AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

CHAPTER FOUR
DERIVATIVES AND APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
4.1. Tangent (and normal) lines and definition of derivatives
Activity 4.1.1 f (a+ h) f
Consider a curve y=f ( x ). Let A(a , f (a))be an arbitrary point on
f and Bbe a point on f near A ,say at(a+ h , f ( a+h )). Now, discus f (a)
about the slope of the line passing through A and B . What would be a a+ h
the expression for the slope of the line tangent to f at A ,if Bapproaches
A ? And what is its special name?

1
Example 4.1.1: Find the slope of the tangent line to y= at(1,1).
x

Solution:

1
−1
f ( x )−f (1) x 1−x −1
slope=m=lim =lim =lim =lim =−1
x →1 x−1 x →1 x−1 x→ 1 x( x−1) x →1 x

Activity 4.1.2 Discuss about the equations and relationship between tangent and normal lines at a
given point of a given curve.

π
Example 4.1.2: Find the equations of the tangent and normal lines to y=sinx at x= .
6

Activity 4.1.3 Discuss about the definitions of derivatives of a functionf (x) at a pointain the domain
off and at the variablex.

Example 4.1.3: Let f ( x )=x 3. Then find, using definition, f ' ( 2 )and f ' ( x ).
Solution:
f ( 2+h )−f ( 2 )
f ' ( 2 )=lim
h →0 h
( 2+h )3 −23
¿ lim
h→0 h
¿ lim (2+ h−2 ) ¿ ¿ ¿
h→0

h ( ( 4+ 4 h+ h2 ) +4 +2 h+4 )
¿ lim
h→0 h
¿ lim 4+ 4 h+ h2+ 8+2 h
h→0

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

¿ lim h2+ 6 h+12

h→0

¿ 12
And
f ( x +h )−f ( x )
f ' ( x )=lim
h→ 0 h
( x +h )3−x 3
¿ lim
h→0 h
¿ lim ( x +h−x ) ¿ ¿ ¿
h→0

h ( ( x 2 +2 xh+h2 ) + x 2 + xh+ x 2 )
¿ lim
h→0 h
¿ lim 3 x 2 +3 xh+h2
h→0

¿ 3 x2
Example 4.1.4: Use definition to find the derivative of f ( x )=lnx .
Solution:
f ( x +h )−f ( x)
f ' ( x )=lim
h→ 0 h
ln ( x +h )−ln ( x )
¿ lim
h→0 h

¿ lim
ln ( x +hx )
h→0 h
1
h
¿ lim ln 1+
h→0
( ) x
h

1
¿ ln e x
1
¿
x
Exercise: Use definition only to find the derivative of the following functions.
1
i. iv . log a x vii .e x
x+1
ii. cosx v . ax viii . tanx
Activity 4.1.4
1. Is there a continuous function which is not differentiable? If yes, give example to justify your
answer.

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

1−x
2. f ( x )= is not continuous atx=1(why?). Isf differentiable atx=1?
1−x 2
1
3. What about the continuity and differentiability of f ( x )= ?
1−x
So what do you say about the necessary and sufficient conditions for differentiability?

4.2. Rules for Differentiation (and/or Properties of Derivatives)

Activity 4.2.1 Use Definition of derivatives to prove the sum rule, the difference rule, the product rule and
the quotient rule for differentiations.

Example 4.2.1: Differentiate the following functions.

1−2 x
a. f ( x )=x 2 tan 4 x b. h ( x )=sec x 2−cot √ x c. g ( x )=
1+ x 2
Activity 4.2.2 Discuss about the chain rule. Also, using the chain rule, drive a formula for the
derivatives of:
r
a. f ( x )=e g(x ) d. f ( x )=( g (x) )
b. f ( x )=x r e. f ( x )=r g (x)
c. f ( x )=lng( x ) f. f ( x )=g ( x)h (x)
Where gandhare differentiable functions ofx.

