Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
National Capital Region
Schools Division Office – Caloocan City

MATHEMATICS 8

Quarter 2 Week 3
Module
 MATH 8 QUARTER 2 Week 3

NAME: ____________________________________ YR & SEC: _____________________

Competency:
The learner illustrates a relation and a function, verifies if a given relation is a function, and
determines dependent and independent variables. M8AL-IIc-1, M8AL-IIc-2, M8AL-IIc-3

To the Learners:
Before starting the module, I want you to set aside other tasks that will disturb you while
enjoying the lessons. Read the simple instructions below to successfully enjoy the objectives of this
kit. Have fun!

1. Follow carefully all the contents and instructions indicated in every page of this module.
2. Writing enhances learning. Keep this in mind and take note of the important concepts in your
notebook.
3. Perform all the provided activities in the module.
4. Let your facilitator/guardian assess your answers using the answer key card.
5. Analyze the post-test and apply what you have learned.
6. Enjoy studying!

Expectations
This module was designed to help you master on how to illustrate a relation and a function,
verify if a relation is a function and determine a dependent and independent variables.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 define relation and function;

 represent relation using different ways;
 determine whether a relation is a function; and
 identify the independent and dependent variable

Pre-test
Let’s find out how much you already know about the topic. Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Consider the relation represented by the mapping below, which set of ordered pairs represent
the relation?
a. {(0,3), (2,-1), (2,1)}
b. {(3,0), (-1,2), (1,2)}
c. {(0,1), (2,-1), (2,3)}
d. {(0,3), (1,2), (2,3)}

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 1

 2. Which tables of values represent a function?
a. c.

b. d.

3. Which of the following is NOT a function?

a. {(Manila, Philippines), (Tokyo, Japan), (Paris, France)}
b. {(Grade 7, Glenda), (Grade 8, Mark), (Grade 8, Helen)}
c. {(G7, green), (G8, yellow), (G9, red)}
d. {(Pangasinan, Region I), (Cagayan, Region II), (Bulacan, Region III)}
4. Which graph represents a function?
a. c.

b. d.

5. Identify the dependent variable in the statement below.

“The cost of a smartphone depends on its brand and model.”
a. Smartphone
b. depends
c. cost
d. brand and model

Looking Back to your Lesson

From your previous lesson, you have learned about the Rectangular System or Cartesian plane.
It is composed of infinitely many points and each point in the coordinate system is defined by an
ordered pair of the form (x, y). You have learned also, how the Rectangular System can be used in
real life like finding the location of an object or a certain place. The figure below illustrates the
Rectangular Coordinate System.

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 2

 In the coordinate (-5, 2), what is the x-coordinate? And what is the y-coordinate?

Introduction of the Topic

Lesson: Relation and Function

Relation Defined

A relation is a set of ordered pairs. In which each value of x-element is paired with one or more
value of y-element.

In a relation, the domain is the set of first coordinates while the range is the set of second
coordinates.

Ways of Representing a Relation

1. Relation as a set of ordered pairs

Example 1: A = {(Asia, Philippines), (Asia, Singapore), (Africa, Uganda), (Europe, Italy)}
The domain of the relation is {Asia, Africa, Europe}. The range of the relation is
{Philippines, Singapore, Uganda, Italy}.
Example 2: B = {(1, 5), (2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)}
The domain of the relation is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. The range of the relation is {5, 7, 9, 11, 13}.
Example 3: C = {(-1, 5), (0, 4), (1, 5), (2, 6)
Can you name the domain and the range of the relation above?
Domain = { } Range = { }
2. Relation described by a Table
Example 1:

Example 2: Example 3:

3. Relation described by a Mapping Diagram

Example 1:

One-to-many correspondence

Example 2:

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 One-to-one correspondence 3

 Example 3:

Many-to-one correspondence

4. Relation represented by a Graph

Example: C = {(-1, 5), (0, 4), (1, 5), (2, 6)}?

