Mathematics 22

Trigonometric Integrals

Pythagorean identities Some double-angle identities

2 2
• sin x + cos x = 1 1 + cos 2x
• cos2 x =
2
• tan2 x + 1 = sec2 x
1 − cos 2x
• 1 + cot2 x = csc2 x • sin2 x =
2

Various forms of trigonometric integrals were introduced during the lecture. These forms can be further summarized
through the following table:

FORM OF INTEGRAL PROCEDURE

Try substituting either u = sin x or u = cos x and expressing the integrand in

Z
terms of u and du, using a Pythagorean identity and/or by splitting off factors.
sinm x dx,
• If successful, proceed with the substitution
Z
cosm x dx, or
• Otherwise, express the integrand in terms of cos 2x using a double-angle
Z
sinm x cosn x dx
identity

Z
tanm x dx or Split off a factor of tan2 x or cot2 x, and express this factor in terms of sec2 x
Z or csc2 x using a Pythagorean identity. Split the integral when necessary. Then,
cotm x dx make the substitution u = tan x or u = cot x where applicable.

Try substituting either u = tan x or u = sec x and expressing the integrand in

terms of u and du, using a Pythagorean identity and/or by splitting off factors.

• If successful, proceed with the substitution

Z
secm x dx or • Otherwise,
Z
secm x dx, integrate by parts with u = secm−2 x
Z
– If the form is
tanm x secn x dx
and dv = sec2 xZdx
– If the form is tanm x secn x dx, express the integrand in terms
of sec x using a Pythagorean identity

Z
cscm x dx or (Same procedure as for the above case, except that tan x is replaced with
Z
cotm x cscn x dx cot x, and sec x is replaced with csc x)

For integrals that do not have any of the above forms, try expressing the integrand in terms of other trigonometric
functions to obtain one of the above forms. If that is not possible, use other techniques.