Precalc - Module 4 - Unit 1

Analytic Geometry
Straight Lines
Department of Mathematics
Saint Louis University
1st Semester, 2020 - 2021
Mathematics Dept. (Saint Louis University) ENGGMATH1 - Module 6 - Unit 1 1st Semester, 2020 - 2021 1 / 48
1 Introduction
2 Forms of the Straight Line

Point-Slope Form
Slope-Intercept Form
Intercept Form
3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

Definition
Determining Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
4 Normal Form of a Line

Definition
Finding the Distance of a Line from the Origin
Determining Other Lines
Introduction
Recall
Points on a plane can be identified with ordered pairs of numbers to form

the coordinate plane, also known as the Cartesian plane.
It starts with two perpendicular lines define for real numbers.
One of the lines is horizontal with positive direction to the right; this is
called the x -axis. The vertical line has positive direction upward and is
called the y -axis.
The point of intersection of the x -axis and the y -axis is the origin,
typically labelled as O, and the two axes divide the plane into four
quadrants, labeled I, II, III, and IV.
Introduction
Cartesian Coordinate Plane
Introduction
Recall
The x-coordinates of the points where a graph intersects the x-axis are
called the x-intercepts of the graph and are obtained by setting y = 0 in
the equation of the graph.
The y-coordinates of the points where a graph intersects the y-axis are
called the y-intercepts of the graph and are obtained by setting x = 0 in
the equation of the graph.
Introduction
Where are the Intercepts?
Introduction
Slope of a Line
One of the key characteristics of a line is its slope.
The slope of a line, commonly denoted as m is defined as:

rise
m=
run
Here, we define run to be the distance we move to the right and rise to be
the corresponding distance that the line rises (or falls).
Introduction
Slope of a Line
Given two points, (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ), the slope of the line that joins the
two points is given by:
rise y2 − y1
m= =
run x2 − x1
Note that the slope of a vertical line is undefined since it doesn’t run. Its
x -value does not change where x2 − x1 = 0. This makes the ratio above
have the denominator of 0 therefore making it undefined.
Introduction
Slope of a Line
Introduction
Slope of a Line
Introduction
Slope of a Line
Introduction
Example:
Find the slope of the line that connects the points P1 : (2, 1) and
P2 : (8, 5).
5−1
m=
8−2
4
=
4
=2
Introduction
Slope of a Line
Introduction
Standard Form of a Line
A linear equation has a standard form:
Ax + By = C
where A, B, and C are real-valued constants.
Throughout the lesson, the final form of an equation would always follow
the standard form.
Forms of the Straight Line Point-Slope Form
1 Introduction

Point-Slope Form
Intercept Form

Definition

Definition
Point-Slope Form
Consider a line that passes through a point (x1 , y1 ), and its slope, m, is
known.
Recall that:
y2 − y1
=m
x2 − x1
Since only one point is known, replacing x2 and y2 with x and y gives:
y − y1
=m
x − x1
Multiplying both sides by x − x1 gives:
y − y1 = m(x − x1 )
This is the point-slope form of an equation.
Examples
Find the equation of a line that passes through (1, −3) where m = − 21 .
Solution:
Begin by substituting the point and the slope into the point-slope form.
1
y − (−3) = − (x − 1)
2
1
y + 3 = − (x − 1)
2
Multiplying both sides by 2 gives:
1
2(y + 3) = −2 · (x − 1)
2
2y + 6 = −x + 1
Transforming the equation into standard form gives:
x + 2y = −5
Examples
Find the equation of a line that passes through (−1, 2) and (3, −4).
Solution:
Begin by computing for the slope.
−4 − 2 −6 3
m= = =−
3 − (−1) 4 2
Choose one point among the given, say (3, −4), use it as x1 and y1 with
the slope as m, and substitute them into the point-slope form of an
equation.
3
y − (−4) = − (x − 3)
2
3
y + 4 = − (x − 3)
2
Examples (cont’d)
Multiplying both sides by 2 gives:

3
2(y + 4) = −2 · (x − 3)
2
2y + 8 = −3(x − 3)
2y + 8 = −3x + 9
3x + 2y = 1
Forms of the Straight Line Slope-Intercept Form
1 Introduction

Point-Slope Form
Intercept Form

Definition

Definition
Consider a line that has a y -intercept at (0, b), and its slope, m, is known.
The point slope form would simplify into:
y − b = m(x − 0)
y − b = mx
Which is equivalent to:

y = mx + b
This is the slope-intercept form of a line.
Examples
Find the equation of a line with a y -intercept of −2 and a slope of 3.

