Power Rule: y FX X N FX NX Dy y NX NX DX

Power Rule
If y  f ( x)  x n , where n is a real number, then

f ( x)  n  x n 1.
dy
Also, y  n  x n 1
and  n  x n 1.
dx
Example: Suppose f(x) = x6. Find f ′ (x).
Solution:
According to Theorem 2, the derivative f ′ (x) = 6x6-1 = 6x5.
Barnett, Calculus for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e 1
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Inc. Slide 1
Constant Multiple Property
If y  f ( x)  k  u ( x), where k is a real number,

and u ( x) is a function, then
f ( x)  k  u ( x).
dy du
Also, y  k  u  and k .
dx dx
Example: Suppose f(x) = 12x4. Find f ′ (x).
Solution:
With k = 12 and u(x) = x4 According to Theorems 2 and 3, the
derivative f ′ (x) = 12(x4)′ = 12⋅4(x3) = 48x3.
Sum and Difference Property
If y  f ( x)  u ( x)  v( x),
where u ( x) and v( x) are functions, then
f ( x)  u ( x)  v( x)
dy du dv
Also, y  u   v and   .
dx dx dx
Example: Suppose f(x) = 3x3 + 11x2. Find f ′ (x).
Solution:
f ′(x) = (3x3 + 11x2)′ = (3x3)′ + (11x2)′ = 9x2 + 22x.
Application Instantaneous
Velocity
An object moves along the y axis (marked in feet) so that its
position at time x (in seconds) is f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 9x
Find the velocity at x = 2 and x = 5 seconds.
Solution: The instantaneous velocity was found to be
v(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 9
Evaluate v(2) = 3⋅22 – 12⋅2 + 9 = 12 – 24 + 9 = –3
The instantaneous velocity at x = 2 seconds is –3 feet per
second.
Evaluate v(5) = 3⋅52 – 12⋅5 + 9 = 75 – 60 + 9 = 24
The instantaneous velocity at x = 5 seconds is 24 feet per
second.
Application Instantaneous
Velocity
An object moves along the y axis (marked in feet) so that its
position at time x (in seconds) is f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 9x
Find the time when the velocity is 0.
Solution: The instantaneous velocity was found to be.
v(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 9
We solve v(x) = 3x2 – 12x + 9 = 0
3(x2 – 4x + 3) = 0
3(x – 1)(x – 3) = 0
x = 1, 3
The velocity of this object is zero at x = 1 and x = 3 seconds.
Example Equation of Tangent Line
Let f(x) = 3x3 – 2x2 + 5.
1.) The derivative is f ′(x) = 9x2 – 4x.
2.) Find the equation of the tangent line for x = 1.
Solution: 2.) f(1) = 3⋅13 – 2⋅12 + 5 = 6.
We find the tangent line at the point (1, 6)
The slope of the tangent for x = 1 is f ′(1) = 9 – 4 = 5
The point-slope form for a line is y – y1 = m(x – x1)
y – 6 = 5(x – 1) which simplifies to y = 5x + 1.
The Derivative of ex
The derivative of the exponential function, ex is the

exponential function ex.
d x
That is, e  ex .
dx
Caution: The power rule cannot be used to differentiate the
exponential function, ex, that is,
d x
e  xe x 1.
dx
Example Finding Derivatives
Find y for the following functions.
(A) y = 3ex + 5 ln x
5
Solution: (A) y  3e x 
x
(B) y = x4 – ln x4
Solution: (B) Use a property of logarithms to rewrite.
y = x4 – ln x4 = x4 – 4 ln x
4
y  4 x3 
x
Change of Base for Logarithms
Find a relationship between logb x and ln x for any base b > 0
and b ≠ 1.
Write y = logb x in exponential form as by = x.
ln by = ln x
y ln b = ln x
1
y ln x
ln b
1
Therefore, log b x  ln x
ln b
Differentiating both sides of this result gives
d 1 d 1 1
log b x   ln x    for x  0.
dx ln b dx ln b  x 
Change of Base for Exponential
Find a relationship between bx and ex for any base b such that

