MATHEMATICS

Define and identify relations and functions.
Relation
A relation is any set of ordered pairs.
A special kind of relation, called a function, is very important in mathemat-

ics and its applications.
Function
A function is a relation in which, for each value of the first component

of the ordered pairs, there is exactly one value of the second component.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

EXAMPLE 1 Determining Whether Relations Are Functions
Tell whether each relation defines a function.
L = { (2, 3), (–5, 8), (4, 10) }

M = { (–3, 0), (–1, 4), (1, 7), (3, 7) }
N = { (6, 2), (–4, 4), (6, 5) }
Relations L and M are functions, because for each different x-value there
is exactly one y-value.
In relation N, the first and third ordered pairs have the same x-value
paired with two different y-values (6 is paired with both 2 and 5), so N is a
relation but not a function. In a function, no two ordered pairs can have
the same first component and different second components.
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Sec 4.5 - 2
Mapping Relations
F G
1 2 –1 6
–3 5
4 3 –2 0
F is a function. G is not a function.
Tables and Graphs
y
x y
–2 6
0 0 x
O
2 –6
Table of the
function, F
Graph of the function, F
Using an Equation to Define a Relation or Function
Relations and functions can also be described using rules. Usually, the rule
is given as an equation. For example, from the previous slide, the chart and
graph could be described using the following equation.
y = –3x
Dependent variable Independent variable
An equation is the most efficient way to define a relation or function.
Functions
NOTE
Another way to think of a function relationship is to think of the indepen-
dent variable as an input and the dependent variable as an output. This is
illustrated by the input-output (function) machine (below) for the function
defined by y = –3x.
(Input x) (Output y)
2 –6
–5
4
2
(Input x) –5 15
4 –12
y = –3x –12
–6
15 (Output y)
Domain and Range
In a relation, the set of all values of the independent variable (x) is the
domain. The set of all values of the dependent variable (y) is the range.
EXAMPLE 2 Finding Domains and Ranges of Relations
Give the domain and range of each relation. Tell whether the relation defines
a function.
(a) { (3, –8), (5, 9), (5, 11), (8, 15) }
The domain, the set of x-values, is {3, 5, 8}; the range, the set of y-values,
is {–8, 9, 11, 15}. This relation is not a function because the same x-value 5 is
paired with two different y-values, 9 and 11.
a function.
(b)
6 M
1
–9 N
The domain of this relation is {6, 1, –9}. The range is {M, N}.
This mapping defines a function – each x-value corresponds to exactly one
y-value.
a function.
(c) x y
–2 3
1 3
2 3
This is a table of ordered pairs, so the domain is the set of x-values,

{–2, 1, 2}, and the range is the set of y-values, {3}. The table defines a
function because each different x-value corresponds to exactly one y-value
(even though it is the same y-value).
EXAMPLE 3 Finding Domains and Ranges from Graphs
Give the domain and range of each relation.

(a) y
The domain is the set of x-values,

{–3, 0, 2 , 4}. The range, the set of
y-values, is {–3, –1, 1, 2}.
(–3, 2)
(2, 1)
x
O
(4, –1)
(0, –3)

(b) y
The x-values of the points on the
graph include all numbers between
–7 and 2, inclusive. The y-values
include all numbers between –2 and
Range
2, inclusive. Using interval notation,
x
O
the domain is [–7, 2];
the range is [–2, 2].
Domain

(c) y
The arrowheads indicate that the
line extends indefinitely left and right,
as well as up and down. Therefore,
both the domain and range include
all real numbers, written (-∞, ∞).
x
O

(d) y
The arrowheads indicate that the
graph extends indefinitely left and
right, as well as upward. The domain
is (-∞, ∞).Because there is a least y-
value, –1, the range includes all
x numbers greater than or equal to –1,
O
written [–1, ∞).
Agreement on Domain
The domain of a relation is assumed to be all real numbers that produce

real numbers when substituted for the independent variable.
Vertical Line Test
If every vertical line intersects the graph of a relation in no more than

one point, then the relation represents a function.
(a) y (b) y
x x
Not a function – the same Function – each x-value

