   [8 y  ]4
2
When x = 0, y = 8 82 42
  [8(8)  ]   [8(4)  ]
2 2
y  8  x 2 x 2  8  y
8
Vol    x dy 2
  [32  24]  8 unit 3
4
Ex : Find the volume of revolution when the region
bounded by the curve y  9  x 2 , and the line 3x  y  9,
is rotated completely about the x  axis .

y  9  x ...(i)
2
y

3x  y  9 ...(ii )
y = 9 – 3x 9 y  9  x2

Put (i) into (ii)

x
3x  9  x 2  9 o 3

3x  x 2  0 3
Volume generated    ( y1  y2 ) dx
2 2
0
x(3  x)  0
where y1  9  x and y2  9  3x
2
x = 0, x = 3
 3
Volume generated    [(9  x 2 ) 2  (9  3x) 2 ] dx
0

3
   [81  18 x 2  x 4  81  54 x  9 x 2 ] dx
0

3
   [ x 4  27 x 2  54 x] dx
0

x 5 27 x 3 54 x 2 3
[   ]0
5 3 2

x5
  [  9 x 3  27 x 2 ]30
5
35 243
  [  9(3)  27(3)  0] 
3 2

5 5
Ex : Find the volume of revolution generated when the
shaded region is rotated completely about the y  axis.
y y  x2 1
The solid generated when the
o
B
x right  angled triangle COD is
C
A rotated through 360 about the
3x – 2 y = 6
D y  axis is a cone with a height of
3 units and a radius of 2 units .
3x – 2 y = 6
1
x = 0, y = – 3 vol. of cone   (2) 2 (3)  4 ...(i)
3
D = (0, –3)
y  x2 1 when x = 0, y = – 1
y = 0, x = 2
C = (2, 0) A = (0, –1)
 y2 1
y y  x2 1   [  y ]1   [ 0  (  1)]
0

2 2
B 
o x  ...(ii )
A –1
2
Thus the vol. generated
Volume generated when the area when the shaded region
bounded by the curve y  x 2  1, ABCD is rotated through
the x  axis and the y  axis is 360 about the y  axis is
rotated through 360 about the

0
y  axis is given by   x 2 dy V  4  [(i) – (ii)]
1
2
0
   ( y  1) dy 1
 3   3.5
1
2
 Miscellaneous Examples :

1 (i) Differenti ate ln ( x 2  1) with respect to x

x
Hence find  2 dx
x 1

dy 2x
Let y  ln ( x  1)2
 2
dx x  1

x
2x
 dx  ln ( x 2  1)  k
2
1


x 1
 dx  ln ( x 2
 1)  C , C  k/2
x 1
2 2
 x
1 (ii ) A curve y  f ( x) has slope function 2 .
x 1
Find f ( x) given that the curve passes through (1, ln 6)
x 1
From 1(a) y   2 dx  ln ( x 2  1)  C
x 1 2
Put x   1, y  ln 6
1
1 C  [ ln 36  ln 2]
ln 6  ln 2  C 2
2
1 1
C  ln 6  ln 2  ln 18
2 2
2 ln 6  ln 2 1
  f ( x)  [ ln ( x  1)  ln 18 ]
2
2 2
 x2
2. Differenti ate ln ( ) with respect to x
x2
1
Hence find  2 dx
x 4

x2 dy 1 1 4
Let y  ln ( )  ln( x  2)  ln( x  2),    2
x2 dx x  2 x  2 x  4

4 x2
 2 dx  ln ( )k
x 4 x2
1 1 x2
 2 dx  ln ( ) C, C  k/4
x 4 4 x2
 4 x2

2 1 0 0
3. Evaluate dx
3 x2 0 2 4
1 2 4

x2 4
U sin g synthetic division  x2
x2 x2
4 x2 4
 
4
dx  [x  2  ] dx
3 x2 3 x2

x2
 [  2 x  4 ln ( x  2) ] 34
2
9 11
 [8  8  4 ln 2 ]  [  6  4 ln 1]   4 ln 2
2 2
Ex : (a) Differenti ate e 2 x (2 x  1) with respect to x
2
Hence evaluate 
0
xe 2 x dx

dy
Let y  e (2 x  1)
2x
 e 2 x (2)  (2 x  1) (2)e 2 x
dx

 e2 x [2  4 x  2]  4 x e 2 x
2
  4x e 2x
dx  [ e (2 x  1) ]
2x 2
0
0

2 1 2x
 x e 2x
dx  [ e (2 x  1) ]0
2
0 4
1 4 1 4
 [e (3)  (1)(1) ]  [3e  1]
4 4
 1 1 1
(b) Show that  
4(3  x) 4(1  x) (3  x)(1  x)

