Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Linear
Inequalities and
Linear
Programming
Section 1
Linear Inequalities in
Two Variables
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1
Graphing Linear Inequalities in
Two Variables
In the previous chapter, we graphed first degree equations
such as y = 2x – 3 and 2x – 3y = 5.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 2
Graphing Linear Inequalities in
Two Variables
A line divides the plane into two regions called half-planes.
As shown in the
graphic, a vertical line
divides it into left and
right half-planes with
the vertical line as the
boundary line.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 3
Graphing Linear Inequalities in
Two Variables
A line divides the plane into two regions called half-planes.
A non-vertical line
divides the plane into
upper and lower half-
planes with the dividing
line as the boundary
line.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 4
Graphing Linear Inequalities in
Two Variables
Find the half-planes determined by the linear equation
y – x = –2
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 5
Graphing Linear Inequalities in
Two Variables
Find the half-planes determined by the linear equation
y – x = –2
For each point on the
line, all points having
the same x value and
smaller y values will lie
below the line in the
blue region in the
figure.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 6
Graphing Linear Inequalities in
Two Variables
Find the half-planes determined by the linear equation
y – x = –2
For each point on the
line, all points having
the same x value and
larger y values will lie
below the line in the tan
region in the figure.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 7
Graphs of Four Forms of
Inequalities
For the linear equation, y = x – 2, replacing the = sign with >,
>, <, or < gives the four inequalities:
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 9
Procedure Graphing Linear
Inequalities
Step 1 First graph Ax + By = C as a dashed line if equality is
not included in the original statement, or as a solid line if
equality is included.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10
Example 1 Graphing a Linear
Inequality
Graph 2x – 3y < 6
Solution
Step 1
Graph 2x – 3y = 6 as
a solid line since
equality is included in
the original statement.
This result is shown
in the figure.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 11
Example 1 Graphing a Linear
Inequality
Graph 2x – 3y < 6
Solution
Step 2
Select a test point above or below
the line. The point (0, 0) requires (0, 0)
the least computation.
Substituting (0, 0) into
2x – 3y < 6 gives 0 < 6, a true
statement.
The half-plane containing the test
point (0, 0) is in the solution set.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 12
Example 1 Graphing a Linear
Inequality
Solution
Step 3 Shade the half-
plane containing the test
point (0, 0).
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 13
Example 2A Graphing a Linear
Inequality
Graph y > –3
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 15
Example 2C Graphing a Linear
Inequality
Graph x < 3y
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 16
Example 3 Interpreting a Graph
Find the inequality with graph shown in the figure.
Write the boundary line in the form Ax + By = C, where A, B,
and C are integers, before stating the inequality.
The boundary line contains the
points (0, 6) and (8, 0) so the
line has slope
6 3
m=
8 4
and y intercept b = 6.
The boundary line equation is
3
y x 6.
4
This simplifies to 3x + 4y = 24.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 17
Example 3 Interpreting a Graph
With boundary line equation 3x + 4y = 24, observe that the
point (0, 0) is in the shaded region and that the boundary line
is solid.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 18
Example 4 Application--Sales
A concert promoter wants to book a band for a stadium
concert. An admission ticket to the stadium playing field will
cost $125, and a ticket for a seat in the stands will cost $175.
The band requires a minimum of $700,000 in ticket sales.
How many tickets of each type must be sold to meet the
band’s guarantee?
Write this answer as a linear inequality and draw its graph.
Solution
Let x = Number of tickets sold for the playing field
Let y = Number of tickets sold for seats in the stands
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 19
Example 4 Application—Sales
continued
125x + 175y > 700,000 Divide both sides by 25
5x + 7y > 28,000
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 20
Example 4 Application—Sales
continued
Linear
Inequalities and
Linear
Programming
Section 2
Systems of Linear
Inequalities in
Two Variables
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 22
Solving Systems of Linear
Inequalities Graphically
For a system of linear inequalities such as x y 6
2x y 0
the solution is the collection of all ordered pairs of real
numbers (x, y) that simultaneously satisfy all the inequalities
in the system.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 24
Example 1 Solving a System of
Linear Inequalities Graphically
continued
Solve the system of linear inequalities graphically:
x y 6
2x y 0
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 25
Example 1 Solving a System of
Linear Inequalities Graphically
continued
Solve the system of linear inequalities graphically:
x y 6
2x y 0
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 26
Definition Corner Point
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 27
Example 2 Solving a System of
Linear Inequalities Graphically
Solve the system of linear inequalities 2 x y 22
graphically and find the corner points: x y 13
2 x 5 y 50
Solution The inequalities x > 0 and y > 0 x0
indicate that the solution region will lie in y0
the first quadrant.
