Section 2 Elementary Functions: Graphs and Transformations

Chapter 2
Functions and
Graphs
Section 2
Elementary Functions:
Graphs
And
Transformations
Copyrightfor
Barnett, Finite Mathematics © 2015, 2011, and
Business, 2008 Pearson
Economics, Education, Inc.
Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education Ltd. Slide 1
Section 2.2 Topics
 A beginning library of elementary functions.
 Vertical and horizontal shifts.
 Reflections, stretches, and shrinks.
 Piecewise-defined functions.
Barnett, Finite Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e, GE
A Beginning Library of Elementary
Functions
 The basic properties of a small number of elementary
functions will become an important addition to your
mathematical toolbox.
 We begin with six basic functions.
• Identity function
• Square function
• Cube function
• Square root function
• Cube root function
• Absolute value function
Identity Function
f ( x)  x.
The identity function has the set of real numbers, R, as its

domain and range.
Square Function
h( x )  x 2
The square function has domain, R, and range, [0, ).
Cube Function
m( x )  x 3
The cube function has domain, R, and range, R.
Square Root Function
n( x )  x
The square root function has

domain, [0, ), and range, [0, ).
Cube Root Function
p( x)  3 x
The cube root function has domain, R, and range, R.
Absolute Value Function
g ( x)  x
The absolute value function has domain, R, and range, [0, ).
Vertical and Horizontal Shifts
When a new function is formed by performing an operation
on a given function, the graph of the new function is called a
transformation of the graph of the original function.
The graph of y = f(x) + k gives a vertical transformation of
the graph of y = f(x).
If k is positive, the vertical transformation is upward by k
units.
The graph of y = f(x + h) gives a horizontal transformation of
the graph of y = f(x).
If h is positive, the horizontal transformation is to the left
by h units. (Note that this is the opposite of what you
might expect.)
Vertical Shift
The graph of y = f(x) + k can be obtained from the graph of

y = f(x) by vertically translating (shifting) the graph of the
latter upward k units if k is positive and downward |k| units
if k is negative.
Example: Vertical Shift
f ( x)  x
g ( x)  x  4
The graph is shifted vertically upward by 4 units.
Example: Vertical Shift
f ( x)  x
g ( x)  x  5
The graph is shifted vertically downward by 5 units.
Horizontal Shift
The graph of y = f(x + h) can be obtained from the graph

of y = f(x) by horizontally translating (shifting) the
graph of the latter h units to the left if h is positive and |h|
units to the right if h is negative.
Example: Horizontal Shift
f ( x)  x
g ( x)  x  4
The graph is shifted horizontally left by 4 units.
Example: Horizontal Shift
f ( x)  x
g ( x)  x  5
The graph is shifted horizontally right by 5 units.
Graph Translations Summary
Vertical Translation: y = f (x) + k
k > 0 Shifts the graph of y = f (x) up k units.
k < 0 Shifts the graph of y = f (x) down |k| units.
Horizontal Translation: y = f (x + h)
h > 0 Shifts the graph of y = f (x) left h units.
h < 0 Shifts the graph of y = f (x) right |h| units.
Stretches, Shrinks, and Reflections
The graph of y = A·f(x) can be obtained from the graph of

y = f(x) by multiplying each ordinate value of the latter by A
and graphing the points with these new ordinate values.
Values where A > 1 result in a vertical stretch of the
graph of y = f(x).
Values where 0 < A < 1 result in a vertical shrink of the
graph of y = f(x).
If A = –1, the result is a reflection of the graph in the x-axis.
Example: Vertical Stretch
f ( x)  x
g ( x)  2 x
The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 2.
Example: Vertical Shrink
f ( x)  x
g ( x)  0.5 x
The graph is shrunk vertically by a factor of 0.5.
Example:
Vertical Stretch and Reflection
f ( x)  x
g ( x)  2 x
The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 2

and reflected in the x-axis.
Graph Stretching/Shrinking
Summary
Vertical Stretch and Shrink: y = A·f (x)

A > 1: Stretches the graph of y = f (x) vertically by
multiplying each ordinate value by A.
0 < A < 1: Shrinks the graph of y = f (x) vertically by
multiplying each ordinate value by A.
Example: y-axis Reflection
f ( x)  x  3
g ( x)   x  3
When the input variable, x is replaced by –x, the

graph is reflected in the y-axis.
Graph Reflections Summary
Reflection: y = –f (x)
Reflects the graph of y = f (x) in the x axis.
Reflection: y = f (–x)
Reflects the graph of y = f (x) in the y axis.
Piecewise Defined Functions
Functions whose definitions involve more than one rule are
called piecewise-defined functions.
Graphing one of these functions involves graphing each rule
over the appropriate portion of the domain.
The absolute value function f ( x) | x |

  x if x  0
is the piecwise defined function, f ( x)  x  
 x if x  0
The absolute value function is defined by different rules

for different parts of its domain. It is a piece-wise
defined function.
Example: Graphing a
Piecewise-Defined
Function
 x  1 if 0  x  2
Graph the function g ( x)  
0.5 x if x  2
The point (2, 1) is a point

on the graph but the point
(2, 3) is not.

Section 2 Elementary Functions: Graphs and Transformations

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Section 2 Elementary Functions: Graphs and Transformations

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Chapter 2

The identity function has the set of real numbers, R, as its

The square function has domain, R, and range, [0, ).

The cube function has domain, R, and range, R.

The square root function has

The cube root function has domain, R, and range, R.

The graph of y = f(x) + k can be obtained from the graph of

The graph is shifted vertically upward by 4 units.

The graph is shifted vertically downward by 5 units.

The graph of y = f(x + h) can be obtained from the graph

The graph is shifted horizontally left by 4 units.

The graph is shifted horizontally right by 5 units.

The graph of y = A·f(x) can be obtained from the graph of

The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 2.

The graph is shrunk vertically by a factor of 0.5.

The graph is stretched vertically by a factor of 2

Vertical Stretch and Shrink: y = A·f (x)

When the input variable, x is replaced by –x, the

The absolute value function f ( x) | x |

The absolute value function is defined by different rules

The point (2, 1) is a point

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