Integral Calculus: Fundamental Principles of Integration

11/07/2022
INTEGRAL CALCULUS
HENRISON C. SANCHEZ
Assistant Professor
CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING REVIEW CLASS 2022
Fundamental Principles of Integration

Theorem: If 𝐹 is an antiderivative of 𝑓 on a given open interval, then the most
general antiderivative (or indefinite integral) of 𝑓 on the given open interval is
𝐹 𝑥 +𝐶
where 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant.
The symbol
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
is used to indicate indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥).

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Algebraic, Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
𝑑𝑥
1 න𝑓 ′ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 + 𝐶 5 න = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥
න 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑥
න𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶
2 6 ln 𝑎
± න𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 > 0, 𝑎 ≠ 1
3 න𝑎𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 7 න𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑥 n+1
4 න 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = +𝐶 8 නln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑛+1


Trigonometric Functions
1 නsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝐶 6 නcsc 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln csc 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 නcos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 7 නsec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶
3 නtan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 8 නcsc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶
4 නcot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 9 නsec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶
5 නsec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 10 නcsc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

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Inverse Trigonometric and Hyperbolic Functions
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1 න = arcsin + 𝐶 6 නtanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln cosh 𝑥 + 𝐶 11 නcsch 𝑥 coth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csch 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑎2
− 𝑥2𝑎
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
2 න 2 = arctan + 𝐶 7 නcoth 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sinh 𝑥 + 𝐶 12 න = sinh−1 + 𝐶
𝑎 + 𝑥2 𝑎 𝑎 𝑥2
+ 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 න = cosh−1 + 𝐶 ,
3 න = arcsec + 𝐶 8 නsech2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tanh 𝑥 + 𝐶 13 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎
𝑥 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎
𝑥>𝑎>0
𝑑𝑥 1 −1
𝑥
4 නsinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = cosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 9 නcsch2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − coth 𝑥 + 𝐶 14 න 𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝑎 tanh 𝑎 + 𝐶,
𝑥 2 < 𝑎2
𝑑𝑥 1 −1
𝑥
5 නcosh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sinh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 10 නsech 𝑥 tanh 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − sech 𝑥 + 𝐶 15 න 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 = − 𝑎 coth 𝑎 + 𝐶,
𝑥 2 > 𝑎2

Integration Techniques
Integration by Substitution
To evaluate an integral ‫𝑥𝑑 𝑥 𝑓 ׬‬, it is often useful to replace 𝑥 with a new
variable 𝑢 by means of substitution 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑢 , 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑔′ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢. The equation
becomes
න𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න𝑓 𝑔 𝑢 𝑔′ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

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Question
Solve ‫(׬‬2𝑥 2 − 5𝑥 + 3) 𝑑𝑥
2 5
A. 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
2𝑥 3 5𝑥 2
B. − + 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
2𝑥 3 5𝑥 2
C. + − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
2𝑥 3 5𝑥 2
D. − − 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3 2
Answer: B

Question
𝑥 3 +5𝑥 2 −4
Evaluate: ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2
𝑥4 5𝑥 3 4
A. + − +𝐶
4 3 𝑥
𝑥2 5𝑥 4
B. + + +𝐶
3 4 𝑥
𝑥2 4
C. + 5𝑥 + + 𝐶
2 𝑥
𝑥2 4
D. − − 5𝑥 + + 𝐶
2 𝑥
Answer: C

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Question
Evaluate: ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
A. 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1
B. − 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1 3𝑥
C. 𝑒 + 𝐶
4
1 3𝑥
D. − 𝑒 +𝐶
4
Answer: A
Question
Solve: ‫ ׬‬cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
A. − sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1
B. sin 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1
C. − cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
1
D. cos 3𝑥 + 𝐶
3
Answer: B
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Question
𝑑𝑥
Solve: ‫׬‬
9+𝑥 2
1 𝑥
A. arctan + 𝐶
3 3
1 𝑥
B. − arctan + 𝐶
3 3
1 𝑥
C. arccot + 𝐶
3 3
1 𝑥
D. − arccot + 𝐶
3 3
Answer: A