b > 0, b ≠ 1.
y = bx
ln y = ln bx
ln y = x ln b
y = ex ln b
It can be shown that the derivative of the function ecx is cecx .
d x d x ln b
b  e  e x ln b ln b  b x ln b
dx dx
Summary of Derivatives of
Exponential and Logarithmic
Functions
For b  0, b  1,
d x d x
e  ex b  b x ln b
dx dx
For b  0, b  1,
d 1 d 1 1
ln x  log b x   
dx x dx ln b  x 
Product Rule
If y = f(x) = F(x)·S(x)
(where F represents the First function in a product and S
represents the Second function in a product),
and if F ´(x) and S´(x) exist, then
f ´(x) = F(x)·S´(x) + S(x)·F´(x).
Using simplified notation,

dy dS dF
y´ = FS´ + SF´ or F S
dx dx dx
Quotient Rule
If T(x) and B(x) are any two differentiable functions (where
T is the Top function and B is the Bottom function)
T ( x)
if y  f ( x)  and if T ( x) and B( x) exist, then
B( x)
B ( x)T ( x)  T ( x) B( x)
f ( x) 
 B( x) 
2

dT dB
B T
BT   TB dy
y  2
or  dx 2 dx
B dx B
General Power Rule
If u(x) is a differentiable function, n is any real number, and

y = f(x) = [u(x)]n
then
f ´(x) = n [u(x)]n–1u´(x)
y´ = n·un–1u´ or d n du
u  nu n 1 where u  u ( x)
dx dx
The Chain Rule
If m( x)  E[ I ( x)] is a composite function, then

m( x)  E [ I ( x)]  I ( x)
provided that E [ I ( x)] and I ( x) exist.
Equivalently, if y  E (u ) and u  I ( x), then

dy dy du
 
dx du dx
dy du
provided that and exist.
du dx
General Derivative Rules
The chain rule generalizes basic derivative rules.
d
[ f ( x)]n  n[ f ( x)]n 1  f ( x)
dx
d 1
ln[ f ( x)]  f ( x)
dx f ( x)
d f ( x)
e  e f ( x )  f ( x)
dx
Example Differentiate Implicitly
Given f(x, y) = x2 + y2 – 25 = 0,
(A) find y´ (B) find the slope of the graph at x = 3
Solution: Starting with Solution: The derivative y´

x2 + y2 – 25 = 0, we evaluated at x = 3 gives the slope of
differentiate implicitly. the graph.
d 2 d Find the y value(s) corresponding to
( x  [ y ( x)]2 – 25)  0
dx dx x = 3 by substituting and solving.
d 2 d d 32 + y2 – 25 = 0 gives y2 = 16, the
x  [ y ( x)]2 – 25  0 values y = –4 and y = 4 (and points
dx dx dx
(3, –4) and (3, 4)).
2 x  2 y ( x)  y ( x)  0
2x  2 y  y  0 Substitute these values into the

2x x
derivative to find that the slope(s)
y    are y´ = ¾ and y´ = –¾.
2y y
Example Differentiate Implicitly
Find the equation(s) of the tangent line(s) to the graph of
y – xy2 + x2 + 1 = 0 where x = 1.
Solution: Evaluate the derivative y   2 x for the points
2
y
corresponding to x = 1. 1 – 2 xy
(2) 2  2 1 2 2
For the point (1, 2) y   
1 – 2 1  (2) 3 3
The tangent line through the point (1, 2) is found using the
point slope form for a line,
2
y –  2   – ( x  1)
3
2 8
y  – x
3 3
Suggestions for Solving Related-
Rates Problems
Step 1 Sketch a figure if helpful.
Step 2 Identify all relevant variables, including those
whose rates are given and those whose rates can be
found.
Step 3 Express all given rates and rates to be found as
derivatives.
Step 4 Find an equation connecting the variables
identified in Step 2.
Step 5 Implicitly differentiate the equation found in Step
4, using the chain rule where appropriate, and
substitute in all given values.
Step 6 Solve for the derivative that will give the
unknown rate.
Related Rates and Motion
Suppose a point is moving in a circular path centered at the

origin and radius 5.
The graph has equation x2 + y2 = 25.
When the point is located at (–3, 4), its

x coordinate is increasing at the rate of
0.4 unit per second.
How fast is the y coordinate changing
at that moment?
Since both x and y are changing with respect to time, we can
consider each as a function of time, with x = x(t) and y = y(t).
The values, x and y are restricted so that x2 + y2 = 25.

