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1 x 3x
3 2
x2 1 1 3( x 2 1) 2 3 1
3
dx
3 3
dx
3 1
c
3
x 3 x 2
c
x 3x x 3x 2
(b) 5 1 5 1 6
3 18
(c) 5 5 cos6 x
sin x cos x dx sin x cos x dx 6
c
(d) 5 4 sec5 x
sec x tan x dx sec x tan x sec x dx 5
c
Alternative:
5
5
x tan x dx sin x cos x
6
dx
cos x 1
C sec5 x C
sec 5 5
f ' x
2 Integrands in the form
f x
1
(a) x (1 x )
dx ,
x
(b) x 3 dx ,
(c) cot d .
2
(d) x ln x 2
dx
2 Solution
(a)
1 1 1
x (1 x )
dx 2
2 x (1 x )
dx 2 ln 1 x c
(b)
x x 33 3
x 3 dx x3
dx 1
x3
dx x 3ln x 3 c
(c)
cos
cot d d ln sin c
sin
(d) 2
x ln x 2
dx ln | ln x 2 | c
3 Solution
(a) 1 1 sin 6 x
sin
2
3x dx 1 cos 6 x dx x c
2 2 6
(b) x x 1 1
sin cos dx
2 2 2
sin x dx cos x c
2
(c) 1 1 1 1 1
1 cos 2 x dx 1 cos 2 x dx 2 sin 2
dx cosec2 x dx cot x c
x 2 2
Alternative:
1 1
1 cos 2 x dx 1 cos 2 x dx
1 1 cos 2 x
dx
1 cos 2 x 1 cos 2 x
1 cos 2 x
sin 2 x dx
2
2
cosec 2 x cot 2 x cosec2 x dx
cot 2 x cosec2 x C
(d) 3x 2 3x 2 1 3x 2 3x 2 1 3x 2
x sec tan dx 3x sec tan dx sec c
2 2 3 2 2 3 2
(e) 3 2 2 sin 3 x
cos x dx cos x(1 sin x) dx cos x cos x sin x dx sin x 3
c
OR
1 1 1 1
0 1 ( ) 1 2
2a 2 2 4a
(g)
1
1 2 x 9 1 2 x 1 1 2 x
9 1 2 x 2 e dx e
1 2x
dx 9 e
1 2x
dx
1 2 x
9e c
(h) 1 1 1 1 1
s ec 5 x e
2 tan 5 x
dx etan 5 x e tan 5 e0 e tan 5 1
0 5 0 5 5
4 Integrands requiring long division and/or partial fractions
1
(a) 2 dx ,
x 2x
x3 2
(b) x2 1 dx ,
2x2 x 9
(c) ( x 1)( x 3)2 dx .
4 Solution
(a) 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
x 2x
dx x( x 2) dx 2 x x 2 dx 2 ln x ln x 2 c
(b) x3 2 x( x 2 1) x 2 x2 12 3
x2 1
dx
x2 1 dx x
( x 1)( x 1)
dx x
2
x 1 x 1
dx
x2 1 3
ln x 1 ln x 1 c
2 2 2
(c) 2 x2 x 9 3 5
6 3 5 6
( x 1)( x 3)2
dx x 1
4
4
x 3 ( x 3) 2
dx ln x 1 ln x 3
4 4 x3
c
1 1
5 Integrands in the form , 2 2
a x a x
2 2
1
(a) 3 4x2
dx ,
1
(b) 4 81x2 dx ,
1
(c) dx .
4 ( x 3) 2
5 Solution
(a) 1 1 2 1 2x
3 4x 2
dx
2
3
2
(2 x) 2
dx sin 1
2 3
c
(b) 1 1 9 1 1 9x 1 9x
dx dx tan 1 c tan 1 c
4 81x 2 2
9 2 (9 x) 2
9 2 2 18 2
(c) 1 x 3
dx sin 1 c
4 ( x 3) 2 2
x2
(b)
x2 2 x 5
dx ,
3x 4
(c)
8 6 x 9 x2
dx .