x-value corresponds to two corresponds to only one
different y-values. y-value.
EXAMPLE 4 Using the Vertical Line Test
Use the vertical line test to determine whether each relation is a function.
(a) y
This relation is a function.
(–3, 2)
(2, 1)
x
O
(4, –1)
(0, –3)
(b) y
This graph fails the vertical line test
since the same x-value corresponds
to two different y-values; therefore,
it is not the graph of a function.
x
O
(c) y
x
O
(d) y
x
O
Relations
NOTE
Graphs that do not represent functions are still relations. Remember that
all equations and graphs represent relations and that all relations
have a domain and range.
4.5 Introduction to Functions
EXAMPLE 5 Identifying Functions from Their Equations
Decide whether each relation defines a function and give the domain.
(a) y=x–5
In the defining equation, y = x – 5, y is always found by subtracting 5 from

x. Thus, each value of x corresponds to just one value of y and the relation
defines a function; x can be any real number, so the domain is (–∞, ∞).
(b) y= 3x – 1
For any choice of x in the domain, there is exactly one corresponding
value for y (the radical is a nonnegative number), so this equation defines a
function. Since the equation involves a square root, the quantity under the
radical sign cannot be negative. Thus,
3x – 1 ≥ 0
3x ≥ 1
x≥ 1 ,
3
and the domain of the function is [ 1 , ∞).

3
(c) y2 = x
The ordered pair (9, 3) and (9, –3) both satisfy this equation. Since one
value of x, 9, corresponds to two values of y, 3 and –3, this equation does
not define a function. Because x is equal to the square of y, the values of x
must always be nonnegative. The domain of the relation is [0, ∞).
(d) y≥x–3
By definition, y is a function of x if every value of x leads to exactly one
value of y. Here a particular value of x, say 4, corresponds to many values
of y. The ordered pairs (4, 7), (4, 6), (4, 5), and so on, all satisfy the
inequality. Thus, an inequality never defines a function. Any number can
be used for x so the domain is the set of real numbers (–∞, ∞).
3
(e) y= x+4
Given any value of x in the domain, we find y by adding 4, then dividing

the result into 3. This process produces exactly one value of y for each value
in the domain, so this equation defines a function. The domain includes all
real numbers except those that make the denominator 0. We find these
numbers by setting the denominator equal to 0 and solving for x.
x+4=0
x = –4
The domain includes all real numbers except –4, written (–∞, –4) U (–4, ∞).
Variations of the Definition of Function
1. A function is a relation in which, for each value of the first component

of the ordered pairs, there is exactly one value of the second
component.
2. A function is a set of ordered pairs in which no first component is
repeated.
3. A function is a rule or correspondence that assigns exactly one range
value to each domain value.
Function Notation
When a function f is defined with a rule or an equation using x and y for the
independent and dependent variables, we say “y is a function of x” to
emphasize that y depends on x. We use the notation
y = f (x),
called function notation, to express this and read f (x), as “f of x”.

The letter f stands for function. For example, if y = 5x – 2, we can name
this function f and write
f (x) = 5x – 2.
Note that f (x) is just another name for the dependent variable y.
Function Notation
CAUTION
The symbol f (x) does not indicate “f times x,” but represents the y-value
for the indicated x-value. As shown below, f (3) is the y-value that
corresponds to the x-value 3.
y = f (x) = 5x – 2
y = f (3) = 5(3) – 2 = 13
EXAMPLE 6 Using Function Notation
Let f (x) = x2 + 2x – 1. Find the following.
(a) f (4)
f (x) = x2 + 2x – 1
2 Replace x with 4.
f (4) = 4 + 2 • 4 – 1
f (4) = 16 + 8 – 1
f (4) = 23
Since f (4) = 23, the ordered pair (4, 23) belongs to f.
Let f (x) = x2 + 2x – 1. Find the following.
(b) f (w)
f (x) = x2 + 2x – 1
2 Replace x with w.
f (w) = w + 2w – 1
The replacement of one variable with another is important in later

courses.
4.5 Introduction to Functions
Let g(x) = 5x + 6. Find and simplify g(n + 2).
g(x) = 5x + 6
g(n + 2) = 5(n + 2) + 6 Replace x with n + 2.
= 5n + 10 + 6
= 5n + 16
For each function, find f (7).
(a) f (x) = –x + 2
f (x) = –x + 2
f (7) = –7 + 2 Replace x with 7.
= –5
(b) f = {(–5, –9), (–1, –1), (3, 7), (7, 15), (11, 23)}
We want f (7), the y-value of the ordered pair

where x = 7. As indicated by the ordered pair
(7, 15), when x = 7, y = 15, so f (7) = 15.
(c) f
Domain Range
4 11
7 17
10 23
The domain element 7 is paired with 17

in the range, so f (7) = 17.