Example 4.2.2: Find f ' ( x )wheref ( x )is

2
a. e si n x c. ln ⁡(3−cos 5 x )
b. 2cos 3 x d. x x

4.3. Implicit Differentiation

dy
Example 4.3.1: Find , for the following equations
dx
2 3
a. x y + xy −3=0
b. xcos+ ycosx=1 (Exercise)

Solution:
d 2
x 2 y + xy 3−3=0 ⟹ ( x y + xy 3−3 )=0
dx
dy dy
⟹ 2 xy + x 2 + y 3 +3 x y 2 =0
dx dx
dy
⟹ ( x 2+3 x y 2 ) =−2 xy− y 3
dx
dy −2 xy− y 3
⟹ = 2
dx x +3 x y 2

Example 4.3.2: Apply implicit differentiation on the equation x 2 y 2−2 x−2 y=0 to obtain

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

dy
a.
dx
b. The equations of the horizontal tangent lines to the curve.
c. All the points on the curve, if there are any, where the tangent line is vertical.

d 2 2
2 2
Solution: a. x y −2 x−2 y=0⟹ ( x y −2 x−2 y )= d ( 0 )
dx dx
dy dy
⟹ 2 x y 2+ 2 x 2 y −2−2 =0
dx dx
dy
⟹ ( 2 x 2 y−2 ) =2−2 x y 2
dx
2
dy 2 ( 1−x y )
⟹ =
dx 2(x 2 y−1)

dy 1−x y 2
⟹ =
dx x 2 y −1
b. We know that the slope of any horizontal line is0. Hence the curve has horizontal line only if

dy
=0for some point on the curve. So,
dx
dy 1−x y 2
=0 ⟹ 2 =0
dx x y −1
⟹ 1−x y2 =0
⟹ x y 2=1
1
⟹ x=
y2
And substituting this into the original equation,
1
1 2 3 −1 −1
y 2
− 2 −2 y=0 ⟹ y =
y 2
⟹ y=
2 ( ) 3

−1 13
Hence the equation of the, only, tangent line to the curve is given by y= ( )
2
.

dy
c. The curve has vertical tangent only if is not defined, which happens if x 2 y −1=0.
dx
1
⟹ y=
x2
And substituting this into the original equation,
1
1 2 3 −1 −1
2
x x
− 2 −2 x=0 ⟹ x =
2
⟹ x=
2 ( ) 3

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

which is the, only, vertical line to the curve.

Exercises:
dy
1. Find , for the following equations.
dx
a. x 3+ y 3=6 xy c. ylnx=x e y −1
b. y=cos ⁡( xy ) d. x y = ysinx
2. Find the slope of the curve with equation xsiny+ cos y 2=1at(1,0).

Definition: Two curves are said to be orthogonal (perpendicular) if at each point of intersection their
tangent lines are perpendicular.

Activity 4.3.1 Given two curvesC 1 : x 2− y 2=5andC 2 : 4 x 2+ 9 y 2 =72

1. Find y 'for bothC 1andC 2
2. Show that the intersection points of the two curves are ( ± 3 ,± 2 )
3. Evaluate y ' at( ± 3 ,± 2 )for both C 1andC 2
4. What do you observe about the relationship between the tangent lines of the two curves at the
intersection points?
5. Are C 1andC 2 orthogonal or not?
Example 4.3.3: If f ( x )=x 9 +2 x 5 +3 x 3+ 2 x−1, where f ( 1 ) =7. Find f (−1)' (7).

Solution: Clearly f ( x )is continuous in its domain. And

f ' ( x )=9 x 8 +10 x 4 +9 x 2+2

Since f ' ( x ) >0 ∀ x , f ( x )is invertible. Also

f ' ( 1 )=30 ≠ 0

Hence

( f −1 ) ( 7 )= ' 1 = 1
'

f (1) 30

Example 4.3.4: Differentiate the following.

2 x2 tan h−1 x
a. f ( x )= c. h ( x )=
sin−1 x 1+ ta n−1 √ x
b. g ( x )=sin h−1 ( co s−1 (2 x ) )

4.4. Higher order derivatives

d 2 d
Example 4.4.1: Evaluate
dx (
x + ( sin−1 3 x )
dx )
1
Example 4.4.2: Find a general formula for the higher order derivatives, f (n) ( x ), of f ( x )= .
1−x

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

Solution: First we will find up to fourth order derivatives.