6 Solution
(a) x2
x 2
2x 5
dx
1 2x 2 2
2 x 2 2 x 5 x 2 2 x 5
dx
1 2x 2 2
2 2
dx
2 x 2 x 5 x 1 4
1 1 x 1
ln x 2 2 x 5 tan 1 C
2 2 2
(b) x2 2x 2 3
x 2
2x 5
d x 1 2
x 2 x 5
2
x 2 x 5
dx
2x 2 3
1 2 2
dx
x 2 x 5 x 1 2 2
3 x 1
x ln x 2 2 x 5 tan 1 C
2 2
(c) 3x 4
8 6x 9 x2
dx
16 (6 18 x) 3
8 6 x 9 x2
dx
1 6 18 x 3
6
8 6x 9x2
dx
8 6 x 9 x2
dx
1 3
2 8 6 x 9 x2
6 3 1 x 1
3
2
dx
1
8 6 x 9 x 2 sin 1 x 13 C
3
7 Integration by Substitution
By using the given substitution, determine the following integrals, leaving your
answers in an exact form whenever applicable.
e2 x
(a) ex 2 dx u ex 2
(b) x x 3 dx x u2 3
x
(c) dx u x2
4
1 x
1 1 x2
(d) dx x tan
0 (1 x 2 )2
3
(e) 9 x 2 dx x 3sin
0
1
(f) 3
dx x a sin
a 2
x2 2
7 Solution
(a) e2x (u 2)2 du u2 2 u ex 2
ex 2
dx u u2
u
du 1 du
u du
ex u 2
u 2 ln u c dx
e x 2 2 ln e x 2 c du
dx
u2
e x 2 ln e x 2 c '
(b) x u2 3
(u 2 3) u 2 (2udu ) (u 2 3) 2u 2 du
x x 3 dx
u x 3
5
u 1 5 3
dx
u 4 + 3u 2 du 2 u 3 c 2 x 3 2 x 3 2 c
2
5 5 du
2u
dx 2u du
(c) x 1 1 1 1 1 u x2
du sin 1 u c
1 x4
dx
2 1 x4
2 x dx
2 1 u2 2 du
2x
1 dx
sin 1 x 2 c
2 2 x dx du
(d) 1
1 x2
4 1 tan 2 x tan
sec2 d
0 (1 x 2 )2
dx
0 (1 tan 2 )2 dx
sec2
4 1 tan 2 d
sec 2 d
0
2
(sec ) 2 dx sec2 d
4 1 tan 2 When x 1, 4
0 sec2
d
When x 0, 0
4
2 2
0
(cos sin ) d
4
sin 2 4 1 1
0
cos 2 d
2 0 2
sin sin 0
2 2
(e) 3
x 3sin
9 x 2 dx 9 9sin 2 3cos d
2
0 0
dx
3cos
2
9cos 2 3cos d d
0
dx 3cos d
9 cos 2 d
2
0
When x 3
9 2 sin 1 2
(cos 2 1) d
2 0 When x 0
9 sin 2 2 9 sin 9 sin 0 0
2 2 0 2 2 2 4
(f) 1 dx
3
dx Let x a sin . Then a cos
d
a 2
x2 2
a cos
3
d
a 2 2
a sin 2
2
a cos 1 cos
3
d
a 2 cos3
d
a 3 1 sin 2 2
1
2 sec 2 d
a
1
2 tan C
a
1 x
2 C
a a x
2 2
8 Integration by Parts
4x
(a) xe dx
(b) x ln x dx
1
1 2
(c) x tan ( x ) dx
0
1
(c) x2 2
2
1 1x 2x
1 21
0 x tan ( x ) dx tan ( x )
0 dx
2 0 2 1 x4
1
1 1 1 4 x3 1 1
4
dx ln 1 x 4 ln 2
2 4 4 1 x
0 8 4 0 8 4
(d)
x sec x tan x dx x sec x sec x dx
x sec x ln sec x tan x c
(e) 2
cos x dx x 2 sin x 2 x sin x dx x 2 sin x 2 x cos x 2 cos x dx
x