y
(d)
7 To evaluate f (7), find 7 on
the x-axis. Then move up
5
until the graph of f is
3 reached. Moving horizon-
1 tally to the y-axis gives 3
O 1
x
3 5 7 for the corresponding
y-value. Thus, f (7) = 3.
Finding an Expression for f (x)
Step 1 Solve the equation for y.
Step 2 Replace y with f (x).
EXAMPLE 9 Writing Equations Using Function Notation
Rewrite each equation using function notation. Then find f (–3) and f (n).
(a) y = x2 – 1
This equation is already solved for y. Since y = f (x),
f (x) = x2 – 1.
To find f (–3), let x = –3. To find f (n), let x = n.
f (–3) = (–3)2 – 1 f (n) = n2 – 1

=9–1
=8
EXAMPLE 9 Writing Equations Using Function Notation
Rewrite each equation using function notation. Then find f (–3) and f (n).
(b) x – 5y = 3
First solve x – 5y = 3 for y. Then replace y with f (x).
x – 5y = 3
x – 3 = 5y Add 5y; subtract 3.
x–3 1 3
y= 5
so f (x) = 5 x – 5
Now find f (–3) and f (n).
f (–3) = 1 (–3) – 3 = – 6 Let x = –3

5 5 5
f (n) = 1 (n) – 3 Let x = n

5 5
Linear Function
A function that can be defined by

f (x) = ax + b,
for real numbers a and b is a linear function. The value of a is the slope
of m of the graph of the function.
Linear Function
A linear function defined by f (x) = b (whose graph is a horizontal line)

is sometimes called a constant function. The domain of any linear function
is (–∞, ∞). The range of a nonconstant linear function is (–∞, ∞), while the
range of the constant function defined by f (x) = b is {b}.
Linear Function
Recall that m is the slope of the line and (0, b) is the
y-intercept. In Example 9 (b), we wrote x – 5y = 3 as the linear
function defined by
1 3
f (x) = 5 x – 5
y
Slope y-intercept is (0, – 3
5 ).
To graph this function, plot the
y-intercept and use the definition
of slope as rise to find a second
run
1 point on the line. Draw a straight

m= 5
line through these points to obtain
x
O 3 the graph.
–
5

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Define and identify relations and functions.

A relation is any set of ordered pairs.

A special kind of relation, called a function, is very important in mathemat-

A function is a relation in which, for each value of the first component

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tell whether each relation defines a function.

L = { (2, 3), (–5, 8), (4, 10) }

F is a function. G is not a function.

Graph of the function, F

An equation is the most efficient way to define a relation or function.

(a) { (3, –8), (5, 9), (5, 11), (8, 15) }

This is a table of ordered pairs, so the domain is the set of x-values,

Give the domain and range of each relation.

The domain is the set of x-values,

Give the domain and range of each relation.

Give the domain and range of each relation.

Give the domain and range of each relation.

The domain of a relation is assumed to be all real numbers that produce

If every vertical line intersects the graph of a relation in no more than

Not a function – the same Function – each x-value

This relation is a function.

EXAMPLE 5 Identifying Functions from Their Equations

In the defining equation, y = x – 5, y is always found by subtracting 5 from

and the domain of the function is [ 1 , ∞).

Given any value of x in the domain, we find y by adding 4, then dividing

1. A function is a relation in which, for each value of the first component

called function notation, to express this and read f (x), as “f of x”.

Let f (x) = x2 + 2x – 1. Find the following.

Since f (4) = 23, the ordered pair (4, 23) belongs to f.

Let f (x) = x2 + 2x – 1. Find the following.

The replacement of one variable with another is important in later

EXAMPLE 7 Using Function Notation

Let g(x) = 5x + 6. Find and simplify g(n + 2).

g(n + 2) = 5(n + 2) + 6 Replace x with n + 2.

For each function, find f (7).

f (7) = –7 + 2 Replace x with 7.

For each function, find f (7).

We want f (7), the y-value of the ordered pair

For each function, find f (7).

The domain element 7 is paired with 17

For each function, find f (7).

Step 1 Solve the equation for y.

Step 2 Replace y with f (x).

f (–3) = (–3)2 – 1 f (n) = n2 – 1

Now find f (–3) and f (n).

f (–3) = 1 (–3) – 3 = – 6 Let x = –3

f (n) = 1 (n) – 3 Let x = n

A function that can be defined by

A linear function defined by f (x) = b (whose graph is a horizontal line)

1 point on the line. Draw a straight

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