5. Relation as a Rule or Equation

Example 1: In the relation B = {(1, 5), (2, 7), (3, 9), (4, 11), (5, 13)}, notice that the value of
y is twice the value of x increased by three. In other words, this can be described by the
equation y = 2x + 3, where x is an integer from 1 to 5.
Example 2: Represent the rule “Subtract three to each x-coordinate” with an equation.
Solution: y=x–3
Between the two variables used, x is the independent variable and y is the dependent
variable.

Function Defined

A function is a special kind of relation in which each x-element has only one y – element
associated with it.

Example 1: F = {(-2, 0), (-1, 1), (0, 2), (4, 6)}

The relation is a function because every x-element has only one y-element associated with it.

Example 2:

The relation is a function because no x-value

repeats in the set.

Example 3:

Many-to-one correspondence

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 The relation is a function because 4

each x-element corresponds to one
y-element.
 Example 4:

The graph represents a function

because no vertical lines intersect
the graph in more than one point.

Example 5: y = -3x + 4

The equation is a function since it is written in y = f(x) form.

Vertical Line Test
A graph represents a function if and only if no vertical lines intersect the graph in more than one
point.

Function NOT Function NOT

Are all relations considered as function? Let us say, in a job, if one person will do one job can
he perform very well? What if there are many people to do one job, will they perform enough? The
answer is definitely ‘yes’. What if the scenario is one person doing many jobs, can he perform very
well? Maybe your answer is ‘no’ and you are correct. Indeed, a person doing more than one job may
affect his/her ability to perform his job well. Thus, in our first and second scenarios these are
considered as functions, while our third scenario is not a function.

In real life there are many examples of functions like: one wife to one husband, many employees
to one company, and etc. There are also relations that are not functions, one example as stated in
the Bible in Matthew 6:24, “No one can serve two masters…”

Below are examples of relations that are NOT functions.

Example 1:

The relation is not a function

because in every value of x, there
are two values of y.

Example 2:

The relation is not a function

because the vertical line intersects
more than one point in the graph.

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 5

 Example 3:

One-to-many correspondence

The relation is not a function because element 6 is not paired with exactly one element in the range;
it is paired with both 4 and 9.

Dependent and Independent Variables

An independent variable can be assigned by any value. It affects the value of another variable
called dependent variable.

To understand the independent and dependent variables, consider the statements below:

Example 1: the performance of a student and his grade in a subject

The “performance of the student” is the independent variable because his performance
affects his “grade in the subject” which is the dependent variable.

Example 2: the power consumption and electric bill of a household

Independent variable: the power consumption

Dependent variable: electric bill

Example 3: the chance of class suspension and the amount of rainfall

Independent variable: the amount of rainfall

Dependent variable: the chance of class suspension

Example 4: the price and the size of a pair of shoes in the department store.

Independent variable: the size

Dependent variable: the price

The variable x is considered the independent variable because any value could be assigned
to it, while variable y is the dependent variable because its value depends on the value of x.

Example 5: The time traveled by a bus moving at constant speed affects the distance. A bus
moves at a constant speed of 60 kilometers per hour. How much distances are covered if it
travels 3 hours, 4 hours, and 5 hours?

Given : Independent variable: time (x)

Dependent variable: distance (y)

Solution: The equation of the relation is y = 60x.

If x = 3 , x = 4, x = 5,

y = 60(3) y = 60(4) y = 60(5)

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 6

 y = 180 y = 240 y = 300

By using a table we can show the solution as:

Activities

Activity 1 Pair-Me-Up
Given the diagram below, represent the relation by writing the set of ordered pairs. The first
two coordinates are done for you.

Set of ordered pairs:

{(red, bell pepper), (red, tomato),

(______, _________), (_____, _______),

(______, _________), (_____, _______),

(______, _________)}

Activity 2 Represent Me
Represent the rule “Add six to each x-coordinate” with a set of ordered pairs, a table
of values, diagram, a graph and an equation. Write your answer on the space provided for you. Add
extra answer sheet if necessary. x = {-5, -3, 1, 2, 3}

Activity 3 Describe Me.