x 2 sin x 2 x cos x 2 cos x dx x 2 sin x 2 x cos x 2 sin x c
(f) 3
x cos x 2 dx x 2 ( x cos x 2 ) dx
1 2 1 1
x sin x 2 x sin x 2 dx x 2 sin x 2 cos x 2 c
2 2 2
9 Miscellaneous problems
1
(a) dx
1 cos x
3
(b) cos 3x sin 3x dx
1
(c) 6 4x x2
dx
1
(d) 2 x 2 12 x 14 dx
1
(e) x 2 2 x 3 dx
1
(f) sin( 1) sin( 1) d
0
x
(g) e sin 2 x dx
1
(h) 1 e x
dx
1
(i) x 4 ln x 2
dx
9 Solution
(a) 1 1 1 2x x
1 cos x dx 2 x dx 2 sec 2 dx tan 2 c
2cos
2
Alternative:
1 1 1 cos x
1 cos x dx 1 cos x 1 cos x dx
1 cos x
dx
sin 2 x
cosec2 x cot x cosec x dx
cot x cosec x C
(b) 1 3
4
1 sin 3x 1
3
cos 3x sin 3x dx 3cos
3 x sin 3 x d x c sin 4 3x c
3 3 4 12
(c)
1
6 4x x2
dx
1 1 1 x2
dx dx dx sin 1 c
2 2
( x 4 x 6) ( x 2)2 10 10 ( x 2) 10
(d) 1 1 1 1 1
2x 2
12 x 14
dx 2
2 x 6x 7
dx 2 ( x 7)( x 1)
dx
1 1 1 1
dx ln x 7 ln x 1 c
16 x 7 x 1 16
(e) 1 1 1 x 1
tan 1
x 2x 3 dx ( x 1) 2 dx
2 2
2 2
c
(f) 1 1 1
sin 1 sin 1 d cos 2 cos 2 d
0 2 0
1
1 sin 2 sin 2 1 sin 2 sin 2
0 0
2 2 2 0 2 2 4
(g) x x x
e sin 2x dx e sin 2 x 2e cos 2x dx
e x sin 2 x 2 e x cos 2 x 2e x sin 2 x dx e x sin 2 x 2e x cos 2 x 4e x sin 2 x dx
Then
5 e x sin 2 x dx e x sin 2 x 2e x cos 2 x
ex
e x sin 2 x dx sin 2 x 2 cos 2 x c
5
(h) 1 1 ex ex ex
x
d x x
d x 1 x
dx x ln 1 e x c
1 e 1 e 1 e
(i) 1 1 ln x
x 4 ln x 2
dx tan 1 c
2 2
10 [9233 99/I/19]
d
(i) Prove that ln sec x tan x sec x .
dx
(ii) Find x sin x dx .
10 Solution
(ii)
x sin x dx
x cos x cos x dx
x cos x cos x dx
x cos x sin x c
(iii)
x sin x ln sec x tan x dx
4
0
( x cos x sin x) ln(sec x tan x) 04
4
( x cos x sin x) sec x dx
0
1 1
4 2
ln
2
2 1
4
( x tan x) dx
0
1 x2 4
1 ln
2 4
2 1 ln sec x
2 0
1 2
1 ln
2 4
2 1
32
ln 2
11 [9740 09/I/2]
1
1 1 1
Find the exact value of p such that 0 4 x 2 d x 0 1 p 2 x 2 dx .
2p
11 Solution
1
1 1 2p
1
0 4 x 2 dx 0 1 p 2 x 2 dx.
1 1
1 x 2 1 1
ln
4 x 2
sin 0
px 2p
0 p
1 1
ln 3 .
4 p 6
2
p
3ln 3
12 JJC/2016/Promo/9
3
(a) Use the substitution u x 2 1 to find x x 2 1 dx
x
(b) (i) Show that dx 1 x 2 c where c is an arbitrary constant.
2
1 x
x
sin x
1
(ii) Hence find
2
dx.
