2022

AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

BOARD EXAM REVIEWER

INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE
by

Engr. Alexis T. Belonio, MS

Agricultural and Biosystems Engineer
ASEAN Engineer

Volume 1 – Agricultural Power and Energy

 Terminologies

• Internal combustion engine (ICE) - is an engine that burns fuel

and air inside a combustion chamber located within the engine
proper. It can either be piston or reciprocating engine, rotary
engine, gas turbine, jet engine, or rocket engine.
• It is a machine used to power tractors, combine harvesters,
and other self-propelled field equipment.
• In farmstead equipment, it is used to drive generator set to
provide electricity for lighting, driving motors, and providing
power for heating and cooling in various processes.
• Bore – refers to the size of the opening of the cylinder which is
almost equal to the diameter of the piston plus the rings.
• Stroke – refers to the distance traveled by a piston from the TDC
to the BDC.
• Top Dead Center (TDC) – is the uppermost position of the piston
during the compression and exhaust stroke.
• Bottom Dead Center (BDC) – is the lowest most position of the
piston during the intake and power stroke.
• Engine/Piston Displacement (PD) – is the volume displaced by
a piston in one stroke.
• Clearance Volume (CV) – is the volume in the combustion
cylinder when the piston is at the TDC position.
• Compression Ratio (CR) – is the ratio of the total volume to the
clearance volume.
• Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) – is the amount of pressure
generated during the power stroke of the engine.
• Revolution – is equivalent to one complete rotation of the
crankshaft.
• Cycle – refers to the series of events occurring one after the other
in a definite order and repeating the event after the last one has
occurred.
• Indicated Horsepower – is the power generated at the
combustion chamber.
• Brake Horsepower – is the power available at the drive shaft or
the crankshaft of an engine.
• Friction Horsepower – is the power loss due to friction of piston
and other components of the engine.
• Rated Horsepower – is the power of the engine as specified by
the manufacturer.
• Mechanical Efficiency – is the ratio of the brake horsepower
and the indicated horsepower.
• Thermal Efficiency – is the ratio of the brake horsepower to
the power available at the fuel.
• Specific Fuel Consumption – is the rate of fuel consumed of
an engine per unit brake horsepower.
• Idle Speed – is the minimum speed of the engine at no load.
Usually it runs at around 900 rpm.
• Optimum Throttle Opening - is the opening adjustment of the
engine throttle at the best operating condition, which is usually
75% of the total opening.
 Uses of ICE

• Power Source for Tractors

• Driving Power Tillers
• Power Source for Harvesters
• Power Source for Engines Used to
Drive Generator
 Classifications of ICE
According to Ignition of Fuel
• Spark-Ignition Engine
• Uses spark to ignite the fuel.
• Uses gasoline as fuel.
• Has a carburetor to mix fuel and air.
• Compression-Ignition Engine
• Uses high compression to raise the temperature of the air in
a chamber and ignites the injected fuel without a spark.
• Uses diesel as fuel.
• Uses an automizer to spray the fuel inside the engine.
According to Number of Stroke

• Two-Stroke Cycle Engine

– Produces power in one revolution of the crankshaft.
– Fuel and oil is mixed in the combustion chamber.
– Usually high in speed and light in weight.

• Four-Stroke Cycle Engine

– Produces power in two revolutions of the crankshaft.
– Fuel is burned inside the combustion chamber.
– Relatively low in speed and heavy in weight
According to Number of Cylinders

• Single-Cylinder
• One piston
• Appropriate for small engines commonly used in the farm

• Multiple-Cylinder
• More than one piston (3, 4, 6, 8, 12)
• Appropriate for high-powered engines for driving tractors
and self-propelled equipment
According to Drive Shaft Position

• Horizontal-Drive Shaft – Drive shaft is in horizontal position

while the piston is in upward position.
• Vertical-Drive Shaft – The drive shaft is in vertical position while
the piston is in sideward position
 Basic Components of ICE
Main Engine System

