ENGGMATH1

- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider
Analytic Geometry
Important
Tests
Curve Tracing
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Department of Mathematics
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form Saint Louis University
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
1st Semester, 2020 - 2021
Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing? While the presence of technology has provided an easy way to
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider draw a graph, it does not help us in understanding the causes
Important
Tests
of its behavior.
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry Understanding the behavior of graphs is essential in
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
understanding more complex topics about Calculus.
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
To fully understand how functions and equations are drawn,
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
several factors must be investigated.
Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )
After all, there is always a possibility that we don’t have
Equations of
technological tools with us at certain periods of time.
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Forms of Equations
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations The graphs (or curves) of equations having the following forms
Factors to Consider
woule be discussed in detail:
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values • y = f (x )
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
• y 2 = f (x )
Asymptotes
f (x )
Equations of • y=
the form
y = f (x )
g(x )
Tracing y = f (x )
f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) • y2 =
Equations of g(x )
the form
f (x )
y = g(x ) • r = f (θ)
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Factors to be considered
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
In attempting to trace the curve of an equation, the following
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
factors have to be considered and observed:
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests • Curve Behavior in Extreme Values
Behavior in Extreme
Values • Identifying Vertical and Horizontal Asymptotes
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation (for rational equations).
Identifying
Asymptotes
• Existence of Symmetries
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
• Identifying the Intercepts
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
• Using additional points
Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x ) Depending on the form of the equation whose curve is being
Equations of traced, the set of procedures and factors to be considered may
the form
r = f (θ) vary.
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Behavior in Extreme Values
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction

This test is used for graphs of the form y = f (x ) or y 2 = f (x ).

Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests Graphs of functions often either increases (goes up) or
Behavior in Extreme
Values decreases (goes down) indefinitely for larger values of x .
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes The same happens for smaller (towards large negative values)
Equations of
the form
values of x .
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) The easiest way to test this is by making substituting very large
Equations of
the form
(or very small) values of x , say x = ±100, and identifying if the
f (x )
y = g(x ) resulting function value is positive (or negative) in value.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Behavior in Extreme Values
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing? Suppose that you use a large positive value for x , then:
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider • If the resulting value is positive, then the graph increases
Important
Tests
indefinitely to the right.
Behavior in Extreme
Values • If the resulting value is negative, then the graph
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation decreases indefinitely to the right.
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form If you use a large negative value for x , then:
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
• If the resulting value is positive, then the graph increases
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
indefinitely to the left.
Equations of
the form
f (x )
• If the resulting value is negative, then the graph
y = g(x )

Equations of
decreases indefinitely to the left.
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
How to test for symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction Testing for symmetry can be done using the following:

Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 1 Replace y with −y then simplify each term of the
Factors to Consider
equation. If the resulting equation is the same as the
Important
Tests original given equation, then the graph is symmetric with
Behavior in Extreme
Values respect to the x-axis.
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
2 Replace x with −x then simplify each term of the
Asymptotes
equation. If the resulting equation is the same as the
Equations of
the form original given equation, then the graph is symmetric with
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) respect to the y-axis.
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
3 Replace both x and y with −x and −y respectively, then
the form
f (x )
simplify each term of the equation. If the resulting
y = g(x )

Equations of
equation is the same as the original given equation, then
the form the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin.
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Identifying the Domain when
Mathematics
Dept. y 2 = f (x )
Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Instead of identifying the domain of typical functions, consider
Behavior in Extreme
Values
the equation defined by y 2 = f (x ).
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
Observe that y 2 cannot have a negative value since the square
Equations of of any number is non-negative. This implies that the relation is
the form
y = f (x )
not defined whenever f (x ) < 0.
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
Take note that there aren’t any points on the graph of the
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )
equation for values that make the relation undefined.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Identifying the Domain when
Mathematics
Dept. y 2 = f (x )
Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important The easiest way to identify where f (x ) has negative function

