L1

Gian Carlo B. Osido, LPT

Slide 1

L1 i think it d be best to put a label on it

Lenovo; 31/10/2018
 The Philippines in Ancient Times (200,000BC -
1300AD)

 The Philippines Under Colonial Rule (1600s -

1900s)

 The Independent Philippines (1900s onwards)

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#Archipelago
#7,641islands
#NorthernHemisphere
#300,000sq.km
4
1. Luzon 6. Panay
2. Mindanao 7. Mindoro
3. Negros 8. Leyte
4. Samar 9. Cebu
5. Palawan 10. Bohol

5
 Barangay –the basic unit of government.
Consist of 30 to 100 families.
from the word

Datu –ruler of each barangay.

They exercise Executive,
Legislative and Judicial
Powers

Sanduguan –used to seal

alliances and treaties. 6
7
 Umalahokan-
village town crier.
He announces the
community the
approval of the law.

8
Trial by Jury –
through
arbitration of
neutral elders
from neutral
barangays.
9
Trial by Ordeal –
innocence is
acquired through
strength and
divine
intervention
10
#BULTONG
#TrialByOrdeal 11
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In Philippine Mythology, Sidapa was a
Tall and handsome god of death who
wore a corwn of golden horn. He fell in
love with the moon god, Bulan, who
descended from his heavenly abode,
guided by starlight fashioned into
fireflies that Sidapa sent to him.

19
Haliya was a warrior goddess who
would wear a mask of gold to hide her
beauty.

In Philippine Mythology. Haliya was

the name of a lunar goddess. She was
said to be so beautiful that the sea
goddess Bakunawa fell in love with her
and sought her affections.

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Princess Urduja
Wise, brave, skilled
chieftainess of
their tribe.

31
Tuan Mashaika –trader from
Malaya who introduced Islam.
Karim ul’ Makhdum – he
founded a thriving community
in Sulu

Abu Bakr –succeeded in

establishing a government akin
to sultanate of Arabia

32
Shahada
Salah
Sawm
Zakat
Hadjj

33
 No formal schools but children
were taught in their homes.

 Syllabary or Baybayin is the

system of writing of our
ancestors where every letter is
pronounced as a syllable.

34
 Discovered in
Pagsanjan, Laguna river
delta in 1986 is another
evidence of Filipino’s knowledge in terms of trade and writing.
It contains inscription in an old Philippine language, stating the
full payment of a loan obtained by a woman trader from her
contacts in the nearby Indonesia. 35
 Filipinos –expert seafarers
 Had trade contacts with Chinese as early as Ninth Century (Tang
Dynasty!)
 Orang Dampuan (from South Champa) had contacts with Buranun
(people of Sulu)
 This trade proved favourable to the Orang Dampuans whose
prosperity drew ire of the Buranuns.
 In a fit of jealousy, the Buranuns massacred the Orang Dampuans
and flee to Champa.

36
 It was not until 13th century that
commerce returned to Sulu. The
Banjar of Borneo went to trade
with the Buranuns.
 Banjarmassin however was more
diplomatic. Instead of
antagonizing the Buranuns, they
brough their beautiful princess to
Sulu and offer as a bride to the
Buranun prince.

37
 Quite apart from the Chinese, the ancient Filipinos
were also influenced by the Indians.
 They may not have settled in huge numbers but their
culture spread throughout the archipelago.

Sanskrit Tagalog English

Hari Hari King
Tara Tala Star
Vartta Balita News
Bhagga Bahagi Portion

38
 The ancient Filipinos believed in the life hereafter
and the relationship between the living and the
dead, which made us respect the memory of the
dead.
 Professional Mourners were hired to
emphasize their deep feeling of loss.
Morotal –mourning for woman
Maglahi –mourning for man
Laraw –mourning for chieftain

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Walang pang-
taas?!

45
 Wala raw damit?
I can’t even.

46
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 Barong and Filipiñana:
A Mark of Subservience

49
 Treaty of Zaragoza

Treaty of
Tordesillas

50
 #Portuguese
-he sailed through westward route

Victoria Conception Trinidad

Santiago San
Antonio
51
#Portuguese
>he sailed through westward route
>arrived on March 17, 1521 at Homonhon
>made a blood compact with Raja
Kulambu and his brother, Si Agu thus
marked the first blood compact
between the Filipino and the
Spaniards.
>Fr. Pedro de Valderrama – first
mass in the archipelago (Limasawa)
52
#Portuguese
>went to Sugbu (Cebu) to look for food and other
resources. He made another compact
with Raja Humabon.
>converted 800 natives including Raja
Humabon and his wife who was
named after a Spanish monarch,
Juana.