• Cylinder Head – houses the valves, spark plug or fuel injector,

and serves as cover of the cylinder block.
• Cylinder Block – encloses the piston and confines the expanding
gases.
• Valves – allow the flow of fuel, air, or exhaust gases.
• Piston - is a hollow cylinder with closed top upon which the
expanding gases act and transmit force to the crankshaft.
• Camshaft – actuates the valves through a rocker arm to open and
close during engine operation.
• Crankshaft – receives power from the piston and transmits it to the
other parts of the engine to do useful work.
• Piston Rings (compression and oil rings) – retain compression,
reduce cylinder wall contact thereby reduce friction losses and wear.
• Piston pin – joins the connecting rod and the piston.
• Connecting Rod – connects the piston and the crankshaft.
Transmits power from the piston to the crankshaft.
• Piston Pin – Fixes the piston to the connecting rod. It is removable
to facilitate replacement of piston.
• Flywheel – is an energy storage device of the engine to keep
it at uniform speed when the crankshaft is not receiving power
from the piston.
• Crankcase – encloses and supports the crankshaft and
serves as a reservoir for the lubricating oil.
• Governor - is the principal control device in any engine. It
governs or controls the engine speed at some fixed value
while power output changes to meet demand.
• Oil Pan – is where engine oil is contained to lubricate the
engine.
• Dip Stick – is used in measuring the level of lubricating oil at
the engine.
 Engine Subsystems
• Ignition System – responsible for supplying heat for combustion
of fuel.
• Fuel System – responsible for supplying fuel in the combustion
chamber.
• Starting System – responsible for starting-on the engine.
• Cooling System – responsible for keeping the temperature of the
engine lower.
• Exhaust System – responsible for discharging combustible gases
from the combustion chamber.
• Transmission System – responsible for transferring the power
generated from the combustion chamber to the drive shaft.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
 Cycle of Events

• Intake Stroke – Fuel and air or air alone is sucked into the
combustion chamber as the piston moves in a downward direction.
• Compression Stroke – Fuel and air or air alone is compressed by
the piston as it moves in upward direction.
• Power Stroke – Fuel and air is ignited to produce power at the
downward movement of the piston and transmits the power to the
crankshaft of the engine.
• Exhaust Stroke – Fuel is burned and gas is discharged from the
combustion chamber.
 Cycle of Events

Downward Stroke – fuel and air mixture enters

Upward Stroke – fuel and air compressed
Downward Stroke – spark plug ignite and produced power
Upward Stroke – burned gases is discharged

Note: There are two rotations of the crank shaft to produce power.
 Cycle of Events

Downward Stroke – air enters the combustion chamber

Upward Stroke – air is compressed by the piston to raise its
temperature enough to burn fuel
Downward Stroke – fuel is injected to produce power
Upward Stroke – burned gases is discharged

Note: There are two rotations of the crank shaft to produce power.
 Cycle of Events

Upward Stroke – Compression

Downward Stroke – Power, Exhaust, and Intake

Note: Only one rotation of the crank shaft to produce power.