Question
𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ‫׬‬
1−2𝑥 3
1
A. ln 1 − 2𝑥 3
+𝐶
4
1
B. − ln 1 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝐶
4
1
C. ln 1 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝐶
6
1
D. − ln 1 − 2𝑥 3 + 𝐶
6
Answer: D

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Question
Solve: ‫𝑎 ׬‬2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2𝑥
A. − +𝐶
2 ln 𝑎
𝑎2𝑥
B. +𝐶
2 ln 𝑎
𝑎2𝑥
C.− +𝐶
ln 𝑎
𝑎2𝑥
D. +𝐶
ln 𝑎
Answer: B

Question
Solve: ‫ ׬‬sin2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
cos3 𝑥
A. − +𝐶
3
cos3 𝑥
B. +𝐶
3
sin3 𝑥
C. +𝐶
3
sin3 𝑥
D. − +𝐶
3
Answer: C

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Question
Solve: ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬cot 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1
A. ln sin 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
1
B. − ln sin 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
1
C. ln cos 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
1
D. − ln cos 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
Answer: A
Question
sin 𝑦𝑑𝑦
Solve: ‫׬‬
cos2 𝑦
A. cos 𝑦 + 𝐶
B. sin 𝑦 + 𝐶
C. sec 𝑦 + 𝐶
D. csc 𝑦 + 𝐶
Answer: C
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Question
Solve: ‫ 𝑒 ׬‬3 cos 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 3 cos 2𝑥
A. +𝐶
6
𝑒 3 cos 2𝑥
B. − +𝐶
6
𝑒 3 sin 2𝑥
C. +𝐶
6
𝑒 3 sin 2𝑥
D. − +𝐶
6
Answer: B

Question
𝑑𝑥
Solve:‫׬‬
𝑥 4𝑥 2 −9
1 2𝑥
A. arcsec +𝐶
3 3
1 2𝑥
B. − arcsec +𝐶
3 3
1 2𝑥
C. arcsin +𝐶
3 3
1 2𝑥
D. − arcsin +𝐶
3 3
Answer: A

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Question
2 +1
Evaluate the integral: ‫ ׬‬2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑒 2𝑥+1
A. +𝐶
ln 2
B. 𝑒 2𝑥
+𝐶
𝑥 2 +1
C. 𝑒 +𝐶
D. 2𝑥𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
Answer: C

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Question
Integrate: ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬cos 2𝑥 2 + 7 𝑑𝑥.
1
A. sin 2𝑥 2 + 7 + 𝐶
4
B. sin 2𝑥 2 + 7 + 𝐶
1
C. cos 2𝑥 2 + 7
4
1
D. sin −𝜃 𝑥2 + 7 + 𝐶
4
Answer: A

Question
𝑒𝑥
Evaluate: ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 +1
1
A. ln 1 + 𝑒 2𝑥
+𝐶
2
B. ln 1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
C. 1 + 𝑒 2𝑥 2
+𝐶
2
D. arctan 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝐶
Answer: D

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Question
𝑒 2𝑥
Evaluate: ‫׬‬ 𝑑𝑥.
𝑒 𝑥 +1
1
A. 𝑒 𝑥 + ln 𝑒 + 1 + 𝐶
𝑥
2
B. 𝑒 𝑥 − ln 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
C. ln 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
D. 𝑒 𝑥 + ln 𝑒 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
Answer: B