1 x
12 Solution
(a) 3 2
u x2 1
x x 1 dx
2
x x 1 x dx 2 u 2 x2 1
du
u 1 u du
2 2 2u 2x
dx
4
u u du 2 u
"dx du "
x
1 1
u5 u3 c
5 3
5 3
1 1
x 2 1 2 x 2 1 2 c
5 3
(b) x
(i) dx
1 x2
1 2 x
dx
2 1 x2
1 x 2 c (shown)
x
sin x
1
(ii) dx
2
1 x
1
sin 1 x 1 x 2
2
1 x
2
1 x dx
sin 1 x 1 x 1 dx
2
sin 1 x 1 x x c
2
13. Find
(a) tan 3x dx (f) x cos 5x dx
x2 x
(b) x2 x
dx (g) x 1
dx
sec 2 x x2
(c) 1 tan x 3
dx (h) 1 3x 2
dx
x2 (i) ln 2 x 1 dx
(d) x 2 dx
6x 4
2 (j) dx
(e) 2
dx 1 2 x 1 3x 2
x 6x 8
Solutions
1 3sin 3 x 1
(a) tan 3x dx 3 cos 3 x
dx ln cos 3 x c
3
(b)
x2 A B
x ( x 1) x x 1
Then x 2 A( x 1) Bx
Let x 0, 2 A
Let x 1, 3 B
x2 2 3
x2 x dx x x 1 dx 2 ln x 3ln x 1 c
2
sec 2 x 2 3 1 tan x 1
(c) 1 tan x 3
dx sec x 1 tan x dx c 2
c
2 2 1 tan x
x2
(d) x 2 dx
x( x 2) 2 x 2( x 2) 4 4
dx x dx x 2 dx
x2 x2 x2
x2
2 x 4ln x 2 c
2
2 2 1 ( x 3) 1 x4
(e) 2 dx 2
dx 2 ln c ln c
x 6x 8 ( x 3) 1 2 ( x 3) 1 x2
1 1 1 1
(f) x cos 5 x dx x sin 5 x sin 5 x dx x sin 5 x cos 5 x c
5 5 5 25
3 1
x x 11 1 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2
(g) dx dx x 1 d x 3
1
c
x 1 x 1 x 1 2 2
3 1 1 1
23 ( x 1) 2 2( x 1) 2 c 2( x 1) 2 13 ( x 1) 1 c 2( x 1) 2 13 x 23 c
OR
3
x 1
1
2 1 2( x 1) 2
x 1 dx 2 x( x 1) 2( x 1) dx 2 x ( x 1) 32 c
2 2
1 3 1 1
2 x( x 1) 2 43 ( x 1) 2 c 2( x 1) 2 x 23 ( x 1) c 2( x 1) 2 ( 13 x 23 ) c
OR
x y2 1 y3
2
x 1 dx y 2 y dy 2 y 1 d y 2 y c
3
3 1
2 13 ( x 1) 2 ( x 1) 2 c
1
x2 1 1
(h) dx 6 x(1 3x 2 ) 2 dx 2 dx
1 3x 2 6 1 3x 2
1 1 3x2 2 1 2
sin 1 ( 3 x) c 1 3x
2
sin 1 ( 3x) c
6 1 3 3 3
2
2x 1
(i) ln 2 x 1 dx x ln(2 x 1) dx x ln(2 x 1) 1 dx
2x 1 2x 1
1
x ln(2 x 1) x ln 2 x 1 c
2
6x 4 4 6x
(j) dx dx 2ln 1 2 x ln 1 3x 2 c
1 2 x 1 3x 2
1 2 x 1 3x 2
a2 1
14. Find the positive values of a , such that dx 0.22 . Give your answer to three
a 1 x2
significant figures.
1 x2
By plotting the graphs of y dx and y 0.22 on the GC, and finding the
1 x2 x
d x2
dx
e 2 xe x
2
ln 2
2
x 3 e x dx
0
ln 2
1
2
0
x 2 2xe x
2
dx
1
ln 2 ln 2
2 2
x 2e x 2xe x dx
2
0
0
1 2 1 2 ln 2
2
ln 2 2 e x
2 0
1
ln 2 2 1
2
1
ln 2 (shown)
2
x 2 x 28
16. Express in partial fractions. Hence, show that
1 x ( x 2 9)
3 x 2 x 28
2
dx 2ln 2 .
0 (1 x)( x 9) 12
x 2 x 28 3 Ax B
2
1 x ( x 9) 1 x x 9
2
x 2 x 28 3( x 2 9) ( Ax B)(1 x)
When x 0, 28 27 B B 1
Comparing coefficient of x2, 1 = 3 – A A = 2
x 2 x 28 3 2x 1
2
2
1 x ( x 9) 1 x x 9 #
3x 2 x 28
0 (1 x)( x 2 9) dx
3 3 2x 1
2 dx
0 1 x x 9
3
1 x
3ln 1 x ln x 2 9 tan 1 ( )
