Integration: Section 1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

Chapter 5
Integration
Section 1
Antiderivatives
and
Indefinite Integrals
Barnett, Calculus for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e 1
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Inc. Slide 1
Antiderivatives
A function F is an antiderivative of a function f if F´(x) = f(x).
x4
The function F ( x)  is an antiderivative of f ( x )  x 3
4
d  x4 
since F ( x)     x 3  f ( x).
dx  4 
x4
F ( x)  is not the only antiderivative of f ( x)  x 3 .
4
d  x4  d  x 4
 
F ( x)    3   x  f ( x) F ( x)    e   x3  f ( x)
3
dx  4  dx  4 
x4
The function F ( x)   C is an antiderivative of f ( x )  x 3
4
d  x4  3
since   C   x for any real number C.
dx  4 
Antiderivatives Generalization
A function F is an antiderivative of a function f if F´(x) = f(x).
x4
The function F ( x)   C is an antiderivative of f ( x )  x 3
4
d  x4  3
since   C   x for any real number C.
dx  4 
Antidifferentiation of a given function does not give a unique

function, but an entire family of functions.
Theorem 1 Antiderivatives
If the derivatives of two functions are equal on an open

interval (a, b), then the functions differ by at most a
constant.
Symbolically, if F and G are differentiable functions on the
interval (a, b) and F´(x) = G´(x) for all x in (a, b), then
F(x) = G(x) + k for some constant k.
Example 1 A Family of
Antiderivatives
d  x2 
Note that  x
dx  2 
(A) Find all antiderivatives of f(x) = x.
(B) Graph the antiderivative of f(x) that contains the point
(0, 0); the point (0, 1); and the point (0, 2).
(C) How are the graphs of these three antiderivatives
related?
Solution
(A) By Theorem 1, any antiderivative of f ( x) has the form
x2
F ( x)   k where k is a real number.
2
Antiderivatives continued
Solution
02
(B) Because F (0)   k  k , the functions
2
x2 x2 x2
F0 ( x)  , F1 ( x)   1, and F2 ( x)   2
2 2 2
pass through the points (0, 0), (0,1), and (0, 2) respectively.
Solution (B)
The calculator screen shot
shows the graph of
x2
F0 ( x)  (blue),
2
x2
F1 ( x)   1 (red), and
2
x2
F2 ( x)   2 (black)
2
(C) How are the graphs of these three antiderivatives
related?
Solution
(C) As shown in the graph, the
three antiderivatives are vertical
translations of each other.
Indefinite Integrals: Formulas and
Properties
The symbol  f ( x)dx, the indefinite integral, is used to
represent the family of all antiderivatives of f ( x), and we write
 f ( x)dx  F ( x)  C if F ( x)  f ( x).
The symbol  is called an integral sign,

and the function f ( x) is called the integrand.
The symbol dx indicates that the antidifferentiation is

performed with respect to the variable x.
The arbitrary constant C is called the constant of
integration.
Example 2 Using Indefinite
Integration Notation
3 3
x d  x 

2 2
x dx   C since   C   x and
3 dx  3 
3 3
t d  t  2
 t dt  3  C since dx  3  C   t and
2
3 3
u d  u 

2 2
u dx   C since   C   u
3 dx  3 
Integration Notation
Indefinite integration and differentiation are reverse

operations, except for the addition of the constant of
integration. Symbolically, this is expressed as
d 
 f ( x)dx   f ( x ) and  F ( x)dx  F ( x )  C
dx  
Formulas: Indefinite Integrals of
Basic Functions
For C a constant,
n 1
x
1. x n dx   C , n  1
n 1
2. e x dx  e x  C
1
3.  x dx   dx  ln x  C , x  0
1
Properties: Indefinite Integrals
For k a constant,
4.  k  f ( x)dx  k  f ( x)dx
For k a constant,
5.  [ f ( x)  g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
Integral Properties and Formulas
(A)  7dx  7 x  C
(B)  4et dt  4 et dt  4et  C

