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MTHS 111
North-West University
Gabriel.Magalakwe@nwu.ac.za
At the end of today’s lesson you should be able to define and use
(a) Logarithmic functions,
y = loga (x),
where: y is the value of the logarithmic function,
x is the input value,
a is the base of the logarithm.
In this context:
a must be a positive real number greater than 1, often referred to
as the ”base” of the logarithm. Common bases include e (the base
of the natural logarithm), 10 (common logarithm), or 2 (binary
logarithm). e must be a positive real number.
logarithmic function
Definition 13
The logarithmic Function f −1 (x) = loga x, a ̸= 1, x > 0 is the
inverse function of the exponential function
f (x) = ax , a ̸= 1, x ∈ R.
Refer to pg 16-17 of the study guide for the above definition.
Also, see 6.3 in Stewart 8ED 1.1. Also MRC/MIC: Study
unit 2.
Theorem 10
loga x = y ⇐⇒ ay = x, x > 0,
x
loga (a ) = x, x ∈ R,
loga x
a = x, x > 0.
Graphical representation of log and its inverse
logarithmic function
ln x = loge x
ln x = y ⇐⇒ e y = x, x > 0,
x
ln (e ) = x, x ∈ R,
e ln x = x, x > 0,
ln e = 1,
ln 1 = 0,
ln x
loga x = .
ln a
Why they are important
Solve for x
ln 7−3
(a) e 2x+3 − 7 = 0, Answer x = 2
(b) 10(1 + e −x )−1 = 3, Answer x = ln 37
(c) ln(5 − 2) = −3, Answer x = 5
2 − 12 e −3
(d) logx (6 + 4x − x 2 ) = 2, Answer x = 3
(e) ln(4 − x) + ln 2 = 2 ln x, Answer x = 2
Radian measure
s = r θ.
A radian measure is a fundamental unit for expressing angles in
trigonometry and geometry. It defines an angle by considering the
ratio between the length of an arc on the circumference of a circle
and the radius of that circle.
NB: the above is important to relate the angle to circular
distance when the radius in known.
Definitions
Definition 14:
Suppose an angle θ is subtended at the centre of a circle with
radius r by an arc of length |a| (see the sketch in the study guide).
a
The real number r is called the radian measure of the angle θ.
is measured clockwise.
Definition 15:
An angle of one radian is that angle which is subtended at the
of the circle.
one radian.
Trigonometric functions
Definition 16:
To define the trigonometric functions sin and cos, consider a
circle with centre on the origin of a set of axes and with unit
radius. Let t be a real number. Now measure the distance |t| from
The functions sin and cos are then defined as sin t = yt and
Determine
√
3
(a) arc sin( 2 )
(b) sin(arc cos( √13 ))
√
(c) sin(2arc tan 2)
(d) sec−1 (2)
Sample problem
Determine all values of x ∈ [0, 2π] that will satisfy the following
equations
(a) 3 cot2 x = 1 answer x = π3 , 2π π 5π
3 , 3, 3
(b) sin x = sin(2x) answer x = 0, π3 , π, 5π
3 , 2π
(c) 2 + cos(2x) = 3 cos x answer x = 0, π3 , π, 5π
3 , 2π
√
(d) cos(2x) > 23 answer 0 ≤ x < π 11π
12 ; 12 <x < 13π
12 ;
23π
12 < x ≤ 2π.
Dankie vir julle aandag