4.

Linear equations

Linear equations are on the form

dy
 p( x) y  q ( x)
Example
dx

1
dy 1 p ( x) 
 y  x2 x2
dx x  2
q( x)  x 2
How to solve Linear equations

Linear equations are solved by using the following method

Step 1: Calculate the following integrating factor

 e  p ( x ) dx

Step 2: The solution is then given by

 y    q( x) dx
Example 1

Solve the equation x y ' 4 x y  x

4 3 8

solution

This equation could be written on the form

dy
x4
 4x y  x
3 8
 x4
dx
4
dy 4 p( x) 
Then  y  x4 x
dx x q( x)  x 4
Thus
4
 e  p ( x ) dx
e  x
dx
e 4 Ln x
e Ln x 4
x 4

The solution will be such that

 y    q( x) dx

x y   x x dx   x dx
4 4 4 8

Then
9 5
x x c
x y  c
4
y  4
9 9 x
Example 2

Solve the equation y ' 2 xy  x

solution

This equation could be written on the form

dy p( x)  2 x
 2 xy  x
dx q( x)  x
Then

 e  p ( x ) dx
e  2 x dx
e  x2
The solution will be such that

 y    q( x) dx
2
e  x2
y  e  x2
x dx 
2

1  x2
 e c e x2

Then
2
1
y  ce x2

2
Example 3

Solve the equation y ' y tan x  sin 2 x

solution

This equation could be written on the form

dy p( x)  tan x
 y tan x  sin 2 x
dx q( x)  sin 2 x
 Then

sin x
 e  p ( x ) dx
e  tan x dx
e  cos x
dx
 e  Ln cos x
1
Ln  cos x 
e e Ln sec x
 sec x
The solution will be such that

 y    q( x) dx

sec x y   sec x sin 2 x dx

But
sin 2 x  2sin x cos x
Then
sec x y   sec x 2sin x cos x dx
1
 2 sin x cos x dx
cos x
 2 sin x dx  2cos x  c
2cos x c
Hence y   2cos x  c cos x
2

sec x sec x
5. Bernoulli's equations

Bernoulli’s equations are on the form

dy
 p ( x) y  q ( x) y n , n  1
dx
To solve Bernoulli’s equation we have to follow the following transformation

Step 1: Multiply both sides of the equation by yn

dy
n
y  p( x) y1n  q ( x)
dx
 Step 2: Use the transformation

1 n
zy
dz  n dy
 (1  n) y
dx dx

Then the equation will be transformed to be a linear equation and could be solved

To make this clear go to the following example

Example 1
3
Solve the equation y ' y  x 4 y1/ 3
x
solution

Multiply both sides by y 1/ 3

1/ 3 dy 3 11/ 3
y  y x 4

dx x
1/ 3 dy 3 2/3
y  y  x4
dx x
 dz 2 1/ 3 dy 3 dz 1/ 3 dy
Then let z  y2/3  y OR y
dx 3 dx 2 dx dx

3 dz 3 2
 z  x4 
2 dx x 3
2
p( x) 
dz 2 2 4 x
 z x 2 4
dx x 3 q( x)  x
3
 2
 e  p ( x ) dx
e  x
dx
e 2 Ln x
e Ln x 2
x 2

Now

 z    q( x) dx

2 4 2 2 2 3
x z  x
2 2
x dx   x dx  x  c
3 3 9
But

z  y2/3

Then the solution is

2 2 3
x y 2/3
 x c
9
Example 2

Solve the equation y ' y  xy 2

solution

Multiply both sides by y 2

dy
2
y  y 1  x
dx
dz 2 dy dz 2 dy
Then let zy 1
 y OR  y
dx dx dx dx
 dz
 z  x  1
dx

dz p( x)  1
 z  x q ( x)   x
dx

 e  p ( x ) dx
e  1 dx
e x
  z    q( x) dx

e z    x e dx
x x

By using integration by parts

x
ux  dv   e dx
x
du  dx ve
 
e z  xe   e dx
x x x

x x
 xe  e  c
But

z  y 1

Then the solution is

x 1 x x
e y  xe  e  c