Trigonometric Integrals
sin2 𝑥 + cos2 𝑥 = 1 1
1 7 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [sin 𝑥 − 𝑦 + sin(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 1
2 8 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = [cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 − cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
1 + cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 1
3 9 cos 𝑥 cos 𝑦 = [cos 𝑥 − 𝑦 + cos(𝑥 + 𝑦)]
2
1 1
4 sin2 𝑥 = (1 − cos 2𝑥) 10 1 − cos 𝑥 = 2 sin2 𝑥
2 2
1 1
5 cos2 𝑥 = (1 + cos 2𝑥) 11 2
1 + cos 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥
2 2
1 𝜋
6 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 = sin 2𝑥 12 1 ± sin 𝑥 = 1 ± cos − 𝑥
2 2

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Special substitution rule
For ‫ ׬‬sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• If 𝑚 is odd, substitute 𝑢 = cos 𝑥.
• If 𝑛 is odd, substitute 𝑢 = sin 𝑥
For ‫ ׬‬tan𝑚 𝑥 sec 𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
• If 𝑛 is even, substitute 𝑢 = tan 𝑥.
• If 𝑚 is odd, substitute 𝑢 = sec 𝑥

Question
Solve ‫ ׬‬sin3 3𝑥 cos 5 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
A. − cos 6 3𝑥 − cos 8 3𝑥 + 𝐶
18 24
1 1
B. − cos 6 3𝑥 + cos 8 3𝑥 + 𝐶
18 24
1 1
C. cos 6 3𝑥 − cos 8 3𝑥 + 𝐶
18 24
1 1
D. cos 6 3𝑥 + cos 8 3𝑥 + 𝐶
18 24
Answer: B
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Question
𝑥
Evaluate: ‫ ׬‬cos 3 𝑑𝑥.
3
3𝑥 𝑥
A. 3 sin − sin + 𝐶
3 3
𝑥 3𝑥
B. 3 sin + sin + 𝐶
3 3
𝑥 3𝑥
C. sin − 3 sin + 𝐶
3 3
𝑥 3𝑥
D. sin + 3 sin +𝐶
3 3
Answer: A
Question
Evaluate the integral ‫ ׬‬cos 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦.
𝑦 1
A. + sin 2𝑦 + 𝐶
2 4
B. 𝑦 + 2 cos 𝑦 + 𝐶
𝑦 1
C. + sin 2𝑦 + 𝐶
4 4
D. 𝑦 + sin 2𝑦 + 𝐶
Answer: A

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Question
Solve ‫ ׬‬tan3 3𝑥 sec 4 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
A. − tan4 3𝑥 + tan6 3𝑥 + 𝐶
12 18
1 1
B. − tan4 3𝑥 − tan6 3𝑥 + 𝐶
12 18
1 1
C. tan4 3𝑥 + tan6 3𝑥 + 𝐶
12 18
1 1
D. tan4 3𝑥 − tan6 3𝑥 + 𝐶
12 18
Answer: C
Integration by Parts
When 𝑢 and 𝑣 are differentiable functions of 𝑥.
𝑑 𝑢𝑣 = 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
and
න 𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − න 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

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General rules:
• The part selected as 𝑑𝑣 must be readily integrable.
• Note: It will be easier to choose 𝑢 whose category occurs earlier in LIATE
(Logarithmic, Inverse Trigonometric, Algebraic, Trigonometric, and Exponential) and
take 𝑑𝑣 to be the rest of the integrand
• ‫ 𝑢𝑑 𝑣 ׬‬must not be more complex than ‫𝑣𝑑 𝑢 ׬‬

Question
Find ‫ 𝑥׬‬1 + 𝑥𝑑𝑥
3 5
2 4
A. 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 − 1+𝑥 2 +𝐶
3 15
2 5
3 5
B. 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 3 − 1+𝑥 2 +𝐶
2 2
3 5
2 4
C. − 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 2 + 1+𝑥 2 +𝐶
3 15
2 5
3 5
D. − 𝑥 1 + 𝑥 3 + 1+𝑥 2 +𝐶
2 2
Answer: A