Tests
Behavior in Extreme
values is to find its zeroes; that is, to solve the f (x ) = 0.
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Afterwards, consider the interval of values where the zeroes of
Asymptotes
f (x ) serve as the boundaries of the intervals. Then, for each
Equations of
the form interval, choose a test point.
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Evaluate the function using the test point and determine the
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
sign of the resulting function value. The interval/s where the
Equations of
the form function value is negative are the interval of values that are not
f (x )
y = g(x )
included in the domain.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Identifying the Domain when
Mathematics
Dept. y 2 = f (x )
Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider For example, consider y = x 2 − 4.
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Note that x 2 − 4 = (x + 2)(x − 2). Thus, the roots of x 2 − 4
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
are x = −2 and x = 2.
Identifying
Asymptotes
(−∞, −2) −2, 2 (2, ∞)
Equations of
the form Test point −3 0 3
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Value 5 −4 5
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Sign Positive (+) Negative (-) Positive (+)
Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x ) Thus, the function is not defined in the interval (−2, 2) and the
Equations of domain of the relation is (−∞, −2] ∪ [2, ∞).
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Identifying Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
p
Factors to Consider
Recall that a rational expression is undefined if q = 0; that
Important q
Tests is, a fraction is undefined if its denominator is 0.
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
f (x )
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Similarly, functions of the form are undefined when
Asymptotes g(x )
Equations of g(x ) = 0. The effects of this is the presence of asymptotes in
the form
y = f (x ) the graph of the function.
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of Asymptotes come as either vertical, horizontal, and slant.

the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Vertical Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme Vertical asymptotes are of the form x = a.
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying The values of a are the zeroes of g(x ). Hence, to determine
Asymptotes

Equations of
the vertical asymptotes, set the denominator, g(x ), to 0 then
the form
y = f (x )
solve for x .
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Vertical Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction Example:
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
1
Identify the vertical asymptotes of y = .
Factors to Consider
x2 −9
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Let g(x ) = x 2 − 9. Solving g(x ) = 0 for x , we have:
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
g(x ) = 0
Asymptotes
2
Equations of
x −9=0
the form
y = f (x ) (x + 3)(x − 3) = 0
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of x +3=0 x −3=0

the form
f (x )
y = g(x ) x = −3 x =3
Equations of
the form Thus, there are vertical asymptotes at x = −3 and x = 3.
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Horizontal Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Horizontal asymptotes exist for functions of the graph
Factors to Consider f (x )
Important
y= when the degree of the numerator is less than or
Tests
g(x )
Behavior in Extreme
Values
equal to the degree of the denominator. As a summary:
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
• If the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of
Equations of the denominator, the line y = b is a horizontal asymptote
the form
y = f (x ) where b is the ratio between the leading coefficient of the
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
numerator and the leading coefficient of the denominator.
Equations of • If the degree of the numerator is less than the degree of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x ) the denominator, the line y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Horizontal Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests Example:
Behavior in Extreme 1
Values
Determine the horizontal asymptote/s of y = .
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
x2 −9
Identifying
Asymptotes
Since the degree of the numerator (1), is less than the degree
Equations of
the form of the denominator (2), the line y = 0 must be a horizontal
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
asymptote.
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Horizontal Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Example:
Factors to Consider
2x 2
Important Determine the horizontal asymptote/s of y = .
Tests x2 − 4
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
denominator (2), the line y = b must be a horizontal
Asymptotes
asymptote. Solve for b by taking the ratio between the leading
Equations of
the form coefficients of the numerator and the denominator.
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
2
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
b= =2
Equations of 1
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )
Thus, there is a horizontal asymptote on y = 2.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Slant Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important f (x )
Tests Slant asymptotes exist for functions of the graph y =
Behavior in Extreme g(x )
Values
Test for Symmetry when the degree of the numerator is greater than or equal to
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
the degree of the denominator.
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form For the purpose of this lecture, slant asymptotes will not be
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) discussed anymore.
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Tracing y = f (x )
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Equations of the form y = f (x ) can be traced by looking into
Tests the following:
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
• Curve Behavior in Extreme Values
Asymptotes

Equations of
• Existence of Symmetries
the form
y = f (x ) • Identifying the Intercepts
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) • Using additional points
Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction Trace the graph of y = x 2 − 2x − 15.

Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider
Solution:
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values Behavior in Extreme Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes Observe the following:
Equations of
the form
• If x = 100, y = 9785. Thus, for large positive values of x ,
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
y becomes larger indefinitely and the graph goes up
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
indefinitely towards the right.
Equations of
the form • If x = −100, y = 10185. Thus, for large negative values
f (x )
y = g(x )
of x , y becomes larger indefinitely and the graph goes up
Equations of
the form indefinitely towards the left.
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Test for Symmetry
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Test for symmetry wrt x -axis
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Replace y with −y to determine if the graph is symmetric with
Identifying
Asymptotes
respect to the x -axis:
Equations of
the form −y = x 2 − 2x − 15
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
y = −x 2 + 2x + 15
Equations of
the form
f (x )
Since the resulting equation is not the same as the given, the
y = g(x )
graph is not symmetric with respect to the x -axis.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider Test for symmetry wrt y -axis
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme Replace x with −x to determine if the graph is symmetric with
Values
Test for Symmetry respect to the y -axis:
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
y = (−x )2 − 2(−x ) − 15
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
y = x 2 + 2x − 15
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Since the resulting equation is not the same as the given, the
Equations of
the form graph is not symmetric with respect to the y -axis.
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations Test for symmetry wrt origin
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests Replace x and y with −x and −y respectively to determine if
Behavior in Extreme
Values the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin:
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
−y = (−x )2 − 2(−x ) − 15
Equations of
the form
−y = x 2 + 2x − 15
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) y = −x 2 − 2x + 15
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
Since the resulting equation is not the same as the given, the
f (x )
y = g(x ) graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Intercepts
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction Note that when factored, the given equation is equivalent to

Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
y = (x − 5)(x + 3).
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Solve for x -intercepts
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Set y = 0 and solve for x . Use the factored form of the
Identifying
Asymptotes
equation, and set each factor to 0.
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
0 = (x − 5)(x + 3)
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form x −5=0 x +3=0
f (x )
y = g(x )
x =5 x = −3
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ) Thus, the x -intercepts are at (5, 0), (−3, 0).
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Intercepts
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider
Solve for y -intercepts
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Set x = 0 and solve for y .
Test for Symmetry

y = 02 − 2(0) − 15
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of y = 0 − 0 − (−15)
the form
y = f (x ) y = 15
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of Thus, the y -intercept is at (0, 15).

the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Other Points
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations Determine additional points
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests Aside from the points identified as intercepts, choose other
Behavior in Extreme
Values points, preferrably those that near the x -intercepts. Solve for
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation the corresponding y -coordinates.
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
x -2 -1 1 2 4
the form
y = f (x )
y -7 -12 -16 -15 -7
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Plot the points (including the intercepts), and trace the curve
Equations of
the form based on the information about the behavior of the graph in
f (x )
y = g(x )
extreme values.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider Equations of the form y 2 = f (x ) can be traced by looking into
Important
Tests
the following:
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
• Identifying the Domain
Identifying
Asymptotes • Curve Behavior in Extreme Values
Equations of
the form • Existence of Symmetries
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) • Identifying the Intercepts
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of • Using additional points

the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example
Mathematics
Dept.
Trace the graph of y 2 = x 3 − x .
Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Solution:
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider
Identify the Domain
Important
Note that x 3 − x = x (x 2 − 1)(x + 1)(x − 1). Thus, the zeroes
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
of f (x ) is x = −1, x = 0, and x = 1.
Values
Test for Symmetry
Using test values to determine where the equation is not
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
defined, we have the following summary:
Asymptotes

Equations of (−∞, −1) (−1, 0) 0, 1 (1, ∞)

the form
y = f (x ) Test point −2 −0.5 0.5 2
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) Value −6 0.375 −0.375 6
Equations of Sign (-) (+) (-) (+)
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
Thus, the function is not defined in the interval
the form
r = f (θ)
(−∞, 1) ∪ (0, 1) and the domain of the relation is
Polar coordinates [−1, 0] ∪ [1, ∞).
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Behavior in Extreme
Mathematics
Dept. Values
Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values Observe the following:
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation • If x = 100, y = ±999.95. Thus, for large positive values
Identifying
Asymptotes
of x , y becomes both indefinitely larger and smaller.
Equations of
the form Thus, the graph goes towards two directions simultaneouly
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
when moving to the right, upwards and downwards.
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
• Note that the equation is only defined for negative values
Equations of
the form
f (x )
for [−1, 1]. Thus, there is no negative extreme value for
y = g(x )
the given equation.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Test for Symmetry
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Test for symmetry wrt x -axis
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Replace y with −y to determine if the graph is symmetric with
Identifying
Asymptotes
respect to the x -axis:
Equations of
the form (−y )2 = x 3 − x
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
y = x3 − x
Equations of
the form
f (x )
Since the resulting equation is he same as the given, the graph
y = g(x )
is symmetric with respect to the x -axis.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider Test for symmetry wrt y -axis
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme Replace x with −x to determine if the graph is symmetric with
Values
Test for Symmetry respect to the y -axis:
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
y 2 = (−x )3 − (−x )
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
y = −x 3 + x
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Since the resulting equation is not the same as the given, the
Equations of
the form graph is not symmetric with respect to the y -axis.
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider Test for symmetry wrt origin
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme Replace x and y with −x and −y respectively to determine if
Values
Test for Symmetry the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin:
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
(−y )2 = (−x )3 − (−x )
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
y 2 = −x 3 + x
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Since the resulting equation is not the same as the given, the
Equations of
the form graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Intercepts
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction Note that when factored, the given equation is equivalent to

Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
y 2 = x (x + 1)(x − 1).
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Solve for x -intercepts
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Set y = 0 and solve for x . Use the factored form of the
Identifying
Asymptotes
equation, and set each factor to 0.
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
0 = x (x + 1)(x − 1)
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form x +1=0
f (x )
y = g(x ) x =0
x = −1
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ) Thus, the x -intercepts are at (−1, 0), (0, 0) and (1, 0).
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Intercepts
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important Solve for y -intercepts

Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Set x = 0 and solve for y .
Domain of a Relation

y 2 = 03 − 0
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form y =0
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) Thus, the y -intercept is at (0, 0).
Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Other Points
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction Determine additional points

Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Aside from the points identified as intercepts, choose other
Tests points within the interval of values where the equation is
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
defined. Solve for the corresponding y -coordinates.
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of x −0.75 −0.5 −0.25 1.5 2 3 4

the form
y = f (x ) y ±0.57 ±0.61 ±0.48 ±1.37 ±2.45 ±4.90 ±7.75
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Plot the points (including the intercepts), and trace the curve
Equations of
the form based on the information about the behavior of the graph in
f (x )
y = g(x )
extreme values and the fact that the graph is symmetric with
Equations of
the form respect to the x -axis.
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3 f (x )
Tracing y =
Mathematics
Dept. g(x )
Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider
f (x )
Important Equations of the form y = can be traced by looking into
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
g(x )
Values the following:
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
• Identify Asymptotes
Equations of
the form • Existence of Symmetries
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
• Identifying the Intercepts
Equations of • Using additional points
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry x2
Domain of a Relation Trace the graph of y = .
Identifying
Asymptotes
x 2 + 3x − 4
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Identifying Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Vertical Asymptotes
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important The factored form of the denominator is (x + 4)(x − 1). Use

Tests
Behavior in Extreme
this to find the zeroes of g(x ) = x 2 + 3x − 4.
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation x 2 + 3x − 4 = 0
Identifying
Asymptotes
(x + 4)(x − 1) = 0
Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) x +4=0 x −1=0
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
x = −4 x =1
the form
f (x )
y = g(x ) Thus, the vertical lines x = −4 and x = 1 must be vertical
Equations of asymptotes of the graph.
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Identifying Asymptotes
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations Horizontal Asymptotes
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests Since the degree of the numerator is equal to the denominator,
Behavior in Extreme
Values there must be a horizontal asymptote of the form y = b where
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation b is the ratio between the leading coefficients of the numerator
Identifying
Asymptotes and the denominator.
Equations of
the form
Solving for b we have:
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) 1
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) b= =1
Equations of
1
the form
f (x )
y = g(x ) Thus, the line y = 1 is a horizontal asymptote.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction Test for Symmetry

Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider
Test for symmetry wrt x -axis
Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values Replace y with −y to determine if the graph is symmetric with
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation respect to the x -axis:
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of x2
the form −y =
y = f (x ) x 2 + 3x − 4
x2
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
y =− 2
Equations of
the form
x + 3x − 4
f (x )
y = g(x )
Since the resulting equation is not the same as the given, the
Equations of
the form graph is not symmetric with respect to the x -axis.
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Test for symmetry wrt y -axis
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Replace x with −x to determine if the graph is symmetric with
Behavior in Extreme
Values
respect to the y -axis:
Test for Symmetry