1 1! 2 2!
f ' ( x )= 2
= 1+1
f ' ' ( x )= =
( 1−x ) ( 1−x ) ( 1−x ) ( 1−x )2 +1
3

6 3! 24 4!
f ' ' ' ( x )= 4
= 3+1
f (4) ( x ) = =
( 1−x ) ( 1−x ) ( 1−x ) ( 1−x )4 +1
5

And then, observing the patterns, we can easily see that

n!
f (n) ( x )=
( 1−x )n+1
4.5. Applications of differentiation

Example 4.5.1: Find

a. The linear approximation of f ( x )=e xat x=0 .

b. Use part a to approximatee 0.05

Solution: a. The linear (or tangent line) approximation, L(x), off at the center of approximationx=0
is given by

L ( x ) =f ( 0 ) + f ' ( 0 )( x−0 )=1+ x

So,

e 0.05 ≈ L ( 0.05 )=1+ 0.05=1.05

Activity 4.5.1
1. What is the difference between global and local extreme values?
2. Does the presence of critical numbers necessarily imply existence of local extreme values? If no, give
counter example.
3. Can we necessarily say that the tangents, if exists, at the critical points are either horizontal or
vertical lines?

Example 4.5.2: Find all the critical numbers, and relative extreme values of
a. f ( x )=x 4 −5 x 2+ 4
b. f ( x )=x 2−lnx (Exercise)

Solution: a.
f ' ( x )=4 x3 −10 x=2 x (2 x 2−5)
Clearly f ' ( x )exists for allx. Hence critical numbers off occurs only if f ' ( x )=0 .
But
f ' ( x )=0 ⟹ x=0∨x2 =2.5
And hence the critical numbers off are± √ 2.5 and0.

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

Also,
f ' ' ( x ) =12 x 2−10 , f '' ( 0 )=−10< 0∧f ' ' ( ± √ 2.5 )=20>0
So, by the second derivative testf ( 0 )=4is local max value andf ( ± √ 2.5 )=−2.25is local min value of
f.

Example 4.5.3: Suppose that the amount of money in a bank account after t years is given by,
2
t
5−
8
A ( t )=2000−10 t e
Determine the minimum and maximum amount of money in the account during the first 10 years.
Solution
Here we are really asking for the absolute extrema of A(t ) on the interval[0,10]. As with the previous
examples this function is continuous everywhere and so we know that this can be done. We’ll first need the
derivative so we can find the critical points.
2
t
5−
t2
'
A ( t ) =10 e 8
( )
4
−1

The derivative exists everywhere and the exponential is never zero. Therefore the derivative will only be zero
where,
t2 2
−1=0⟹ t =4 ⟹t=± 2
4
We’ve got two critical points; however only t=2 is actually in the interval so that is only critical point that
we’ll use.
Let’s now evaluate the function at the critical point and the end points of the interval.
A(0)=2000 , A (2)=199.66 A (10)=1999.94
So, the maximum amount in the account will be 2000 birr which occurs at t=0 and the minimum amount in
the account will be 199.66 birr which occurs at the 2 year mark.
Example 4.5.4: Find critical numbers, local extreme values and the intervals where the function
1+ x 2
f ( x )= is increasing and where it is decreasing.
1−x 2

Solution: Differentiatingf ( x )we get

' 2 x ( 1−x 2 ) +2 x(1+ x 2 ) 4x
f ( x )= =
2 2 2
( 1−x ) ( 1−x2 )
But
f ' ( x )=0 ⟺ x=0∧f ' ( x ) does n' t exist for x =±1
So,x=0is the only critical number off (Since −1,1 ∉ Dom( f )).
Now we draw sign diagram to find the local extreme values and intervals of inc/dec.

-1 0 1
4 x−−−−++++ ¿
2
( 1−x 2 ) ++++++++ ¿
f ' ( x )−−−−+++ +¿

Hence from the diagram:

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

 f ( x )is decreasing on(−∞ ,−1 ) ∪ (−1 , 0 )(since f ' (x )>0)

 f ( x )is increasing on( 0 , 1 ) ∪ ( 1 , ∞ ) (since f ' (x )<0)
 Local minimum value of f is f ( 0 )=1. (since f ' (x ) changes sign from – ve to + ve at 0 )
 f has no local maximum

Activity 4.5.2
1. What conditions must be satisfied for a function to be invertible on an interval?
2. What indicates about the invertibility of the function if it is strictly monotonic on an interval?
3. Try to relate invertibility of function with its derivative.
4. Given that f ( x )=x 7 + 4 x 3+ x −1,
a. Find f ' (x )
b. Show that:
i. f has a real root in (0,1).
ii. f has no more than one real root.
c. Is f invertible? (substantiate your reasons)
'
d. Find ( f −1 ) ( 5 )( Where f ( 1 ) =5)

