Lesson 1

FUNCTIONS
 What is Calculus ?

Calculus is the study of how things change. It provides a

framework for modeling systems in which there is change,
and a way to deduce the predictions of such models.

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 What is a function?
The simplest definition is an equation will be a function if, for
any x in the domain of the equation ,the equation will yield
exactly one value of y when we evaluate the equation at a
specific x.

f (x )

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 Identification of a Function in Math

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 Evaluation of Function

Evaluating a function means finding the value of f(x) =… or y =… that

corresponds to a given value of x. To do this, simply replace all the x
variables with whatever x has been assigned.

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 Example 1

Given 𝑓 𝑥 = −𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 11 find the following.

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 Domain and Range of a function

The domain of a function is the set of all values that can be

plugged into a function and have the function exist and
have a real number for a value.

The range of a function is simply the set of all possible

values that a function can take.

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 Example 3
𝑎. 𝑓 𝑥 = 5𝑥 − 3 𝑏. 𝑔 𝑡 = 4 − 7𝑡 𝑐. 𝑓 𝑧 =|z-6|-3

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 Function Composition

The composition of f(x) and g(x) is

𝑓𝜊𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑔 𝑥

In other words, compositions are evaluated by plugging the

second function listed into the first function listed.

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 Example 4

Given 𝑓 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 10 and g 𝑥 = 1 − 20𝑥 find each of

the following.
a. 𝑓𝜊𝑔 (5)
b. 𝑓𝜊𝑔 (x)
c. 𝑔𝜊𝑓 (x)
d. 𝑔𝜊𝑔 (x)

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 Mathematical Models : Trigonometric Function

𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒
sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒

Hypotenuse 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒

cos 𝜃 = sec 𝜃 =
ℎ𝑦𝑝𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
Opposite
𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡
tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃 =
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑒
Adjacent

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 Mathematical Models: Exponential Function

An exponential function is then a function in the

form,
𝑓 𝑥 =𝑏 𝑥

Definition : The natural exponential function is

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 where, e = 2.71828182845905…...

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 1 𝑥
Sketch the graph of 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑥 and 𝑔 𝑥 = ( ) .
2

x f(x) g(x)
-2
-1
0
1
2

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 Mathematical Models: Exponential Function

1. f (0)=1. The function will always take the value of 1 at x = 0 .

2. f(x)≠0. An exponential function will never be zero.
3. f(x)>0. An exponential function is always positive.
4. The previous two properties can be summarized by saying that
the range of an exponential function is(0,∞).
5.The domain of an exponential function is(−∞,∞). In other words,
you can plug every x into an exponential function.
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 Mathematical Models: Exponential Function

6. If 0<b<1 then,
a. f(x)→0 as x→∞
b. f(x)→∞ as x→−∞
7. If b>1 then,
a. f(x)→∞ as x→∞
b. f(x)→0 as x→−∞

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 Mathematical Models:Logarithmic Function

A logarithmic function is then a function in the form,

𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥

There are a couple of special logarithms . These are,

ln x = log 𝑒 𝑥 This log is called the natural logarithm.

log x = 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝑥 This log is called the common logarithm.

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 Mathematical Models:Logarithmic Function

1. The domain of the logarithm function is (0,∞). In other words, we can

only plug positive numbers into a logarithm! We can’t plug in zero or a
negative number.

2. The range of the logarithm function is (−∞,∞).

3. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 = 1

4. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 1 = 0

5. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑏 𝑥 = 𝑥

6.𝑏𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏𝑥 = 𝑥
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 7. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥+ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦 Write the following in simpler logarithms.

𝑥 1. 𝑙𝑛𝑥 3 𝑦 4 𝑧 5
8. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑦
𝑦
𝑥 2 +𝑦2 )
2. log(
(𝑥−𝑦)3
9. 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥 𝑟 = r𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑏 𝑥

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 Even and Odd Function

 A function is  A function is "odd"

"even" when: when:

 f(x) = f(−x) for all x  −f(x) = f(−x) for all x

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 Example

𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑒 −2𝑥 𝑥3
1. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2. 𝑓 𝑥 = 2 3. 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠9𝑥
4 𝑥 +5

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