Relations and Functions

Objective: Distinguish between relations

that are functions and those that are not
functions.

June 10-14, 2019

“NO MAN IS AN
ISLAND”
The correspondence of the mother to
her child relationship.

FUNCTION
The relationship of a teacher to his/her
students.

A MERE
RELATION
The relationship of a flag to a country.

FUNCTION
The correspondence of an employer to
his/her employees.

A MERE
RELATION
The relationship of the passenger to the bus
where they are going to ride.

FUNCTION
 A ________
relation is a set of __________________.
ordered pairs

Relation = { (3,5),(-2,8),(-3,8),(0,-6) }

domain is the ______

The ________ set of ______
x values.

range
The ________ set
is the ______ y
of ______ values.
EXAMPLE

Relation = { (3,5),(-2,8),(-3,8),(0,-6) }

Domain: { ____, ____, ___, ____}

Range: {____ , ___, ____}

EXAMPLE

Relation = { (3,5),(-2,8),(-3,8),(0,-6) }

-3 ____,
Domain: { ____, -2 ___,
0 ____}
3

Range: {____ , ___, ____}

EXAMPLE

Relation = { (3,5),(-2,8),(-3,8),(0,-6) }

-3 ____,
Domain: { ____, -2 ___,
0 ____}
3

Range: {____
-6 , ___,
5 ____}
8
Three other ways to represent a relation:

Domain Range
1. Mapping:
-3 -6
-2 5
0 8
3
Three other ways to represent a relation:

2. Table:

domain

range
x y
-3 8
-2 8
0 -6
3 5
Three other ways to represent a relation:

3. Graph:
Example 1: Represent the following relations as a set of ordered pairs.

-2 -3
0 2
5 7
6

{ (-2, 2) (0, -3) (5, 7) (6, 7) }

{ (2,0) (-2,2) (-2,-2) (-6, 2)}
 x y
-3 0
-1 -2
0 3
2 -7
4 4

{ (-3,0) (-1,-2) (0,3) (2,-7) (4,4) }

A ___________
function is a relation in which no number in the

_________
domain is __________.
repeated (the x-value can not

repeat)

Functions can be represented four different ways:

1. ______________
mapping

2. ______________
graph

3. ______________
table

4. ______________
set of ordered pairs
Example 2: Represent the following function as a mapping, graph, and table.

{(7,4),(-3,6),(5,8),(4,3),(1,-3)}

-3 -3
1 3
4 4
5 6
7 8
{(7,4),(-3,6),(5,8),(4,3),(1,-3)}
{(7,4),(-3,6),(5,8),(4,3),(1,-3)}

x y
-3 6
1 -3
4 3
5 8
7 4
 Example 3: Are the following relations also functions?

0
0
-4 -4
-2
-2
5 5
3
3
8 8
-7
-7

Each element of the 3 is used twice.

domain is only used once.
NOT A
FUNCTION FUNCTION
C

Will all vertical lines cross the graph

at only one point?
YES. Each x is only used once.
D

Will all vertical lines cross the

graph at only one point?

YES. Each x is only used once.

E

Will all vertical lines cross the

graph at only one point?

NO. x =-3 is used twice.

F

Will all vertical lines cross the

graph at only one point?

NO. x =-2 is used three times.

 x y
-4 0
-2 -3
2 3
-4 1

Are all x values used only once?

NO. x = - 4 is used twice.

Defn: A relation is a set of ordered pairs.
A  0,0, 1,1, 1,1, 4,2, 4,2

Domain: The values of the 1st component of the ordered pair.

domain A : 0, 1, 4
Range: The values of the 2nd component of the ordered pair.
range  A :  2, 1, 0, 1, 2
 State the domain and range of each relation.

x y x y x y
1 3 4 2 2 3
2 5 -3 8 5 7
-4 6 6 1 3 8
1 4 -1 9 -2 -5
3 3 5 6 8 7

domain :  4, 1, 2, 3 domain :  3, 1, 4, 5, 6 domain :  2, 2, 3, 5, 8

range : 3, 4, 5, 6 range : 1, 2, 6, 8, 9 range :  5, 3, 7, 8
Defn: A function is a relation where every x value has one and
only one value of y assigned to it.
State whether or not the following relations could be a
function or not.