A Short Note to Activity 4.5.2

( We know tha a¿relation is said be a function ,if any horizontal line crosses its graph ¿at most once .∧a function isinve
Example 4.5.5: Show all the necessary steps to sketch the following functions
1+ 2 x
1. f ( x )=( x−1 )2 (x +2) 3. h ( x )=
4−x 2
2. g ( x )=ta n−1 x 4. r ( x )=coshx

Solution: 1. f ( x )=( x−1 )2 (x +2)=x 3−3 x +2

Step−1 : Domain:
dom ( f ) =R
Step−2 : Intercepts:
x−¿ intercepts (putting y=0): x=−2,1are thex−¿intercepts off .
y−¿intercept (putx=0 ¿: y=2
Step−3 : Symmetry:
f (−x )= (−x−1 )2 (−x +2 )=( x +1 )2 (2−x )
But
f (−x ) ≠−f ( x ) ∧f (−x )≠ f (x)
Which implies thatf is neither even nor odd.

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

Step−4 : Asymptotes: Polynomials haven’t asymptotes.

Step−5 : Intervals of inc/dec:
f ( x )=x 3−3 x +2 ⟹ f ' ( x )=3 x 2−3=3 ( x−1 ) (x+ 1)
The critical numbers off are−1and1. Then using sign diagram we can easily show thatf is increasing
on(−∞,−1)∪ ( 1, ∞ )and decreasing on(−1 , 1).
Step−6 : Local extreme values:
f changes sign from positive to negative atx=−1 ,and from negative to positive atx=1. Hence, by
first derivative test,f (−1 ) =4is local maximum value andf ( 1 ) =0is local minimum value off .
Step−7 : Concavity and points of inflection:
f ' ' ( x ) =6 x=0 ⟹ x =0
And
f ' ' ( x ) > 0 for x >0∧f ' ' ( x ) <0 for x <0
So,f is concave upward on( 0 , ∞ )and concave downward on(−∞ , 0). Sincef changes concavity at( 0 , 2 ),
the point( 0 , 2 )is the only inflection point off .
Step−8 : Sketching the curve:
Now, using all the information we have seen from Steps1−7 , we can easily draw the rough sketch off
y
4

2
−2 1 x

Graph of f ( x )=x 3−3 x +2

Example 4.5.6: A 4 litre container must have a square base, vertical sides, and an open top. Find the
most economical shape which minimizes the surface area of material needed.

Solution:

x
Let x cm be the lengths of the bases and y cm be the depth.

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

The volume V =¿lengthxwidthxdepth⟹ V =x 2 y

∴ 4000= x2 y ....................................(1){1 litre¿ 1000 cm3}
And, the total surface area is given by,
A=¿area of base+ 4(area of one side)
¿ x 2+ 4 xy
4000
¿ x 2+ 4 x
( ) x2
{using (1)}

16000
∴ A (x)=x2 + where x >0
x
Now differentiating with respect x we get
16000
A ' (x )=2 x−
x2
But
16000
A ' (x )=0 w h en 2 x= 2
⟹ 2 x3 =16000⟹ x=20
x
32000
And A ' ' (x )=2+ , which implies that A ' ' (20)>0. So, using the second derivative test, Ahas
x3
minimum value at x=20.
Therefore the minimum material is used to make the container when x=20and y=10, and hence the
most economical shape has a square base 20 cmby20 cm, and height 10 cm.

Example 4.5.7: We want to construct a box whose base length is 3 times the base width. The
material used to build the top and bottom cost 10birr per square meter and the material used to build
the sides cost 6birr per square meter. If the box must have a volume of 50 cubic meter, determine the
dimensions that will minimize the cost to build the box.
Solution:
Letx cmbe the base width and y cmbe height of the box. y
Then the volume of the box is, given by, 3x x
50
V =3 x 2 y ⟹ 50=3 x 2 y ⟹ y=
3 x2
The surface area of the top and bottom of the box, say S1, is
S1=6 x 2 m2
and its cost is60 x 2birr.
The surface area of the sides, say S2, is
50 400
S2=8 xy m2=8 x
( )
3x 2
=
3x

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

800
and its cost is birr.
x
Hence, the total cost needed to build the box is, given by,
800
C ( x )=60 x 2 + birr , x >0
x
Now, our aim is to minimize the total cost, C ( x ) . Differentiating with respectx, we get
800
C ' ( x )=120 x−
x2
1
20
So, the critical number ofC ( x )isx= ( ) ≈ 1.8821.
3
3

