TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION

A. Integration by Parts

When u and v are differentiable functions of x, 𝒅 (𝒖𝒗) = 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 +

𝒗 𝒅𝒖 or 𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒅 (𝒖𝒗) – 𝒗 𝒅𝒖. When this is integrated we have

𝒖 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒖𝒗 − 𝒗 𝒅𝒖

The expression to be integrated must be separated into two parts,

one part being u and the other part, together with dx, being dv. The
factor corresponding to dv must obviously contain the differential of
the variable of integration.
Examples: Evaluate the following integrals.
1. 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = −12cos 2𝑥

Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −12cos 2𝑥 − −12cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −12𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 12 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −12𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 12 12 sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶

= −12𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 14 sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶

2. 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = −𝑒 −𝑥
Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 − −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
 𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 + −𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶
= −𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝐶

3. ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Let: 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝑣=𝑥
Applying integration by parts
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

1
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶

4. 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
let: 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝑥2
𝑣=
2
Applying integration by parts
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑥2 𝑥2 1
𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑥
 1 2 1
𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1 2 1 𝑥2
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − +𝐶
2 2 2
1 2 1 2
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 4

5. 𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑣 = cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑣= sin 2𝑥
2
Applying integration by parts
𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

1 1
𝑥 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 (2𝑥 𝑑𝑥)
2 2

1 2
= 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

We evaluate 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by applying again integration by parts,

where
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

1
𝑣 = − cos 2𝑥
2
 2
1 2
𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2

1 2
= 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢
2

1 2 1 1
= 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 + − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

1 2 1 1
= 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1 2 1 1 1
= 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1
= 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 − sin 2𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 4
 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
6. 𝑥−1 4
Solution:
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −4
4
= 𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1

Let: 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 − 1 −4
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 −4
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥

𝑥 − 1 −4+1 𝑥−1 −3
𝑣= =
−4 + 1 −3
Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

−3 −3
−4
𝑥−1 𝑥−1
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
−3 −3
 −4
1 𝑥 1 −3
𝑥 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥 = − 3
+ 𝑥−1 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥−1 3
−2
1 𝑥 1 𝑥−1
=− 3
+ +𝐶
3 𝑥−1 3 −2
1 𝑥 1 1
=− 3
− 2
+𝐶
3 𝑥−1 6 𝑥−1

7. 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
Let: 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = tan 𝑥
Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − (− ln 𝑥) + 𝐶
= 𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + 𝐶

8. 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = − cos 𝑥
Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − cos 𝑥 − − cos 𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

We evaluate 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by applying integration by parts the

second time, where
𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = sin 𝑥
 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝐶

= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 + 𝐶

ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
9. 𝑥2

Solution:
ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2
Let: 𝑢 = ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 2
= 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

𝑥 −1 1
𝑣= =−
−1 𝑥
Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 − − −
𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

1 𝑑𝑥
= − ln 𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑥2
1 1 1
= − ln 𝑥 − + 𝐶 = − ln 𝑥 + 1 + 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
10. 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥

Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

We evaluate 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 by applying integration by parts the
second time, where
𝑢 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑣 = 𝑒𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 −sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥+ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥

 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥

𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 sin 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥

2

11. 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
let: 𝑢 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥
1 + 𝑥2

𝑣=𝑥
Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

𝑑𝑥
𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥
1 + 𝑥2

𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 −
1 + 𝑥2
1
= 𝑥 𝐴𝑟𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − ln 1 + 𝑥 2 + 𝐶
2
12. 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution:
let: 𝑢=𝑥 𝑑𝑣 = tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 = tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑢 = tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑢 = tan 𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑣=
2
Applying integration by parts

𝑢 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑢𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑢

2
2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1 1
= 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
 1 1
𝑥 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1 2
1 2
1
= 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2
1 2
1 1
= 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝐶
2 2 2