 Comparison Between Spark- and
Compression- Ignition Engines
Feature Compression Ignition
Type of Cycle Used ● Diesel cycle where combustion occurs at a
constant pressure.
Introduction of fuel ● Fuel is injected into the combustion chamber
to the engine towards the end of the compression stroke.
● Fuel starts burning instantly due to the high
pressure.
● Fuel pump and injector are required.
Ignition of fuel ● Ignition of fuel occurs due to compression
of the air-fuel mixture, spark plug not needed.
Compression ratio ● Compression ratio for air is 16 to 20. The high
for the fuel compression ratio of air creates high
temperature ensuring diesel fuel to self-ignite.
Weight of the engine ● CI engines are heavier than SI engines.
Speed achieved by ● CI engines are heavier and the fuel is
the engine heterogeneously burned; hence, producing
lower speeds.
Thermal efficiency of ● The value of compression ratio is higher; hence,
the engine these engines have the potential to achieve
higher thermal efficiency.
Spark Ignition
● Otto cycle where combustion occurs at a
constant volume.
● During the piston's suction stroke, a mixture of
air and fuel is injected from the cylinder head.
● The air-fuel mixture is injected via the
carburetor that controls the quantity and the
quality of the injected mixture.
● Spark plug is placed in the cylinder head of
an engine which create spark to burn the fuel.
● Compression ratio of the fuel ranges from 6
to 10, depending on the size of the engine and
of the power to be produced.
● Engine weight is lighter than diesel engine.
● Petrol or SI engines are lightweight and the fuel
is homogeneously burned; hence, achieving
very high speeds.
● The lower compression ratio of SI engines
reduces their potential to achieve higher
thermal efficiency.
 Feature Compression Ignition Spark Ignition
Compression Ratio 15 to 21 6 to 9.5 (petrol)
6 to 12 (alcohol)
Pressure after 35 to 60 bar 15 to 20 bar
compression without
ignition
Temperature after 600° to 900°C 400° to 600°C
compression without
ignition
Excess air ratio 1.3 to 4.0 0.7 to 1.2
Efficiency 0.30 to 0.40 0.20 to 0.35
Specific fuel consumption 230 to 350 g/kW-hr 300 to 400 g/kW-hr
Volumetric efficiency 0.7 to 0.9 0.3 to 0.9
Exhaust gas temperature 400° to 600°C 500° to 900°C
Speed ratio (stationary) 1,300 to 2,500 1,300 to 2,500
Ignition type Self-ignition by injection of fuel into Spark ignition of spark plugs
hot compressed air shortly before
piston reaches the top dead center
 Firing Order
• It is the sequence of movement of the piston as it produces power.
• It is an order in which the engine cylinders deliver the power strokes
at best engine performance. It is also related to engine balancing.

No. of Cylinder Order of Firing

O D
2 No. 1 – No. 2
O O D
3 No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 3
O O D D
4 No. 1 – No. 2 – No. 4 – No. 3
O O O D D D
6 No. 1 – No. 5 – No. 3 – No. 6 – No. 2 – No. 4

The first piston can be found near the flywheel while the last is
located near the cooling fan or radiator.
 Running Mates

● Running mates are pistons that go up and down together in exactly

the same position but of different function. One of them is
performing compression or power stroke, and the other is on the
intake or exhaust stroke.
● To find the running mate, simply take the firing order and split it in
half. If firing order is 153624, for example, split it into half (153-624)
then put the second number under the first to get the running mates.
Hence, 1/6, 5/2, and 3/4.
 Fuel Injection

• It is a fuel feeding method for most diesel engines and newer models
of gasoline engines where high-pressure electric pump mixes
precisely measured amount of filtered fuel and air. The mixture of
fuel and air is then sprayed into the cylinders by fuel injectors.
 Turbo Chargers

• A turbo charger is designed to improve the power output of

an engine beyond its normal operating capacity. A normally
aspirated engine uses a mixture of air and fuel that is pulled into it
from the vacuum created by the cylinders.
• It increases the amount of air injected into the engine, which also
allows more fuel to be injected and increases the power output by
30%.
 Super Charger

• Its function is the same as that of turbo charger except that it is

engine driven rather than exhaust-gas driven.
• Super charger is used in spark ignition (gasoline engines) since the
power from exhaust gases is low as a result of low compression
ratio.
 Inter Cooler

• When the inlet gases get compressed by the engine compressor,

the temperature of the gases increases which results in its
expansion at the inlet manifold of the engine and reduces the
volumetric efficiency of the engine.
• To avoid this, an inter cooler is used to cool the gases coming out of
the compressor which then reduces the volume of the inlet gases
and increases the volumetric efficiency of the engine.
FORMULA AND SAMPLE PROBLEM
CALCULATIONS
Piston Displacement Compression Ratio

π D2 PD + CV
PD = ----------- L n CR = -----------------
4 CV

where: where:

PD – piston displacement, CR – compression ratio

cm3 PD – piston displacement,
Dp – piston diameter, cm cm3
L – length of stroke, cm CV – clearance volume,
n – number of cylinders cm3
Suppose a 4-cylinder engine has a bore of 3.5 in. and a stroke of 4.0
in., what is the piston displacement of the engine?
Given:
No. of cylinders - 4
Piston diameter - 3.5 in.
Stroke - 4.0 in.
Required:
Piston displacement
Solution:
PD = π (3.5 in.)2/4 x 4.0 in. x
4 cylinders
= 153.9 in.3
Suppose an engine has a piston displacement of 38.4 in3. If the
clearance volume of the cylinder is 2.5 in3, what is its compression
ratio?