But,
1600
C ' ' ( x ) =120+ 3
⟹C ' ' ( x )> 0 for all x >0
x
1
20
Hence, by the second derivative test, C (( ) )
3
3
is the minimum value. Thus, the dimension that

1 1
20 2
minimizes the cost is of width
3 ( ) 3
≈ 1.8821m, of length 3 ( )
3 20 =5.6462m ,and of height
3

50
y= =4.7051 m.
3 x2

Example 4.5.8: We want to construct a window whose middle is a rectangle and the top and bottom
of the window are semi-circles.  If we have 50 meters of framing material what are the dimensions
of the window that will let in the most light?
Solution: Letrbe the radius of the circle andxbe the length of the
Rectangle. Area of the material is, then, given by
A=π r 2 +2 rx x
and the perimeter of the material is
25−x
P=2 πr +2 x ⟹50=2 πr + 2 x ⟹ r = ⟹ x=25−πr
π
So the area of the material, as a function of one variable, can be written as
2 2 2
25−x 2 25−x ( 25 ) −50 x + x +50 x−2 x 625−x2
A ( x )=π ( π ) (
+2 x
π
= ) π
=
π
Now, our aim is to maximize A(x ). Differentiating, we get
A' ( x ) =−2 x =0 ⟹ x=0

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

Thus,x=0is critical number of A ( x )and A' ' ( 0 )< 0, and hence, by the second derivative test, Ahas

25
maximum value atx=0. So, to enter most light, the material must be a circle of radiusr = .
π

Exercise: Determine the area of the largest rectangle that can be inscribed in a circle of radius 4 .
Example 4.5.9: Use L’Hospital’s rule to evaluate the following limits.
ex
a. lim
x→ ∞ x2
c. lim
+¿
x→ 0 x
sinx
¿
¿ e. lim
x →0
( 1x − sinx1 )
x
x e−2 x 1
b. lim d. lim 1+ ( ) f. lim x ( ln ( x+1 ) −lnx )
x→ ∞ x→ ∞ x x→ ∞

Example 4.5.10: A thin sheet of ice is in the form of a circle.  If the ice is melting in such a way that
the area of the sheet is decreasing at a rate of 0.5 m 2/sec at what rate is the radius decreasing when
the area of the sheet is 12 m2.
Solution: Letrbe the radius of the ice circle. Then, area is given by
A=π r 2
dA
Now, the rate of change of area with time, , is given by
dt
dA dr
=2 πr
dt dt
dr dA m2
where is the rate of change of radius with time. But we have given that =−0.5 ,when
dt dt sec

12
(
A=12m 2 that is ,r =
√ )π
.

Hence
dr 1 dA dr m
=
dt 2 πr dt
⟹
dt |√ 12
=
−0.5
=−0.156
sec
r=
π
2π ( √ 12π )
m
Therefore, the radius is decreasing at a rate of0.156 .
sec

Example 4.5.11: An object P moves in a straight line with position given by s(t )=t 2−4 t +3 cm
from O, where t is in seconds, t ≥ 0.
a) Find expressions for the object's velocity and acceleration, and draw sign diagrams
for function.

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 AASTU MATHEMATICS DIVISION Applied mathematics IB (Math1041B) tutorial 2019/20

b) At what time(s) does the object reverse direction?

c) For what time intervals is the speed of the object decreasing?
d) Find the total distance covered by P in the first 3 seconds.
Solution: a.
v ( t )=s' (t )=2t−4 , t ≥ 0∧a ( t )=s '' (t )=v ' ( t )=2 , t ≥ 0
Sign diagram forv(t)
2
−−¿ ++¿
And a ( t ) >for all t ≥ 0
b. The object reverses direction from the left to the right att=2 sec.
c. Both v ( t )anda ( t )have the same sign fort >0and opposite sign on(0 , 2). Hence the speed of the
object is decreasing on the interval(0 , 2).
d. The motion diagram fors ( t ) is given by
t=3
t=2 t=0 Position function (s(t ))
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
Origin
From the motion diagram, the total distance covered byPin the first3seconds is4 cm+1 cm=5 cm.
(Initially the particle was3 cmto the right of O, then it moves4 cmto the left for2 seconds and then
reversing direction it moved1 second to the right to cover 5cm total distance.)

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