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Question
Find ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 1
A. ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
3 9
𝑥3 1
B. − ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
3 9
𝑥3 1
C. ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
3 9
𝑥3 1
D. − ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
3 9
Answer: A

Question
Solve‫ ׬‬arcsin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A. 𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
B. −𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 + 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
C. 𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
D. −𝑥 arcsin 𝑥 − 1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
Answer: A
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Question
Evaluate the integral: ‫ 𝑥 ׬‬sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
𝑥 1
A. − cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
4 2
𝑥 1
B. − cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4
𝑥 1
C. cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
4 2
𝑥 1
D. − cos 2𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4
Answer: D
Partial Fraction
Distinct Linear Factors. To each linear factor 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 occurring once in the
denominator of a proper rational fraction, there corresponds a single partial
𝐴
fraction of the form where 𝐴 is a constant to be determined
𝑎𝑥+𝑏

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Partial Fraction
Case 2: To each linear factor 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 occurring 𝑛 times in the denominator of
a proper rational fraction, there corresponds a sum of 𝑛 partial fractions of the
form
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴𝑛
+ + ⋯ +
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 2 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑛
where the 𝐴's are constants to be determined.

Question
𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥
Solve ‫𝑥 ׬‬3 +𝑥2 −6𝑥
1 3 2
A. 6 ln 𝑥 + 10 ln 𝑥 − 2 − 15 ln 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
1 3 2
B. 6 ln 𝑥 − 10 ln 𝑥 − 2 − 15 ln 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
1 3 2
C. − 6 ln 𝑥 + 10 ln 𝑥 − 2 − 15 ln 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
1 3 2
D. − 6 ln 𝑥 − 10 ln 𝑥 − 2 − 15 ln 𝑥 + 3 + 𝐶
Answer:C
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Definite Integral
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
If 𝑓(𝑥) is continuous on the interval 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, and if 𝐹 𝑥 is any indefinite
integral of 𝑓(𝑥), then
𝑎 𝑎
න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹 𝑥 ቮ = 𝐹 𝑎 − 𝐹(𝑏)
𝑏 𝑏

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Definite Integral
Properties
𝑏 𝑏
1 න 𝑐𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 න 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
For any constant 𝑐
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏
2 න 𝑓 𝑥 ± 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ± න 𝑔 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑐 𝑏 𝑏
3 න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑐 𝑎

Question
10 𝑑𝑥
Solve ‫׬‬6
𝑥+2
A. ln 1.5
B. ln 3
C. ln 6
D. ln 12
Answer: A
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Question
𝑒
Solve ‫׬‬1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
A. 1
B. −1
C. 0
D. ∞
Answer: A

Question
10 2 log10 𝑒𝑑𝑥
Evaluate: ‫׬‬1 .
𝑥
A. 2.0
B. 49.7
C. 3.0
D. 5.12
Answer: A
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Definite integral
Wallis formula
If 𝑚 and𝜋𝑛 are not even, then
2
න sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 3 … 2 𝑜𝑟 1 [ 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 3 … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)]
=
[ 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 4 … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)]

Definite integral
Wallis formula
If 𝑚 and
𝜋
𝑛 are both even, then
2
න sin𝑚 𝑥 cos 𝑚 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0
𝜋 𝑚 − 1 𝑚 − 3 … 2 𝑜𝑟 1 [ 𝑛 − 1 𝑛 − 3 … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)]
= ×
2 [ 𝑚 + 𝑛 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 2 𝑚 + 𝑛 − 4 … (2 𝑜𝑟 1)]

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Question
𝜋
Evaluate: ‫׬‬0 sin4 𝑥 cos 3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
2
2
A.
35
4
B.
35
6
C.
35
8
D.
35
Answer: A

Question
𝜋
Evaluate: ‫׬‬0 sin6 𝑥 𝑑𝑥.
2
𝜋
A.
32
2𝜋
B.
17
3𝜋
C.
32
5𝜋
D.
32
Answer: D

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Some Applications of Integrals

AREAS BETWEEN TWO CURVES
The steps in setting up a definite integral that yields a required are:
• Make a sketch showing the area sought, a representative (kth) strip, and the approximating rectangle.
We shall generally show the representative subinterval of length Δ𝑥 𝑜𝑟 Δ𝑦 , with the point 𝑥𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑦𝑘
on this subinterval as its midpoint.
• Write the area of the approximating rectangle and the sum for the n rectangles.
• Assume the number of rectangle to increase indefinitely, and apply the fundamental theorem on
integration.