Given:
PD - 38.4 in3
CV - 2.5 in3
Required:
Compression ratio
Solution:
CR = (38.4 in3 + 2.5 in3 ) / 2.5 in3
= 16.4
 Brake Horsepower
Indicated Horsepower
P LA N n BHP = IHP x ξm or
IHP = -------------- = IHP - FHP
33000 c

where: where:
IHP – indicated horsepower,
hp BHP – brake horsepower, hp
P – mean effective IHP – indicated horsepower,
pressure, psi hp
L – length of stroke, ft ξm – engine mechanical
A – area of bore, in2 efficiency, decimal
N – crankshaft speed, rpm FHP – friction horsepower,
n – number of cylinder hp
c - 2 for four-stroke
engine and 1 for two-
stroke engine
Calculate the indicated horsepower of a 6-cylinder engine, 4" bore and
4" stroke, 1500 rpm, 80 psi mean effective pressure.

Given:
No. of cylinders - 6
Bore, D - 4 in.
Stroke, L - 4 in.
RPM, N - 1500 rpm
Pressure, P - 80 psi
Required:
Indicated horsepower
Solution:
L = 4 in. x 1 ft/12 in. = 0.34 ft
A = π/4 x D2 = π/4 (4)2 = 12.57 in2
IHP = PLANn / (33,000 x 2)
= (80 x 0.34 x 12.57 x 1500 x 6) / 33, 000 x 2
= 46.61 hp
The indicated power of an engine is 69 horsepower. The brake
horsepower is 54. What is the mechanical or engine efficiency?

Given:
IHP - 69 Hp
BHP - 54 Hp
Required:
Mechanical Efficiency
Solution:
Mech Eff = BHP / IHP
= 54 Hp / 69 Hp
= 78.26%
No. of Explosion per Min
N No. IV to open = ---------------
No. Exp/min = ------------
c
where:
N – crankshaft speed,
rpm
c - 2 for four-stroke
engine and 1 for
two-stroke engine
No. of Intake Valve to Open
N
c
where:
N – crankshaft speed,
rpm
c - 2 for four-stroke
engine and 0 for
two-stroke engine
 Engine Displacement per
Piston Displacement per Min Min
PD x N x ξv ED x N x ξv
PD/min = ---------------- ED/min = ---------------
100 c 100 c
where: where:

PD - Piston displacement, li ED - engine displacement, li

N - crankshaft speed, rpm N - crankshaft speed, rpm
ξv - vol efficiency, % ξv - vol efficiency, %
c - 2 for four-stroke C - 2 for four-stroke
engine and 1 for engine and 0 for
two-stroke engine two-stroke engine
 Engine Specifications
• It gives the physical features and
performance characteristics of the
engine in terms of power, fuel
consumption, and efficiency.
• An engine specification sheet
provides specific information such
as engine model, performance,
engine photo, specification data,
dimension, and performance
curve.
 Engine Performance Curve
• It is a graphical representation showing the abilities of rotating
equipment, like engine, at various operating conditions.
• It gives the characteristics of an engine in terms of power, fuel
consumption, and torque for a given operating speed .
 Producer Gas for ICE