Related Rates and Motion,
Continued
As the object moves along the circle, we are asked to find
how fast the y coordinate is changing at the moment when the
point is located at (–3, 4) and dx/dt = 0.4.
We implicitly differentiate the equation x 2  y 2  25
dx dy
with respect to t to obtain 2x  2 y  0.
dy dt
dx dy
Divide both sides by 2 to obtain x  y  0.
dy dt
dx dy
Substitute x  3, y  4, and  0.4 to obtain  3(0.4)  4  0.
dt dt
dy dy
Solve for to obtain  0.3 unit per second.
dt dt
Increasing and Decreasing
Functions
For the interval (a, b), if f ´> 0, then f is increasing.

If f ´< 0, then f is decreasing.
This is summarized in the table.

f ´(x) f(x) Graph of f Examples
+ Increases Rises
– Decreases Falls
Definition Critical Numbers
A real number x in the domain of f such that f ´(x) = 0

or f ´(x) does not exist is called a critical number of f.
The critical numbers of f that are in the domain of f are

partition numbers for f ´.
f ´may have partition numbers that do not belong to the
domain of f , so are not critical numbers of f.
When building a sign chart, we need all partition numbers of
the derivative f ´.
If f is a polynomial, then both the partition numbers for f ´

and the critical numbers of f are the solutions of f ´(x) = 0.
Local Extrema
When the graph of a continuous function changes from rising
to falling, a high point, or local maximum, occurs.
When the graph changes from falling to rising, a low point, or
local minimum, occurs.
In the graph, high points occur at c3 and c6, and low points
occur at c2 and c4.
The high points at c3 and c6, and the low points at c2 and c4
are not the highest or lowest of all points on the graph, they
are the highest and lowest points for x values near them.
Local Extrema
f (c) is called a local maximum if there is an interval (m, n)

containing c such that f (x) < f(c) for all x in (m, n).
f(c) is called a local minimum if there is an interval, (m, n)

containing c such that f(x) > f(c) for all x in (m, n).
f(c) is called a local extremum if it is either a local maximum

or a local minimum.
Points on the graph where local extrema occur are also called
turning points.
Concavity of Graphs
For this concave up graph, the slope of the tangent at a is less
than the slope of the tangent at b whenever a < b.
The slope of the tangent line is increasing and the graph is
above each tangent line.
a b
Concavity of Graphs
For this concave down graph, the slope of the tangent at a is
greater than the slope of the tangent at b whenever a < b.
The slope of the tangent line is decreasing and the graph is
below each tangent line.
a b
Definition-Concavity
The graph of a function f is concave upward on the
interval (a, b) if f ´(x) is increasing on (a, b).
The graph of a function f is concave downward on the

interval (a, b) if f ´(x) is decreasing on (a, b).
Geometrically, the graph is concave upward on (a, b) if it lies

above its tangent lines in (a, b).
The graph is concave downward on (a, b) if it lies below its

tangent lines in (a, b).
Concavity-Summary
For the interval (a, b), if f ″(x) > 0, then f is concave

upward, and if f ″(x) < 0, then f is concave downward.
f ″(x) f ´(x) Graph of y = f(x) Examples
+ Increasing Concave upward
– Decreasing Concave Downward
Inflection Points
An inflection point is a point on the graph of a function

where the function is continuous and the concavity changes
(upward to downward or downward to upward).
Changes in concavity at a point require that f ″(x) change sign