2 x y 22
Graph the lines
x y 13
2 x 5 y 50
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 28
Example 2 Solving a System of
Linear Inequalities Graphically
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 30
Definition Bounded and
Unbounded Solution Regions
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 31
Example 3 Application-Nutrition
A patient on a brown rice and skim milk diet is required to
have at least 800 calories and at least 32 grams of protein per
day.
Each serving of brown rice contains 200 calories and 5 grams
of protein.
Each serving of skim milk contains 80 calories and 8 grams of
protein.
How many servings of each food should be eaten per day to
meet the minimum daily requirements?
Solution To answer this question we need to solve for x and y,
where
x = number of daily servings of brown rice
y = number of daily servings of skim milk
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 32
Example 3 Application-Nutrition
continued
We arrange the information given in the problem in a table
(columns correspond to x and y).
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 33
Example 3 Application-Nutrition
continued
Solve the system of inequalities 200 x 80 y 800
The graph of the system of 5 x 8 y 32
inequalities is shown with the x 0
solution region shaded.
Each point in the shaded region y 0
including the boundaries is a
solution to the system and meets,
or exceeds, the minimum daily
requirements for calories and
protein.
Points outside the shaded region
do not.
The solution is unbounded.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 34
Chapter 5
Linear
Inequalities and
Linear
Programming
Section 3
Linear Programming in
Two Dimensions:
A Geometric Approach
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 35
Introduction
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 36
Example 1 Production Scheduling
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 38
Example 1 Production Scheduling
continued
The manufacturing requirements, objectives, and restrictions
are summarized in a table with the decision variables related
to the columns in the table.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 41
Example 1 Production Scheduling
continued
The graph of the feasible region
for the linear inequality constraints
in this example is shown.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 44
Procedure
Constructing a Model for an Applied Linear
Programming Problem
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 45
General Description of
Linear Programming
A linear programming problem is concerned with finding
the optimal value (maximum or minimum) of a linear
objective function z of the form z = ax + by, (a and b not
both equal to zero)
The decisions variables x and y are subject to problem
constraints in the form of < or > linear inequalities and
equations.
The decision variables must satisfy the nonnegative
constraints x > 0, y > 0.
The points satisfying both the problem constraints and the
nonnegative is called the feasible region for the problem.
Any point in the feasible region that produces the optimal
value of the objective function is called an optimal solution.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 46
Theorem
Fundamental Theorem 1
of Linear Programming
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 47
Theorem 2
Existence of Optimal Solutions
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 49
Example 2 Solving a Linear
(A) Minimize and maximize the function z subject to the
Programming
constraints. z 3x y
Problem
2 x y 20
10 x y 36
2 x 5 y 36
x, y 0
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 51
Example 2 Solving a Linear
Programming Problem
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 52
Example 2 Solving a Linear
Programming Problem
Step 2 Evaluate the object function at each corner point.
These results are summarized in the table.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 53
Example 3 Medication
A hospital patient is required to have at least 84 units of drug
A and 120 units of drug B each day (assume that overdoses
are not harmful).
Each gram of substance M contains 10 units of drug A and 8
units of drug B.
Each gram of substance N contains 2 units of drug A and 4
units of drug B.
Suppose that both M and N contain an undesirable drug D: 3
units per gram in M and 1 unit per gram in N.
How may grams of each of substances M and N should be
mixed to meet the minimum daily requirements and
simultaneously minimize the intake of drug D?
How many units of the undesirable drug D will be in this
mixture?
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 54
Example 3 Medication continued
Solution First construct the mathematical model.
Step 1 The decision variables are
x = number of grams of substance M used
y = number of grams of substance N used
Step 2 Summarize relevant material in a table with columns
corresponding to the decision variables.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 55
Example 3 Medication continued
Step 3 The objective is to minimize the amount of drug D in
the daily dose of the medication.
The linear objective function is C = 3x + y
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 56
Example 3 Medication continued
Using the geometric method to solve
Step 1 Graph the feasible region (see the
figure).
Since the feasible region is unbounded
and the coefficients of the objective
function are positive, this minimization
problem has a solution.
Find the corner points of the region.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 57
Example 3 Medication continued
Step 4 The optimal solution (4, 22) indicates that if we use
4 grams of substance M and 22 grams of substance N, the
requirements of dosage will be met while minimizing the
intake of the undesirable drug D at 34 units.
Any other combination of M and N in the feasible region
results in a larger quantity of the undesirable drug D.
Barnett, College Mathematics for Business, Economics, Life Sciences, and Social Sciences, 14e
Copyright © 2019, 2015, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 58