(−x )2
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes y=
Equations of
(−x )2 + 3(−x ) − 4
the form
y = f (x ) x2
Tracing y = f (x ) y= 2
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) x − 3x − 4
Equations of
the form
f (x )
Since the resulting equation is not the same as the given, the
y = g(x )
graph is not symmetric with respect to the y -axis.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Test for Symmetry
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Test for symmetry wrt origin
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Replace x and y with −x and −y respectively to determine if
Behavior in Extreme
Values
the graph is symmetric with respect to the origin:
Test for Symmetry

(−x )2
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes −y =
Equations of
(−x )2 + 3(−x ) − 4
the form
y = f (x ) x2
Tracing y = f (x ) y =− 2
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) x − 3x − 4
Equations of
the form
f (x )
Since the resulting equation is not the same as the given, the
y = g(x )
graph is not symmetric with respect to the origin.
Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Intercepts
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests Solve for x -intercepts
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Set y = 0 and solve for x . Observe that a fraction can only be
Identifying
Asymptotes 0 when the numerator is 0. Setting the numerator to 0 gives
Equations of
the form
x 2 = 0 which implies x = 0. Thus, an x -intercept exists at
y = f (x ) (0, 0).
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Intercepts
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important Solve for y -intercepts

Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Set x = 0 and solve for y .
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation 02
Identifying y=
Asymptotes 02 + 3(0) − 4
Equations of
the form y =0
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x ) Thus, the y -intercept is at (0, 0).
Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Example: Other Points
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction Determine additional points

Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Aside from the points identified as intercept, choose other
Tests points, preferrably those that near and between the vertical
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
asymptotes. Solve for the corresponding y -coordinates.
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes
x −8 −6 −5 −4.5 −3
Equations of y 1.78 2.57 4.17 7.36 −2.25
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
x −2 0.9 1.1 2 4
Equations of
y −0.67 −1.65 2.37 0.67 0.67
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )
Plot the points (including the intercept), and trace the curve
Equations of
the form based on the information about the asymptotes.
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Polar coordinates
Mathematics
Dept.
Points can also be determined using a different method: using
Introduction
Why curve tracing?
the polar coordinate P(r , θ).
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Here r is the distance between the origin and the point P, while
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
θ is the angle created by the segment connecting the origin O
Values
Test for Symmetry
and point P.
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1 The typical rectangular coordinate plane can still be used to
- Module 6 -
Unit 3 plot polar coordinates, but an alternative exists where the grid
Mathematics is circular which is shown below:
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 - 1 Introduction
Unit 3
Why curve tracing?
Mathematics
Dept. Forms of Equations
Introduction
Factors to Consider
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations 2 Important Tests
Factors to Consider
Behavior in Extreme Values
Important
Tests Test for Symmetry
Behavior in Extreme
Values Domain of a Relation
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation Identifying Asymptotes
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
3 Equations of the form y = f (x )
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x ) Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

f (x )
Equations of
the form
4 Equations of the form y = g(x )
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
5 Equations of the form r = f (θ)
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar coordinates Polar Equations
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Graphing Polar Equations
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider
Graphing equations defined in polar coordinates, polar
Important equations in short, can be done by simply substituting values of
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
θ and determining the corresponding value of r .
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
It is helpful to keep track of both the degree and radian
Asymptotes
measures of each angle and choose whichever you prefer in
Equations of
the form identifying the value of r .
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Consider choosing angle measurements in equal intervals. Use
Equations of
the form
f (x )
special angles to simplify the computation.
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3
Graphing Polar Equations
Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Example: Graph r = 1 + cosθ
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Use values of θ in increasing intervals of 15◦ starting from 0◦ .
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
(θ◦ ) 0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
r 2 1.966 1.866 1.707 1.5 1.259 1
Identifying
Asymptotes
(θ◦ ) 105 120 135 150 165 180
Equations of
the form r 0.741 0.5 0.293 0.134 0.034 0
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )
Proceeding with the 15◦ intervals, you will notice that the
Equations of
the form values of r would repeat but in reverse.
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form Plot the points and use it to trace the curve.
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations
ENGGMATH1
- Module 6 -
Unit 3

Mathematics
Dept.

Introduction
Why curve tracing?
Forms of Equations
Factors to Consider

Important
Tests
Behavior in Extreme
Values
Test for Symmetry
Domain of a Relation
Identifying
Asymptotes

Equations of
the form
y = f (x )
Tracing y = f (x )
Tracing y 2 = f (x )

Equations of
the form
f (x )
y = g(x )

Equations of
the form
r = f (θ)
Polar coordinates
Polar Equations