Question
Find the area bounded by the parabola 𝑥 = 8 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 , y-axis, and the lines
𝑦 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 = 3.
92
A. 𝑢2
3
46
B. 𝑢2
3
138
C. 𝑢2
3
184
D. 𝑢2
3
Answer: A

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Question
Find the area between the curve 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 8𝑥, and the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
A. 2 𝑢2
B. 4 𝑢2
C. 8 𝑢2
D. 16 𝑢2
Answer: C

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VOLUME OF SOLIDS OF REVOLUTION
Disc Method
This method is useful when the axis of rotation is part of the boundary of the plane area.
• Make a sketch showing the area involved, a representative strip perpendicular to the axis of rotation, and
the approximating rectangle.
• Write the volume of the disc (or cylinder) generated when the approximating rectangle is revolved about
the axis of rotation, and sum for the 𝑛 rectangles.

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When the axis of rotation is the x axis and the top of the plane area is given by the curve
𝑦 = 𝑓 𝑥 between 𝑥 = 𝑎 and 𝑥 = 𝑏, then the volume 𝑉 of the solid of revolution is given
by
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉 = න 𝜋𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝜋 න 𝑓 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎
𝑉 = 𝜋 න 𝑦𝑈 − 𝑦𝐷 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎


Similarly, when the axis of rotation is the y axis and one side of the plane area is given by the
curve 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 between 𝑦 = 𝑐 and 𝑦 = 𝑑, then the volume V of the solid of revolution is
given by
𝑑 𝑑
2 2
𝑉 = න 𝜋𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝜋 න 𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑏 𝑐
𝑉 = 𝜋 න 𝑥𝑅 − 𝑥𝐿 2 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

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Question
Find the volume generated by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 , y = 0
and y = 6 about the y-axis.
A. 𝜋
B. 2𝜋
C. 3𝜋
D. 4𝜋
Answer: C


Washer Method
This method is useful when the axis of rotation is not a part of the boundary of the plane
area.
• Same as step 1 of the disc method.
• Extend the sides of the approximating rectangle to meet the axis of rotation. When the
approximating rectangle is revolved about the axis of rotation, a washer is formed
whose volume is the difference between the outer and inner volumes generated by
revolving the rectangles about the axis. Write the difference of the two volumes, and
proceed as in step 2 of the disc method.

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If the axis of rotation is the x axis, the upper boundary of the plane area is given by 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥), the lower boundary by 𝑦 = 𝑔(𝑥), and the region runs from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏, then
the volume V of the solid of revolution is given by:
𝑏
2 2
𝑉 = 𝜋න { 𝑓 𝑥 − 𝑔 𝑥 }𝑑𝑥
𝑎


Similarly, if the axis of rotation is the y axis and the plane area is bounded to the right by 𝑥 =
𝑓(𝑦), to the left by 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑦), above by 𝑦 = 𝑑, and below by 𝑦 = 𝑐, then the volume V is
given by
𝑑
2 2
𝑉 = 𝜋න { 𝑓 𝑦 − 𝑔 𝑦 } 𝑑𝑦
𝑐

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Question
Find the volume generated by rotating the region bounded by 𝑦 = 𝑥, 𝑥 = 1,
and 𝑦 2 = 4𝑥, about the x-axis.
A. 9𝜋
B. 11𝜋
C. 13𝜋
D. 15𝜋
Answer: A


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Shell Method
• Make a sketch showing the area involved, a representative strip parallel to the axis of
rotation, and the approximating rectangle.
• Write the volume (mean circumference x height x thickness) of the cylindrical shell
generated when the approximating rectangle is revolved about the axis of rotation, and
sum for the rectangles.