• All three types of engine (gas, gasoline, and diesel) can be fueled
with gasifier.
• Diesel engines, however, cannot operate on gasifier alone but must
be mixed with diesel oil.
• Due to the part behavior of a diesel engine, only 50 to 70% of the
diesel oil can be replaced by the producer gas from gasifier.
• The efficiency of ICE will not be changed much when fueled with
producer gas.
• The power output of the engine fueled with gasifier at an arbitrary
rpm will decrease by 10 to20% for dual-fed diesel engine, and 30 to
50% for gasoline engine.
• High speed engines are not as suitable as with low speed engines.
• In some cases such as charcoal gasifier engine system, it is
advisable to advance the ignition of the engine to 15 to 30 deg
before top dead center.
• The choice of the proper engine oil is important but no close
opinion exists which oil is most suitable. One can expect to have
engine oil changed as twice as often for an engine fueled with
gasifer.
• In case of gasifier, it is advantageous to use slow speed engines
with a high internal inertia.
• Engine with cast iron sleeves are more suitable since the sleeve
when scratched can be replaced easily.
 Biogas as Fuel for ICE

• Biogas is a mixture of approximately 60 percent methane (CH4), 40

percent carbon dioxide (CO2), and traces of hydrogen sulphide
(H2S). High CO2 content reduces power output, making it
uneconomical as fuel for ICE. H2S is acidic and, if not removed, can
cause corrosion of engine parts within a shorter period. High
residual moisture from biogas which can cause engine starting
problems. Biogas can vary in quality and pressure.
• Biogas can be used in both spark-ignition and compression-ignition
engines. The exact amount needed depends upon the methane
content of the biogas. Approximate substitution is: (a) 1.3 -
1.9m3 biogas per liter of petrol/gasoline; or (b) 1.5 - 2.1m3 biogas per
liter of diesel.
• ICE runs hotter with biogas than with liquid fuel, which requires an
efficient cooling system to minimize engine wear problems.
• Biogas will not self-ignite in a diesel engine. Therefore, it is
necessary to use a little diesel (approximately 20 percent) to ignite
the fuel.
• In compression ignition engine, biogas enters the engine via the air
inlet system, after the air filter. This needs therefore a small
modification to the air intake system of the engine. Around 0.6-
0.7m3 of biogas/kWh.
• In spark-ignition engine, 100 percent biogas with air mixture can
be used. Modifications of the air intake system similar to
compression-ignition engine are required.
• Problems may be encountered with engines that use biogas such
as the valves sticking and cylinder wear which eventually leads to
loss of power.
• The acid formed from H2S causes corrosion of engine parts in the
combustion chamber, exhaust system, and in various bearings.
This is enhanced by frequent starts, short running times and the
relatively low temperatures when starting up and after cutting off
the engine. The water cooling system also provides the means
(water needed to form sulphuric acid) for corrosion.
Running engines with gas containing H2S can reduce the service
time to the first general overhaul by about 10 - 15%. The sulphur
content of biogas used in gas engines shortens the time between
oil changes and overhauls. SO2 from combustion and water
vapor both dissolve in the lubricating oil. The oil becomes acidic,
and its properties change, losing its ability to lubricate and
sometimes corroding metal components. Under continuous
operating conditions, the interval between oil changes is reduced
to 200 - 250 hours.
 Engine-Generator Specification
Sample Specification Genset Fuel Biogas Biogas Biogas
Genset Model 80GF-ZC- 120GF-ZC- 160GF-ZC-
AMD AMD AMD
Prime KW 80 120 160
Power KVA 100 150 200
Standby KW 88 132 186
Power KVA 110 165 220
Gas consumption 0.50Nm 3 0.49Nm 3 0.48Nm 3
/kw. h /kw. h /kw. h
Engine Engine Model EQD110N WT615.93 WT615.94
BorexStroke(mm) 6-105× 120 6-155× 126 6-155× 126