7
x 3 7
(C)  3 x dx  3 x dx  3  C  x  C
6 6
7 7
(D)  (2 x 3  3 x  4) dx   2 x 3dx   3 x dx   4 dx
 2  x 3dx  3 x dx  4  dx
x4 x2
 2  3  4x  C
4 2
x4 3 2
  x  4x  C
2 2
continued
 x 4 1
(E)   3e   dx  3 e dx  4 dx
x
 x x
 3e x  4 ln x  C
5
(A)  4 dx  5 x 4 dx
x
x 41
5 C
4  1
x 3
5 C
3
5 3 5
  x C   3 C
3 3x
continued
(B)  4 t dt  4  t 3 dt
3 2 2
3 1
2
t
4 C
2
3 1
5
t 3
4 5
C
3
3 53 12 5 3
 4 t  C  t  C
5 5
continued
x4  2  x4 2 
(C)  2 dx    2  2  dx
x x x 
   x 2  dx    2 x 2  dx
x3 x 1
 2 C
3 1
x3
  2 x 1  C
3
x3 2
  C
3 x
continued
 2 
(D)   3  6 x  dx   2 x  6 x 2 dx
 x 
 13 1
 
 2 x  13
dx  6  x 2 dx
1
(  13 ) 1 ( 1 2 ) 1
x x
2 1 6 1 C
 3 1 2 1
2 3
x 3
x 2
2 2
6 3
C
3 2
2 3
 3x  4 x 2  C
3
Example 4 Application
Particular Antiderivative
Find the equation of the curve that passes through (3, 5) if the
slope of the curve is given by dy/dx = 2x at any point x.
Solution
We seek a function y = f(x) that meets the conditions
dy
 2 x and y  5 when x  3
dx
dy
If  2 x, then y   2 x dx  x 2  C
dx
For y  x 2  C when x  3 and y  5, we find C.
5  32  C gives 5  9  C and C  4.
y  x 2  4 is the particular antiderivative
that meets the given conditions.
Example 5 Cost Function
If the marginal cost of producing x units of a commodity is
given by C´(x) = 0.3x2 + 2x with fixed costs of $3,000, find
the cost function C(x) and the cost of producing 30 units.
Solution Recall that marginal cost is the derivative of the cost

function C(x) and fixed cost is the cost when no items are
produced, C(0).
We are to find C(x), given C´(x) = 0.3x2 + 2x and C(0)= 3,000.
C ( x)   (0.3x 2  2 x) dx  0.1x 3  x 2  K
C (0)  0.1(0)3  (0) 2  K  3, 000 so K  3, 000
C ( x)  0.1x 3  x 2  3, 000
C (30)  0.1(30)3  (30) 2  3, 000  $6, 600
Example 6 Advertising
A satellite radio station launched an aggressive advertising
campaign 16 days ago in order to increase the number of
daily listeners. The station currently has 27,000 daily
listeners, and management expects the number of daily
listeners, S(t) to grow at the rate,
1
S (t )  60t 2 listeners per day, where t is the number of days
since the campaign began.
How much longer should the campaign last if the station
wants the number of listeners to grow to 41,000?
Solution We solve the equation S(t) = 41,000 for t, given that

1
S (t )  60t 2
and S (16)  27, 000
Example 6 Advertising continued
S (t )   60t 2 dt
1 1
With S (t )  60t 2
3
t 2
 60 3
C
2
3
 40t 2  C
3
S (16)  40(16) 2  C  27, 000
3
so C  27, 000  40(16) 2  24, 440
3
and S (t )  40t 2  24, 440
Solve S (t )  41, 000 for t.
Example 6 Advertising continued
3
S (t )  40t 2  24, 440  41, 000
3
40t 2  41, 000  24, 440
3
40t 2  16,560
3
t 2  414
2
t  414 3  55.5478
The advertising campaign should last about 56 – 16 = 40

more days.

Integration: Section 1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

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Integration: Section 1 Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals

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Chapter 5

Antidifferentiation of a given function does not give a unique

If the derivatives of two functions are equal on an open

The symbol  is called an integral sign,

The symbol dx indicates that the antidifferentiation is

Indefinite integration and differentiation are reverse

(B)  4et dt  4 et dt  4et  C

Solution Recall that marginal cost is the derivative of the cost

Solution We solve the equation S(t) = 41,000 for t, given that

Solve S (t )  41, 000 for t.

The advertising campaign should last about 56 – 16 = 40

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