Chapter 1

Linear Functions,
Equations, and
Inequalities

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1.1 Real Numbers and the
Rectangular Coordinate
System

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Sets of Real Numbers

Sets of Numbers:
Natural Numbers: {1, 2, 3, 4, …}
Whole Numbers: {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, …}
Integers: {…–2, –1, 0, 1, 2, …}
Rational Numbers:  p 
 p and q are integers, q  0 
 q 
Irrational Numbers: {x| x is not rational}
Real Numbers {x| x is a decimal number}

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The Set of Real Numbers and the
Number Line
Real numbers consist of both rational and
irrational numbers and can be shown pictorially
—that is, graphed—on a number line. The
point on a number line corresponding to 0 is
called the origin.

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The Rectangular Coordinate System
Two number lines at right angles, intersecting at
their origins, form a two-dimensional
rectangular coordinate system. This
rectangular coordinate system is also called the
Cartesian coordinate system, named for René
Descartes (1596 –1650).

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The Rectangular Coordinate System
The number lines intersect at the origin of the
system, designated 0. The horizontal number
line is called the x-axis, and the vertical number
line is called the y-axis. On the x-axis, positive
numbers are located to the right of the origin,
with negative numbers to the left. On the y-axis,
positive numbers are located above the origin,
with negative numbers below.

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The Coordinate Plane

Quadrant II Quadrant I

P(a, b) Origin

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

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Viewing Windows
To convey information about a viewing window,
we use the following abbreviations.
Xmin: minimum value of x
Ymin: minimum value of y
Xmax: maximum value of x
Ymax: maximum value of y
Xscl: scale (distance between tick marks)
Yscl: scale (distance between tick marks)

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Approximations of Real Numbers

Number Nearest Nearest Nearest

Tenth Hundredth Thousandth
1.3782 1.4 1.38 1.378
201.6666 201.7 201.67 201.667
0.0819 0.1 0.08 0.082

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 Finding Roots on a
Example:
Calculator
Approximate each root to the nearest
thousandth.
a. 23 b. 3 87 c. 4 12

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 Approximating Expressions
Example:
with a Calculator
Approximate each expression to the nearest
hundredth.
a. 3.8  1.4  0.27
5.4  3.5

b. 3  9  211.23
4 2

c. (4  1) 2  (3  2) 2  5.83

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The Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of the
lengths of the legs is equal to the square of the
length of the hypotenuse.

a 2  b2  c2

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 Using the Pythagorean
Example:
Theorem
Use the right triangle shown to find the length of
the unknown side b.
Solution
Let a = 12 and c = 13.
a2 + b2 = c 2
122 + b2 = 132
13
b = 13 – 12
2 2 2
12
b = 25
2

b=5
b
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Distance Formula
Suppose that P(x1, y1) and R(x2, y2) are two
points in a coordinate plane. Then the distance
between P and R, written d(P,R), is given by the
distance formula.

 x2  x1    y2  y1 
2 2
d ( P, R ) 

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Example: Using the Distance Formula

Find the length of the line segment that joins the

points P(8, 4) and Q(3, 2).

Solution:
d ( P, Q)  (3  (8))  (2  4) 2 2

 112  (6) 2

 157

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Midpoint Formula

The coordinates of the midpoint M of the line

segment with endpoints (x1, y1) and (x2, y2)
are given by the following.
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
M  , 
 2 2 

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Example: Using the Midpoint Formula

Find the coordinates of the midpoint M of the

segment with endpoints (8, 4) and (9,6).
Solution:
 x1  x2 y1  y2 
M  , 
 2 2 
 8  (9) 4  6 
 , 
 2 2 
 1 
   ,1
 2 

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 Applying the Midpoint
Example:
Formula (1 of 2)
Four quarters after the launch of the iPad, about
19.5 million were sold. After 10 quarters, about
99 million iPads were sold. Use the midpoint
formula to estimate how many iPads were sold
7 quarters after launch. Compare your estimate
with the actual value of 50 million. (Source:
Business Insider.)

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 Applying the Midpoint
Example:
Formula (2 of 2)
Solution
Quarter 7 lies midway between quarters
4 and 10.
Find the midpoint of the line segment joining the
points (4, 19.5) and (10, 99).

 4  10 19.5  99 
 ,   (7,59.25)
 2 2 
Our estimate is $59.25 million, which is more
than the actual figure of $50 million.

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