at the point.
Analyzing a Graph continued
Summary information about f with a sketch of f.
f ´(x) is positive and decreasing on (–∞, –1).
f(x) is increasing and concave downward on (–∞, –1).
Example 5 Analyzing a Graph
continued
f ´(x) has a local minimum at x = –1.
f(x) has an inflection point at x = –1.
f ´(x) is positive and increasing on (–1, 1).
f(x) is increasing and concave upward on (–1, 1).
continued
f ´(x) has a local maximum at x = 1.
f(x) has an inflection point at x = 1.
f ´(x) is positive and decreasing on (1, 2).
f(x) is increasing and concave downward on (1, 2).
continued
f ´(x) is negative and decreasing on (2, ∞).
f(x) is decreasing and concave downward on (2, ∞).
f ´(x) = 0 at x = 2.
f (x) has a local maximum at x = 2.
Procedure Graphing Strategy
 Step 1 Analyze f(x).

 Find the domain and the intercepts.
 The x intercepts are the solutions to f(x) = 0.
 The y intercept is f(0).
 Step 2 Analyze f ´(x).

 Find the partition numbers for f ´and the critical
numbers for f.
 Construct a sign chart for f ´(x), and determine the
intervals on which f is increasing and decreasing.
 Find the local maxima and minima of f.
Procedure Graphing Strategy
continued
 Step 3 Analyze f ″(x).
 Find the partition numbers for f ″(x).
 Construct a sign chart for f ″(x), and determine
the intervals on which f is concave upward and
concave downward, and find the inflection points
of f.
 Step 4 Sketch the graph of f.

 Locate intercepts, local maxima and minima, and
inflection points.
 Sketch the graph based on what was found in
Steps 1–3.
 Plot additional points as needed and complete the
sketch.
Theorem
L’Hôpital’s Rule for 0/0 Indeterminate Forms
For c a real number, if lim f ( x)  0 and lim g ( x)  0, then

x c x c
f ( x) f ( x)
lim  lim
x c g ( x ) x c g ( x )
provided that the second limit exists or is  or  .
The theorem remains valid if the symbol x  c is replaced

everywhere it appears with one of the following symbols:
x  c x  c x   x  

Power Rule: y FX X N FX NX Dy y NX NX DX

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Rule: y FX X N FX NX Dy y NX NX DX

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Power Rule

If y  f ( x)  x n , where n is a real number, then

If y  f ( x)  k  u ( x), where k is a real number,

Example: Suppose f(x) = 12x4. Find f ′ (x).

The derivative of the exponential function, ex is the

Find a relationship between bx and ex for any base b such that

Using simplified notation,

Using simplified notation,

If u(x) is a differentiable function, n is any real number, and

Using simplified notation,

If m( x)  E[ I ( x)] is a composite function, then

Equivalently, if y  E (u ) and u  I ( x), then

Solution: Starting with Solution: The derivative y´

2x  2 y  y  0 Substitute these values into the

Suppose a point is moving in a circular path centered at the

When the point is located at (–3, 4), its

The values, x and y are restricted so that x2 + y2 = 25.

For the interval (a, b), if f ´> 0, then f is increasing.

This is summarized in the table.

A real number x in the domain of f such that f ´(x) = 0

The critical numbers of f that are in the domain of f are

If f is a polynomial, then both the partition numbers for f ´

f (c) is called a local maximum if there is an interval (m, n)

f(c) is called a local minimum if there is an interval, (m, n)

f(c) is called a local extremum if it is either a local maximum

The graph of a function f is concave downward on the

Geometrically, the graph is concave upward on (a, b) if it lies

The graph is concave downward on (a, b) if it lies below its

For the interval (a, b), if f ″(x) > 0, then f is concave

– Decreasing Concave Downward

An inflection point is a point on the graph of a function

Changes in concavity at a point require that f ″(x) change sign

 Step 1 Analyze f(x).

 Step 2 Analyze f ´(x).

 Step 4 Sketch the graph of f.

L’Hôpital’s Rule for 0/0 Indeterminate Forms

For c a real number, if lim f ( x)  0 and lim g ( x)  0, then

provided that the second limit exists or is  or  .

The theorem remains valid if the symbol x  c is replaced

You might also like