Chapter 1

Linear Functions,
Equations, and
Inequalities

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1.2 Introduction to Relations
and Functions

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 Set-Builder Notation and Interval
Notation
Two Types of Notation:
1. Set Builder Notation
{x | x > –2} is read “The set of all x such
that x is greater than –2.”
2. Interval Notation
(–2,) represents the set of all numbers
greater than –2.
Note that a left parenthesis “(“ indicates that –2
is not included. A parenthesis is always used
next to the infinity symbol .

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Interval Notation

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Example: Writing Interval Notation

Write each set of real numbers in interval

notation.
a. x | 3  x  5
Use ( for < and ] for ≤. We write (−3, 5].
b. x | x  3
This interval is unbounded, so we write (−∞,3].
c. x | 3  x
The inequality 3 < x indicates that 3 is less than
x, which is equivalent to x is greater than 3 (also
written x > 3). We write the interval as (3, ∞).
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Relations, Domain, and Range
A relation is a set of ordered pairs.

If we denote the ordered pairs of a relation by

(x, y),
- the set of all x-values is called the
domain, and
- the set of all y-values is called the
range.

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Some Examples of Relations:
F = {(1, 2), (–2, 5), (3, –1 )}.

Domain = {1, –2, 3}

Range = {2, 5, –1}
Graph of F:

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Graph of a Relation
A graph of a line or curve in the xy-plane represents a
relation.
Let F represent a relation consisting of all ordered pairs
having the form (x, 2x), where x is a real number.
x y
–2 –4
–1 –2
0 0
1 2
2 4

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Mapping Diagram
Relation F can be illustrated with a diagram.
An arrow from 1 to 2 indicates that the ordered
pair (1, 2) belongs to F.

F
−2 5
1 2
3 −1

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 Determining Domains and
Example:
Ranges from Graphs (1 of 3)
a. Give the domain and range of each relation
from its graph.
Domain = [–3, 3]

Range = [–6, 6]
Range

Domain
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 Determining Domains and
Example:
Ranges from Graphs (2 of 3)
b. Give the domain and range of each relation
from its graph.
Domain and Range are the
set of all real numbers.
 ,  

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 Determining Domains and
Example:
Ranges from Graphs (3 of 3)
c. Give the domain and range of each relation
from its graph.

Domain =  ,  
Range

Range = 3,  
Domain

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 Finding Domain and Range from
Example: a Calculator Graph (1 of 2)

The figure shows a graph on a screen with a

viewing window [−6.6, 6.6] by [−4.1, 4.1],
Xscl = 1, Yscl = 1. Give the domain and range
of this relation.

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 Finding Domain and Range from
Example: a Calculator Graph (2 of 2)

The scales on both axes are 1, and the graph

appears to have minimum x-value −3, maximum
x-value 3, minimum y-value −1, and maximum
y-value 1. This leads us to conclude that the
domain is [−3, 3] and the range is
[−1, 1].

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Function
A function is a relation in which each element
in the domain corresponds to exactly one
element in the range.

If x represents any element in the domain, then

x is called the independent variable.

If y represents any element in the range, then y

is called the dependent variable.

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 Deciding Whether Relations
Example:
Are Functions (1 of 4)
Give the domain and range of each relation.
Decide whether each relation is a function.
a. {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6), (7, 8), (9, 10)}
Domain: {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Range: {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
Each element of the domain corresponds to
exactly one element of the range. This is a
function.

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 Deciding Whether Relations
Example:
Are Functions (2 of 4)
b. {(1, 1), (1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 4)}
Domain: {1, 2}
Range: {1, 2, 3, 4}
One element in the domain, 1, has been
assigned three different elements from the
range, so this relation is not a function.

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 Deciding Whether Relations
Example:
Are Functions (3 of 4)
c. x –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1
y 2 2 2 2 2 2

Domain: {–4, –3, –2, –1, 0, 1}

Range: {2}
Every element in the domain corresponds to
the same element in the range, this is a
function because each element in the
domain has exactly one range element
assigned to it.
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 Deciding Whether Relations
Example:
Are Functions (4 of 4)
d. {(x, y}| y = x – 2}

y is always found by subtracting 2 from x. Each

x corresponds to exactly one value of y, so this
relation is a function. Any number can be used
for x, and each x will give a number that is 2
less for y. Thus, both the domain and range are
the set of real numbers: (−∞, ∞).

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Vertical Line Test
If every vertical line intersects a graph in no
more than one point, then the graph is the
graph of a function.

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 Example: Using the Vertical Line Test
Is the graph the graph of a function?
a. b.

A vertical line intersects the A vertical line intersects

graph at most once. This is the graph more than
a function. once. This is not a
function.

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Function (Alternative Definition)
A function is a correspondence in which each
element x from a set called the domain is paired
with one and only one element y from a set
called the range.

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Function Notation
To emphasize that y is a function of x, or that y
depends on x, it is common to write
y = f(x),
with f(x) read “f of x.”

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Example: Using Function Notation (1 of 4)

For each function, find f(3).

a. f(x) = 3x – 7
f(3) = 3(3) – 7 = 2

b. x 1 2 3 4
f(x) –15 –12 –9 –6

From the table, when x = 3, y = –9.

Thus, ƒ(3) = –9.

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Example: Using Function Notation (2 of 4)

For each function, find f(3).

c.

3 in the domain is paired with 5 in the range,

so f(3) = 5.

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Example: Using Function Notation (3 of 4)
For each function, find f(3).
d.

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Example: Using Function Notation (4 of 4)
d. To evaluate ƒ(3), begin by finding 3 on the
x-axis. See figure below. Then move upward
until the graph of ƒ is
reached. Moving
horizontally to the y-axis
gives 4 for the
corresponding y-value.
Thus, ƒ(3) = 4. Note that
the point (3, 4) lies on
the graph of ƒ.

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Example: Using Function Notation (1 of 2)

Let f(x) = 5 – 2x. Evaluate each

expression.
a. f(4) b. f(a)

a. f(4) = 5 – 2(4) = 5 – 8 = –3

b. f(a) = 5 – 2(a) = 5 – 2a

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Example: Using Function Notation (2 of 2)

Let f(x) = 5 – 2x. Evaluate each

expression.
c. f(a + h) d. f(5x)

c. f(a + h) = 5 – 2(a + h) = 5 – 2a – 2h

d. f(5x) = 5 – 2(5x) = 5 – 10x

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