Realtions and Functions

Objectives : a. To determine the domain and range of relations and functions.

b. To determine whether a relation is a function.

Numerical information about two related variables can sometimes be written as a set of ordered
pairs. In this form, the information can be used to develop a mathematical model to help solve
business and scientific problems.

A relation is a set of ordered pairs, and a graph is one way to represent a relation.
To determine if a
Example 1 : Graph the relation : vertical lines thro
L = { ( -1, 2 ), ( 2, -3 ), ( -2, 0 ), ( 1, 4 ) } that touches mo

For this relation the set of values of x is Example 4 :

{ -1, 2, -2, 1 } x

The corresponding set of values of y is

{ 2, -3, 0, 4 }

The domain of a relation is the set of all the first coordinates of the ordered pairs. The range
of a relation is the set of all the second coordinates of the ordered pairs.

Example 2 : Write the ordered pairs for the relation

graphed. State the domain and the range. EXERCISE :

{ ( -3, 3 ), ( 0, 2 ), ( 3, 4 ), ( 4, -3 ) } x

The domain is { -3, 0, 3, 4 }

The range is { 3, 2, 4, -3 }
y

Example 3 : Make a mapping diagram for each relation and determine whether or not it is a
function.

a. M = { ( -1, -2 ), ( 3, 6 ), ( -5, -10 ) } Domain Range

Each element of the domain maps onto one and -1 -2

only one element of the range .
3 6
The relation M is a function.
-5 -10
II. Find the dom

III. Make a map

IV. Use the verti

 b. K = { ( 2, -3 ), ( 4, -1 ), ( 2, 3 ), ( 4, 1 ) } Domain Range

Elements of the domain map onto more than -3

one element of the range. 2
-1
The relation K is not a function.
4 3

To determine if a relation represented by a graph is a function, use the vertical line test. Draw
vertical lines through the graph, or simply picture them mentally. If no vertical line can be drawn
that touches more than one point on the graph, the graph represents a function.

Example 4 : Use the vertical line test to determine which of the graphs represents a function.

x x x

y y y

Function Not a Function Function

EXERCISE :

I. Graph each relation and state its domain and range.

1. { ( -2, 1 ), ( 0, 1 ), ( 1, 2 ), ( -1, 0 ) } 2. { ( 3, 4 ), ( 2, -3 ), ( 4, 6 ), ( 5, -3 ) }

Domain : Domain :
Range : Range :
II. Find the domain and range of each relation and state which are functions.
3. { ( 3, 7 ), ( -2, 6 ), ( 4, 7 ), ( 5, 6 ) } 4. { ( 3, -2 ), ( -3, 2 ), ( 3, 3 ), ( -4, 0 ) }
Domain : Domain :
Range : Range :

5. 6. 7. Domain Range

0
x x 4
-2
-1
3
y y
Domain : Domain : Domain :
Range : Range : Range :

III. Make a mapping diagram for each relation and determine whether or not it is a function.
8. { (3, 5 ), ( -7, 1 ), ( 2, 6 ), ( 4, 2 ) } 9. { ( 4, 6 ), ( 4, 7 ), ( -2, -5 ), ( 3, -5 ) }

10. { ( 0, 1 ), ( 1, -3 ), ( -2, -3 ), ( 3, -3 ) } 11. { ( 0, 1 ), ( 8, 6 ), ( -5, -5 ), ( 0, 7 ) }

IV. Use the vertical test to determine which of the graphs are functions.
12. 13.

y y

14. 15.

x x

y y