Total displacement(L) 6.234 9.726 9.726

Starting Method 24VDC Electric Start
Intake Method Turbocharged& intercooled
Product Description
Fuel Gontrol Oxygen sensor closed loop control
Biogas is the cleanest energy on the earth.
Ignition Control Electronically controlled
Biogas Generating could reduce environmental
independent cylinder high-energy
pollution which is good for environmental protection; ignition
Also, it could ease the contradictions between power Speed Control Electronic Speed governing
supply and demand. Biogas generating reduces the Rated Speed rpm 1500 or 1800
cost of production and it enhances the competitiveness Cooling Method Closed-Loop water cooling
of enterprises. Alternater Rated Voltage(V) 230/400 230/400 230/400
Rated Current(A) 144.3 216.5 288.6
Biogas is made by Methanogen in a closed Rated Frequency (HZ) 50 or 60 50 or 60 50 or 60
environment with definite air temperature, humidity and
etc. One M3 biogas could generate 2kw. At present, Supply Connection 3 Phase 4 Lines
plenty of biogas is made from rural areas and farming Power Factor 0.8(Delay)
industries per year. It is also produced from urban Spec Net weight(KG) 1200 1450 1750
organic industrial effluents, garbage and such Size(L× W× H)mm 2240× 2700× 2900×
industrial plants like distillery, citric acid plants, etc. 1000× 1120× 1150×
1400 1600 1680
 Bioethanol as Fuel for ICE

• Ethanol is a high-octane, water-free alcohol produced from the

fermentation of sugar or converted starch. It is a high-quality octane
booster fuel with high oxygen content that can reduce emission of
exhaust gas. The high oxygen content of ethanol burns the fuel more
completely and produces less pollution.
• E85 blend, having 85% bioethanol and 15% unleaded gasoline, can
enhance the starting of an engine in an extremely cold weather.
• Benefits of blending ethanol in fuel are: (a) reduced knocking and
pinging; (b) improved gas mileage; (c) better acceleration; and (d)
improved starting qualities.
• So far, E10 (i.e., 10% bioethanol and 90% gasoline) is given with
warranty by all domestic car users worldwide.
• Ethanol is a good cleaning agent. It helps keep newer engine
clean. For old engines, it sometimes loosen contaminants and
residues which block fuel delivery system. Alcohol is a strong
cleaning agent and has the ability to degrade certain engine parts,
such as rubber, plastics, and even metals, over time.
• Ethanol also has the ability to absorb water which eliminates the
need for a gas-line antifreeze.
• Valve burning is decreased when using ethanol since it burns cooler
than ordinary unleaded gasoline. That is why many racing engines
use ethanol as fuel.
• E5 and below do not require engine modification when used as fuel.
• Engine using alcohol blended fuel can lose mileage since alcohol
has less heating value than regular unleaded gasoline fuel. For
E85, a lost in mileage of around 2 to 30% is expected for
conventional engine and 2 to 10% for flex- fuel engine.
• Converting regular spark-ignition internal combustion engine
requires correct air-fuel mixture. Ethanol requires roughly 30%
less BTU than regular fuel and requires more fuel to be injected
into the engine to get the right combustion condition. For
unleaded gasoline, a stoichiometric air of 14.7:1 and, for E85, a
stoichiometric air of 9.7:1 is required.
• The octane rating of ethanol is much higher than that of gasoline,
which is around 100 to 105. A compression ratio at a range
between 12:5 to 14:1 is required to minimize detonation problem.
This can be done by either (a) milling the head of the cylinder
cover, or (b) turbo charging. Most regular engines use a
compression ratio of 8:1 up to 10:1.
• Advantages of alcohol as fuel for the engine: (1) It has high
octane rating which prevents engine detonation (knock) under
load; (2) It burns clean with reduction in noxious emission with no
build up on carbon and gum deposit; and (3) It runs cooler than
gasoline extending the life of an engine and reducing the chance
of overheating.
• For alcohol, an advance ignition timing of around 22 deg BTDC or
slightly less is required as compared with the regular gasoline
engine of 8 deg. This can be done by turning the distributor
housing opposite to the direction at which the rotor spins.
 References
• Engine. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine
• Firing Order. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firing_order
• Miller, R. and R. Miller. 1984. Small Gasoline Engines. Theodore
Audel and Company. Boston. 632pp.
• Schulz, E. J. 1977. Diesel Mechanics. McGRaw-Hill Inc. U.S.A.
420pp.
• Stephenson, G.E. 1984. Small Gasoline Engines. 4th Ed.
Delmar Publishers Inc. Canada. 279pp.
• http://www.kenrockwell.com/190d/index.htm
QUESTIONS AND PROBLEMS
1. An engine that burns fuel inside the 4. A 100pferde-starke rated engine is
cylinder. equal to ___ hp rating.
a. External combustion engine a. 96.8
b. Internal combustion engine b. 98.6
c. Sterling engine c. 101.4
d. None of the above d. None of the above