x y x y x y
4 2 1 3 2 3
-3 8 2 5 5 7
6 1 -4 6 3 8
-1 9 1 4 -2 -5
5 6 3 3 8 7

function not a function function

 Functions and Equations
State whether or not the following equations are functions or
not.
y  2x  3 y  x2 x  y2

x y x y x y
0 -3 2 4 1 1
5 7 -2 4 1 -1
-2 -7 -4 16 4 2
4 5 3 9 4 -2
3 3 -3 9 0 0

function function not a function

Graphs can be used to determine if a relation is a
function.
Vertical Line Test
If a vertical line can be drawn so that it intersects a
graph of an equation more than once, then the equation
is not a function.
 The Vertical Line Test
y

y  2x  3
x y function
0 -3
5 7 x
-2 -7
4 5
3 3
 The Vertical Line Test
y

y  x2 function
x y
2 4
-2 4 x
-4 16
3 9
-3 9
 The Vertical Line Test
y

x  y2 not a function
x y
1 1
1 -1 x
4 2
4 -2
0 0
Example: Which of the following represents a
function and identify the domain for each relation
using set builder notation.

1. y = 2x + 1 Answer: R
2. y = x2 – 2x + 2 Answer : R
3. x2 + y2 = 1 Answer: [-1, 1]
4. y = x + 1 Answer: [-1, +∞]
5. y =
2𝑥+1
Answer: (-∞, 1) u (1, +∞)
𝑥 −1
6. y = [x] + 1 Answer: R

𝑥 − Greatest Interger Function

Greatest Integer Function – is a piece-wise
defined function.
- It is less than or equal the value of x.

Notion:
If the number is an integer, use that integer,
but if the number is not an integer use the next
smaller integer.
Functions as representations of real-life situations

a. A linear function is a function of the form f(x) = ax + b,

where a ≠ 0.

b. A quadratic function is a function of the form

f(x) = ax2 + bx + c, where a ≠ 0.

c. A polynomial function of degree n is a function

of the form
f(x) = anxn + anxn-1 + a1x + a0, where n ≠ 0.
Example:

1. Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying

x meals, if one meal costs ₱40.
Answer: C(x) = 40x

2. One hundred meters of fencing is available to enclose a

rectangular area next to a river. Give a function A that
can represent the area that can be enclosed, in terms of x.

River

Answer: A(x) = 50x – 0.5x2

Piecewise Functions

A piecewise-defined function is one which is defined

not by a single equation, but by two or more. Each
equation is valid for some interval .

Example:
1. A user is charged ₱300 monthly for a particular mobile plan,
which includes 100 free text messages. Messages in excess
of 100 are charged ₱1 each. Represent the amount a
consumer pays each month as a function of the number of
messages m sent in a month.
Answer:
300 if 0 < m ≤ 100
t(m) =
300 + (m – 100) if m > 100
Example:

2. A jeepney ride costs ₱8.00 for the first 4 kilometres, and

each additional integer kilometre adds ₱1.50 to the fare. Use a
piecewise function to represent the jeepney fare in terms of
the distance d in kilometres.
Answer:
8 if 0 < d ≤ 4
F(d) =
8 + 1.5[d] if d > 4
Seatwork:

1. A videoke machine can be rented for ₱1,000 for three days, but
for the fourth day onwards, an additional cost of ₱400 per day is
added. Represent the cost of renting a videoke machine as a
piecewise function of the number of days it is rented.

2. The fee for hiring a guide to explore a cave is ₱700. A guide can
only take care of maximum of 4 persons, and additional guides
can be hired as needed. Represent the cost of hiring guides as a
function of the number of tourists who wish to explore the cave.

3. The cost of hiring a catering service to serve food for a party is

₱150 per head for 20 persons or less, ₱130 per head for 21 to 50
persons, ₱110 per head for 51 to 100 persons. For 100 or more
persons, the cost is at ₱100 per head. Represent the total cost as
a piecewise function of the number of attendees of the party.