Determine whether each relation is a Function or NOT. Write your answer on the space
provided in each number.

1. {(0, 1), (2, 3), (4, 5), (8, 9)}

2. {(Mark, 180), (Helen, 160), (Tim, 200, (Mel, 160)}
3.

4.

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 7

 5.

Activity 4 Classify Me.

Classify the variables as independent or dependent.

1. your grade in math and your test scores

Independent variable: ___________________
Dependent variable: ___________________

2. the spread of the Covid-19 virus and breaking chains of transmission

Independent variable: ___________________
Dependent variable: ___________________
3. your habit of reading and your knowledge
Independent variable: ___________________
Dependent variable: ___________________
4. the number of boxes of pizza and its price
Independent variable: ___________________
Dependent variable: ___________________
5. the internet plan and internet bill of a household
Independent variable: ___________________
Dependent variable: ___________________

Remember
A relation is a set of ordered pairs. The set of first coordinates is called the domain and the
set of second coordinates is the range. A relation can be represented using the following: set of ordered
pairs, table, mapping diagram, graph and an equation. A function is a special kind of relation in
which each x-element has only one y – element associated with it. It is a set of ordered pairs that has
no repeating x-element. Among the correspondence, the one-to-one and many-to-one are functions.
Dependent variable depends on the independent variable while the independent variable controls
the dependent variable.

Check Your Understanding

Let us see what you have learned in this module. Write answer on the spaces provided for you.

A. Identify the relation shown by the diagram below.

1.
{(_, _), (_, _), (_, _), (_, _)}

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 8

 B. Tell whether the relations below are Function or NOT.

2. 3.

C. Determine whether the underlined phrase is a dependent or independent variable.

4. the number of days present at work and salary of a private employee

5.the performance of a computer and number of application running

Reflection

Relation is like a mother-children relationship. They are associated to each other. How are you
going to describe your relationship with your mother?

Another example of relation is stated in one of the sayings that, “No man is an island.” It only
implies that we cannot live alone, so we need relationship to connect with them. But, are all relations
in real life shows a function? Can you cite some instances? How about relations that are not functions,
can you give some examples?

Post-test
Let us check how much you have learned in this module. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Consider the relation represented by the mapping below, which set of ordered pairs represent
the relation?
a. {(0,3), (2,-1), (2,1)}
b. {(3,0), (-1,2), (1,2)}
c. {(0,1), (2,-1), (2,3)}
d. {(0,3), (1,2), (2,3)}
2. Which tables of values represent a function?
a. c.

b. d.

3. Which of the following is NOT a function?

a. {(Manila, Philippines), (Tokyo, Japan), (Paris, France)}
b. {(Grade 7, Glenda), ( Grade 8, Mark), ( Grade 8, Helen)}
c. {(G7, green), (G8, yellow), (G9, red)}
d. {(Pangasinan, Region I), (Cagayan, Region II), (Bulacan, Region III)}
4. Which graph represents a function?

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 9

 a. c.

b. d.

5. Identify the dependent variable in the statement below.

“The cost of a smartphone depends on its brand and model.”
a. Smartphone
b. depends
c. cost
d. brand and model

Additional Activities

To better understand the lesson, watch the video lesson on https://youtu.be/Uz0MtFILD-k

entitled “Relations and Functions.”

References:
Advincula, Roy Carlo L. and Gonowon, Reymund R., 2013. Global 8 Mathematics. Quezon City:
The Library Publishing House Inc.

Chua, Simon L., et.al. 2014. Soaring 21st Century Mathematics Grade 8 (k to 12). Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc.

Oronce, Orlando A. and Mendoza, Marilyn O., 2013. Math 8 (k to 12). Sampaloc, Manila: Rex
Book Store, Inc.

Mathematics 8 Teachers Guide

Website:

http://slideshare.net

https://youtu.be/Uz0MtF

MATH 8 QUARTER 2 WEEK 3 10