3 3 0
3ln 2 ln18 ln 9
12
18
ln
9 8 12
1
ln
12 4
2 ln 2#
12
7
1 3
17. By using the substitution u x 2 , or otherwise, show that dx ln .
2 ( x 1) x 2 2
7
7
1
dx Let u x 2
2 ( x 1) x 2
3 u2 x 2
1
2
2u du dx
2 (u 1)u 2u
3
du
u 1 When x 2, u 2
ln
u 1 2 When x 7, u 3
2 1
ln ln
4 3
3
ln
2#
7 7
x 1 dx
x 1 2 dx
2 ( x 1) x 2 2 ( x 1) x 2
7
1 2
dx
2 x 2 ( x 1) x 2
7 3
2 x 2 2ln
2 2
3
2 2ln
2#
3 1
18. By using the substitution u x 4 1 , find dx , leaving your answers in
1
x x 4 1
an exact form.
3 1
xx dx
1 4
1
82 1 1
du
2 (u 1) u 4(u 1) 3/4
1/4
82 1
du
2 4u (u 1)
1 82 1 1
du
4 2 u (u 1)
1 82
ln u ln u 1 2
4
1
ln 82 ln 81 ln 2
4
1 81
ln
4 41 #
19. Determine the exact value of 4 x cos 2 x dx .
0
Hence, evaluate x cos 2 x dx , leaving your answer in an exact form.
4
0
4
x cos 2 x dx
0
x sin 2 x 4 4
sin 2 x
2 0 0 2
dx
x sin 2 x cos 2 x 4
2 4 0
1
8 4#
4
x cos 2 x dx
0
4
cos 2 x 1
x dx
0 2
1 1 x2 4
2 8 4 4 0
1 2
16 8 64 #
Answers
2(a) 2 ln 1 x c 1 5 3
7(b) 2 x 3 2 x 3 2 c
2(b) x 3ln x 3 c 5
2(c) ln sin c 1 1 2
7(c) sin x c
2
2(d) ln | ln x 2 | c 1
1 sin 6 x 7 (d)
3(a) x c 2
2 6 9
7(e)
1 4
3(b) cos x c
2 1 x
1 7(f) c
3(c) cot x c a 2 a 2 x 2
2
1 3x 2 1 4x 1 4x
3(d) sec c 8(a) xe e c
3 2 4 16
sin 3 x 2 3 2
3(e) sin x c 8(b) x 2 ln x c
3 3 3
1 1
3(f) 1 2 8(c) ln 2
4a 8 4
3(g) 9e 12 x c 8(d) x sec x ln sec x tan x c
1
3(h) etan 5 1 8(e) x 2 sin x 2 x cos x 2 sin x c
5 1 1
1 8(f) x 2 sin x 2 cos x 2 c
4(a) ln x ln x 2 c 2 2
2 x
x2 1 3 9(a) tan c
4(b) ln x 1 ln x 1 c 2
2 2 2 1
3 5 6 9(b) sin 4 3 x c
4(c) ln x 1 ln x 3 c 12
4 4 x 3 x2
9(c) sin 1 c
10
1 1 2 x
5(a) sin c 1
2 3 9(d)
16
ln x 7 ln x 1 c
1 9x
5(b) tan 1 c 1 x 1
18 2 9(e) tan 1 c
2 2
2 1 1
11 13(f) x sin 5 x cos 5 x c
3ln 3 5 25
5 3 1
1 1 13(g) 2( x 1) 3 x 23 c
2 1
12(a) x 2 1 2 x 2 1 2 c
5 3 1 2
13(h) 1 3x 2 sin 1 ( 3 x) c
12(bii) sin x
1
1 x 2
xc 3 3
1
13(i) x ln(2 x 1) x ln 2 x 1 c
2
13(j) 2 ln 1 2 x ln 1 3 x 2 c
14) a 2.04 or a 2.62
2
15) 2 xe x
3 2x 1
16) 2
1 x x 9
1 81
18) ln
4 41
1 1 2
19) ,
8 4 16 8 64
f( x) c, n 1
n 1
f '( x)
dx ln f ( x) c
f ( x)
f ( x)
f '(x)e dx e f ( x ) c
1
dx
a x22
x
sin 1 c , x a
a
1 1 1 x
a 2 x2 dx a tan a c
1
x 2
a2
dx
1 xa
ln c, x a
2a x a
1
a 2
x2
dx
1 a x
ln c, x a
2a a x