Solution:
Substitute b = −2 and m = 3 into the slope-intercept form.
y = 3x − 2
−3x + y = −2
Determine the slope and the y -intercept of the line defined by the
equation 2x + 5y = 3.
Solution:
Transform the equation into the slope-intercept form; that is, the y -term is
one one side, while the x -term and the constant is on the other.
2x + 5y = 3
5y = −2x + 3
Divide both sides by 5.

−2x + 3
y=
5
2 3
y =− x+
5 5
2
The slope m is the coefficient of x , which is − , while the y -intercept b is
5
3
the constant term, .
5
Forms of the Straight Line Intercept Form
1 Introduction

Point-Slope Form
Intercept Form

Definition

Definition
Intercept Form
Consider a line that has an x -intercept at (a, 0) and a y -intercept at

(0, b). An equation of a line that makes uses these two points is:
x y
+ =1
a b
This is the intercept form of a line.
Example
Determine the equation of a line whose x -intercept is 3 and y -intercept is
5.
Solution:
Substitute a = 3 and b = 5 into the intercept form of a line:
x y
+ =1
3 5
Multiply both sides of the equation by the LCD, which is 15, to remove
the fractions.
x y

15 · + = 15 · 1
3 5
5x + 3y = 15
Thus, the standard form of the equation is:
5x + 3y = 15
Determine the intercepts of a line defined by the equation −4x + 12 y = 3.

Solution:
Express the equation into its intercept form by dividing both sides by 3.
1
−4 y 3
x+ 2 =
3 3 3
−4x y
+ =1
3 6
x y
+ =1
− 34 6
Thus, the x - and y - intercepts are − 25 and 6 respectively.
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Definition
1 Introduction

Point-Slope Form
Intercept Form

Definition

Definition
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Definition
Definition
Parallel lines are those that do not have any point of intersection.
In addition, parallel lines have equal slopes.
Perpendicular Lines are those that intersect at a 90◦ angle.

In addition, perpendicular lines have slopes that are equal to the negative
of the reciprocal of the slope of the other line.
Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Determining Parallel and Perpendicular Lines
1 Introduction

Point-Slope Form
Intercept Form

Definition

Definition
Example
Consider the lines defined by the following equations:
x + 3y = 7 (1)
3x + 9y = 15 (2)
Determine their slopes and give a brief description.
Solution:
Transform each equation into its slope-intercept form, starting with eq (1).
x + 3y = 7
3y = −x + 7
1 7
y =− x+
3 3
Thus, eq (1) has a slope of − 13 .
Example (cont’d)
Transform eq (2) into its slope-intercept form.
3x + 9y = 15
9y = −3x + 15
3 15
y =− x+
9 9
1 5
y =− x+
3 3
Since both eq (1) and eq (2) have the same slope, the two lines must be
parallel to each other.
Example
Consider the lines defined by the following equations:
y = 2x − 3 (1)
x + 2y = 5 (2)
Determine their slopes and give a brief description.
Solution:
Identify the slope of eq (1), which is already in its slope-intercept form.
y = 2x − 3
Thus, eq (1) has a slope of 2.
Example (cont’d)
Transform eq (2) into its slope-intercept form.
x − 2y = 5
2y = −x + 5
1 5
y =− x+
2 2
Observe that the reciprocal of 2 is 21 . Taking its negative gives − 21 .

Since the slope of eq (2) is the negative reciprocal of the slope of eq (1),
the two lines must be perpendicular to each other.
Normal Form of a Line Definition
1 Introduction

Point-Slope Form
Intercept Form

Definition

Definition
Definition
An equation of a line can be presented in such a way that its perpendicular

distance from the origin, denoted as p is shown. The value of p also
provides information on the location of the line, that is:
If p > 0, then the line is above the origin.
If p < 0, then the line is below the origin.
Definition
By multiplying both sides of the standard form of a linear equation by

1
±√ , whose sign depends on the sign of B, the normal form of the
A + B2
2
line is found, that is:
A B C
√ + √ = √
2
± A +B 2 2
± A +B 2 ± A2 + B 2
C
Here, p = √ which is the perpendicular distance of the line
± A2 + B 2
from the origin.
Normal Form of a Line Finding the Distance of a Line from the Origin
1 Introduction