If the axis of rotation is the y axis and the plane area, in the first quadrant, is bounded below
by the x axis, above by 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥), to the left by 𝑥 = 𝑎, and to the right by 𝑥 = 𝑏, then the
volume 𝑉 is given by
𝑏 𝑏
𝑉 = 2𝜋 න 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝜋 න 𝑥 𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎

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Similarly, if the axis of rotation is the x axis and the plane area, in the first quadrant, is
bounded to the left by the y axis, to the right by 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑦 , below by 𝑦 = 𝑐, and above by
𝑦 = 𝑑, then the volume V is given by
𝑑 𝑑
𝑉 = 2𝜋 න 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝜋 න 𝑦𝑓 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑐 𝑐𝑑

Question
Find the volume (in cu.u) generated by rotating the region bounded by 𝑥 2 =
8𝑦, 𝑥 = 4 and the x-axis about the y-axis.
A. 50.26
B. 52.26
C. 53.26
D. 51.26
Answer: A

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Fluid Pressure
Suppose that a flat surface is immersed vertically in a fluid of weight density ρ
and that the submerged portion of the surface extends from 𝑥 = 𝑎 to 𝑥 = 𝑏
along an x-axis whose positive direction is down. For 𝑎 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑏, suppose that
𝑤(𝑥) is the width of the surface, and that ℎ(𝑥) is the depth of the point 𝑥.
Then we define the fluid force 𝐹 on the surface to be
𝑏
𝐹 = න 𝜌ℎ 𝑥 𝑤 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝜌 = 9.8 𝑘𝑁 𝑚−3 = 62.4 𝑙𝑏 𝑓𝑡 −3

Question
The face of a dam is a vertical rectangle of height 150 m and width 250 m. Find
the total fluid force exerted on the face when the water surface is level with the
top of the dam.
A. 25.56 GN
B. 27.56 GN
C. 29.56 GN
D. 31.56 GN
Answer: B
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Work
Suppose that an object moves in the positive direction along a coordinate line
over the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] while subjected to a variable force 𝐹(𝑥) that is applied
in the direction of motion. Then we define the work 𝑊 performed by the force
on the object to be
𝑏
𝑊 = න 𝐹 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

Work
Hooke’s Law
Under appropriate conditions, a spring that is stretched 𝑥 units beyond its
natural length pulls back with a force
𝐹 𝑥 = 𝑘𝑥
Where 𝑘 is constant (spring constant) with units of force per unit length.

35
11/07/2022
Question
A spring has a spring constant of 5 𝑁/𝑚. How much work is required to stretch
the spring 1.8 m beyond its natural length?
A. 7.1 J
B. 8.1 J
C. 9.1 J
D. 10.1 J
Answer: B

36

Integral Calculus: Fundamental Principles of Integration

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11/07/2022

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Fundamental Principles of Integration

is used to indicate indefinite integral of 𝑓(𝑥).

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Fundamental Principles of Integration

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Fundamental Principles of Integration

2 නcos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 7 නsec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 + 𝐶

3 නtan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + 𝐶 8 නcsc 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − cot 𝑥 + 𝐶

4 නcot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sin 𝑥 + 𝐶 9 නsec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 = sec 𝑥 + 𝐶

5 නsec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 𝐶 10 නcsc 𝑥 cot 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − csc 𝑥 + 𝐶

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Fundamental Principles of Integration

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Some Applications of Integrals

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Some Applications of Integrals

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Some Applications of Integrals

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Some Applications of Integrals

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Some Applications of Integrals

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

Some Applications of Integrals