1 1 1 1 x  3  x 1
  [ ] 
4(3  x) 4(1  x) 4 (3  x)((1  x) (3  x)(1  x)

Hence find the area of the region bounded by the coord

1
axes , the lines x  0, x  2 and the curve y 
(3  x)(1  x)
2 1
Area   dx
0 (3  x)(1  x)

1 2 1 1
  [  ] dx
4 0 (3  x) (1  x)
 y

1
 [ ln(3  x)  ln(1  x) ]02
4
x

0 2
1
 [( ln 1  ln 3)  ( ln 3  ln 1)]
4

1
 [ln 3  ln 3 ] sin ce ln 1  0
4

1
 ln 3
2
 3 A B
Ex : If   , find A and B
4x 1 2x 1 2x  1
2

3

3
Hence find dx
2 4x 1
2

3 3 A(2 x  1)  B(2 x  1)
 
4 x 2  1 (2 x  1)( 2 x  1) (2 x  1)( 2 x  1)

 3  A(2 x  1)  B (2 x  1)
1 3
Put x  , 3  2 A A
2 2
1 3
Put x   , 3   2 B B 
2 2
 3 3 3
  
(2 x  1)( 2 x  1) 2(2 x  1) 2(2 x  1)
3 3
 
3 3 3
Hence dx  [  ] dx
2 4x 1
2 2 2(2 x  1) 2(2 x  1)

3 1 1
 [ ln 2 x  1  ln 2 x  1 ] 32
2 2 2

3 1 1 1 1
 [( ln 5  ln 7 )  ( ln 3  ln 5 ]
2 2 2 2 2
3
 [ ln 5  ln 7  ln 3  ln 5]
4
3
 [ 2 ln 5  ln 7  ln 3]
4
 x 1 A B
Ex : If   , find A and B
(2 x  1)(3x  2) 2 x  1 3x  2
2 2x  2
Hence find 
1 6x  x  2
2
dx

x 1 A(3x  2)  B(2 x  1)

(2 x  1)(3x  2) (2 x  1)(3x  2)

 x  1  A(3x  2)  B (2 x  1)
1 1 3 1
Put x  ,  1  A(  2) A
2 2 2 7
2 2 4 5
Put x   ,   1  B (  1) B
3 3 3 7
 x 1 1 5
  
(2 x  1)(3x  2) 7(2 x  1) 7(3x  2)
2 x 1 2
 
1 5
Hence dx  [  ] dx
1 6x  x  2
2 1 7(2 x  1) 7(3x  2)
2 2x  2 2
 
1 5
dx  2 [  ] dx
1 6x  x  2
2 1 7(2 x  1) 7(3x  2)

1 5
 2 [  ln 2 x  1  ln 3x  2 ] 12
14 21
1 5 1 5
 2 [ ( ln 3  ln 8 )  (  ln 1  ln 5 ]
14 21 14 21

1 10 10
  ln 3  ln 8  ln 5
7 21 21
 Ex : Differentiate x ln x with respect to x
2
Hence evaluate 1
ln x dx

Let y  x ln x
Differentiate Integrate
dy 1
 x .  1. ln x  1 ln x
dx x
2
 1
[ 1  ln x ] dx  [ x ln x ]12

2 2
i.e. 1
1 dx  
1
ln x dx  [ x ln x ]12
2
[ x]12  
1
ln x dx  2 ln 2  1 ln 1
2

2
[2]  [1]  
1
ln x dx  2 ln 2  0 
1
ln x dx  2 ln 2  1
 2 x
Ex : Differenti ate y  x 3  x . Hence find  3 x
dx
1
y  x (3  x) 2
1 1
dy 1 
 x . (3  x)  1. (3  2 x) 2
dx 2
1
x
 1
 (3  x ) 2

2(3  x) 2

x  2 (3  x) 6  3x 3(2  x)
  1
 1
1
2(3  x) 2 2(3  x) 2 2(3  x) 2
 1
y  x (3  x) 2
Differentiate Integrate
dy 3(2  x)
 1
dx
2(3  x) 2

3(2  x)
i.e. 2 3 x
dx  x 3  x  k

2 x

2
 dx  x 3  x  c
3 x 3
2
where c  k
3
 1 1 1
Find h( x) given that h ' ( x)   , x   1, and h(0) 
e x 1 x 1 e


1 1
h( x )  [ x 1
 ] dx 1
e x 1 Given h(0) 
e


 x 1 1 1 1
 [e  ] dx   ln 1  c 
x 1 e e
e  x 1 2
  ln x  1  c i.e. c 
1 e

1 1 2
  ln x  1  c h( x )   x 1
 ln x  1 
x 1 e e
e