Point-Slope Form
Intercept Form

Definition

Definition
Example
Determine the distance of the line 3x − 5y = 12 from the origin.
Solution:
1
Solve for the multiplier by subsituting A and B into ± √ .
A2 + B2
From the standard form, A = 3, B = −5. Note that B is negative, thus,
the sign of the multiplier must be negative. Substituting we arrive at:
1 1
−q = −√
32 + (−5)2 34
Example (cont’d)
Multiplying both sides of the given standard form of the equation by

1
− √ , we have:
34
1 1
− √ (3x − 5y ) = − √ (12)
34 34
3x 5y 12
−√ + √ = −√
34 34 34
Observe that the constant on the right side of the equation is negative and
12 12
has a value of − √ . Thus, the line must be at a distance of √ units
34 34
below the origin.
Normal Form of a Line Determining Other Lines
1 Introduction

Point-Slope Form
Intercept Form

Definition

Definition
Example
Determine the equation of a line that is parallel to the line 2x + 4y = 7

such that it is:
1 Has a distance of 3 from the origin.
2 At a distance of 4 from the given line.
Solution:
1 Begin by determining the normal form of the given line. Substitute
1
the values of A and B into the multiplier, ± √ . Note that B
A + B2
2
is positive. Thus, the multiplier must also be positive.
1 1 1
√ =√ = √
22 +4 2 20 2 5
Example (cont’d)
1
Multiply both sides of the given equation of the line by √
2 5
.
1 1
√ · (2x + 4y ) = √ · (7)
2 5 2 5
x 2y 7
√ +√ = √
5 5 2 5
7
This shows that the given line is 2√ 5
units away from the origin.
An additional property of parallel lines is that when simplified, the
coefficients of the equations of the two parallel lines will always be the
same. Thus, any line parallel to the given line will have the same
left-side of the equation in its normal form.
Example (cont’d)
Following the previous statement, a line parallel to the given line that is 3
units from the origin is found by using the same left-side of the equation,
but the right side, which represents the perpendicular distance of the line
from the origin, is ±3; that is:
x 2y
√ + √ = ±3
5 5
Note that both positive and negative values of 3 is considered since if it’s
positive, the line is 3 units above the origin. If it’s negative, the line is 3
units below the origin.
Example (cont’d)
x 2y 7
2 We know that the normal form of the given line is √ + √ = √ .
5 5 2 5
If we wish to identify any line parallel to the given line at a certain
distance, we simply need to add (and subtract) the distance from the
constant on the right side of the equation.
Since we want to identify a line at a distance of 4 units from and
parallel to the given line, the corresponding equations must be:
x 2y 7
√ + √ = √ ±4
5 5 2 5
√
x 2y 7 4(2 5)
√ +√ = √ ± √
5 5 2 5 2 5
√
x 2y 7±8 5
√ +√ = √
5 5 2 5

Precalc - Module 4 - Unit 1

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Analytic Geometry

Saint Louis University

1st Semester, 2020 - 2021

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

Points on a plane can be identified with ordered pairs of numbers to form

It starts with two perpendicular lines define for real numbers.

Cartesian Coordinate Plane

Where are the Intercepts?

One of the key characteristics of a line is its slope.

The slope of a line, commonly denoted as m is defined as:

Standard Form of a Line

A linear equation has a standard form:

where A, B, and C are real-valued constants.

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

This is the point-slope form of an equation.

Multiplying both sides by 2 gives:

Transforming the equation into standard form gives:

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

Which is equivalent to:

Find the equation of a line with a y -intercept of −2 and a slope of 3.

Transforming the equation into standard form gives:

Divide both sides by 5.

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

Consider a line that has an x -intercept at (a, 0) and a y -intercept at

Determine the intercepts of a line defined by the equation −4x + 12 y = 3.

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

Perpendicular Lines are those that intersect at a 90◦ angle.

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

Consider the lines defined by the following equations:

Transform eq (2) into its slope-intercept form.

Consider the lines defined by the following equations:

Thus, eq (1) has a slope of 2.

Transform eq (2) into its slope-intercept form.

Observe that the reciprocal of 2 is 21 . Taking its negative gives − 21 .

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

An equation of a line can be presented in such a way that its perpendicular

By multiplying both sides of the standard form of a linear equation by

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

Determine the distance of the line 3x − 5y = 12 from the origin.

Multiplying both sides of the given standard form of the equation by

2 Forms of the Straight Line

3 Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

4 Normal Form of a Line

Determine the equation of a line that is parallel to the line 2x + 4y = 7

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