2. Part of an engine that slides up and 5. Mechanical breaking up of fuel into

down the cylinder and transmits power spray droplets by applying high-
to the crankshaft. velocity air passing through a jet.
a. Connecting rod a. Atomization
b. Cylinder block b. Carburetion
c. Piston c. Turbo charging
d. Spark plug d. None of the above
e. None of the above
6. Constant volume combustion cycle.
3. Amount of power that the a. Otto cycle
manufacturer specified for an engine. b. Diesel cycle
a. Indicated horsepower c. Dual cycle
b. Brake horsepower d. None of the above
c. Rated horsepower
d. None of the above
7. Constant pressure combustion 10. Device that uses fluid power to
cycle. produce mechanical force and motion.
a. Otto cycle a. Governor
b. Diesel cycle b. Accumulator
c. Dual cycle c. Actuator
d. None of the above d. None of the above

8. Distance of the movement of piston 11. Device that is used to actuate the
from the top dead to the bottom dead throttle of an engine to increase its
center. speed.
a. Stroke a. Governor
b. Bore b. Accelerator
c. Valve clearance c. Actuator
d. None of the above d. None of the above

9. Decrease or increase of engine 12. Device that meters the fuel and
speed or flow of fuel. the air in spark-ignition engines and
a. Throttling mixes them into a harmonious mixture
b. Clutching before the mixture enters the
c. Atomization combustion chamber of an engine.
d. None of the above a. Governor
b. Air injector
c. Carburetor
d. All of the above
13. Usable power delivered by the
engine.
a. Indicated horsepower
b. Brake horsepower
c. Rated horsepower
d. None of the above
14. Device that permits the flow of
fuel and of burned gases in one
direction only.
a. Check valve
b. Relief valve
c. Spark plug
d. None of the above
15. An internal combustion engine
that produces power in one
revolution of the crankshaft.
a. Four-stroke-cycle engine
b. Two-stroke-cycle engine
c. Rotary engine
d. None of the above
16. Ratio of the total volume to the
clearance volume.
a. Compression ratio
b. Air-fuel ratio
c. Bore stroke ratio
d. None of the above
17. Volume displaced by the piston
in making an upward or a downward
stroke.
a. Piston displacement volume
b. Clearance volume
c. Total volume
d. None of the above
18. An engine has a piston
displacement of 38.4 in³. If the
clearance volume of the cylinder is
2.5 in³, what is its compression
ratio?
a. 1:12
b. 1:16
c. 1:8
d. None of the above
19. Ratio of the piston displacement
volume plus the clearance volume
over the clearance volume.
a. Compression ratio
b. Air-fuel ratio
c. Bore-stroke ratio
d. None of the above
20. Suppose a 4-cylinder engine
has 3.5in. bore and 4.0in. stroke,
what is the engine displacement.
a. 154 in³
b. 175 in³
c. 225 in³
d. None of the above
21. Device that provides ignition to
a gasoline engine.
a. Fuel injector
b. Carburetor
c. Spark plug
d. None of the above
e. the above
22. During the power stroke, which
of the following valve is open?
a. Intake
b. Exhaust
c. Intake and exhaust
d. None of the above
23. The number of spark plugs for a
6-cylinder diesel engine.
a. 6
b. 12
c. 4
d. None of the above
24. At the downward stroke of the
two-stroke cycle engine, which of
the events are taking place?
a. Power, intake, and exhaust
b. Compression
c. Power & exhaust
d. None of the above