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Raja Si Sula Lapu-Lapu

58
Magellan was not killed by Raja Lapu-Lapu.
He was killed by Lapu-lapu’s warriors.

Lapu-lapu is moreover 70 years old

during the #BattleOfMactan
so there was no way he could have
killed Magellan at his age.

59
#NotMagellan

It was Sebastian
del Cano who
commanded the
last ship, Victoria

60
#FirstGovernorGeneral
 Concluded a bloodcompact with
of Limasawa.

 Blood compact with

and of Bohol.

did not like him. Had

a skirmish with the Cebuano.
61
#FirstGovernorGeneral
 Established the First Settlement in
Cebu known as La Villa de San
Miguel.

Ciudad del
 he renamed it as
Santissisimo Nobre de Jesus or City
of the Most Holy Name Jesus.

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 Is the process of reviewing the performance as well as
the projects imposed by the Governor General after he
has served the colony.

 Has the same purpose with Residencia. Visita however is

made secretly. It has no definite schedule to genuinely
observe the performance of present Governor General.

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A cruel practice of the Spaniards as it violated
most rights of the Filipinos
Subject to Polo: male of good
health between ages 16 to 60

Falla – an amount paid by those

who wish to be exempted from
Polo Y servicio

70
Compelled
contribution , in
cash or in kind, in
full or installment
basis to the Spanish
Government.
71
Exchange of products from Manila to
Acapulco, Mexico. It crosses the Pacific
and travels for four to five months.
72
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 INQUILINOS –tenants in haciendas who
began to accumulate wealth and soon
became one of the rich families in the
Philippine Society.

 ENCOMIENDERO –one who practices

encomienda

 INDULTO DE COMMERCIO –privilege

given to few loyal government officials.

74
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Lakan Dula’s Revolt Dagohoy’s revolt
Tondo Conspiracy Sumuroy’s Revolt
Magalat’s Revolt Cordillera’s Revolt
Maniago’s Revolt Moro’s Resistance
Malong’s Revolt
Bancao’s Revolt

77
Lakan Dula’s Revolt
• Governor Guido de Lavezares lifted
the exemption of Lakan Dula and
his relatives from the tribute and
forced labor.
• He was persuaded to lay down his
revolt and was given gifts to
subside 78
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 ENGLAND
SPAIN

FRANCE

SEVEN YEARS’ WAR

82
1761 –Spain and France entered a
treaty of alliance against England.

Archbishop Manuel Rojo (Interim

GovGen) surrendered the Intramuros
to 6,000 British and Sepoy men.

83
(1) Incompetence of Known for:
Spanish Officials 1. Economic Reforms
(2) Graft and greed 2. Tobacco Monopoly
of merchants and
Provincias
religious
3.
Consecheras
(3) Restrictive 4. Economic Society of
economic Friends of the
policies Country

(4) Constant quarrels 5. Basi Revolt in Ilocos

between the civil 6. Heavy Taxes
and the
ecclesiastical

84
 Españoles or
Españoles or
Maharlika Peninsulares
Peninsulares
Filipino or

Filipino or
Insulares
Malaya o
Timawa Insulares
Illustrado

Alipin
(Sagigilid at Indio
Indio
Namamahay)
85
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 Priesthood in the Spanish Philippines is
composed of two classes: the regular and the
secular priests.

90
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Friar-Curates/
Kura Paruko

93
 -to secularize the
Church in the colony.
-to let abled
Filipino-secular priests
to administer the parish

-also called
“Filipinization”
94
-blamed for the rebellion that occurred
in Cavite’s arsenal.

-imprisoned at Fort Santiago.

-Garroted on February 17, 1872 at

Bagumbayan Fields.

95
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 Initially, he is the leader of
secularization movement in the
Philippines.
keyword: Spanish Mestizo
Priest, Forerunner of secularization

97
The Campaign
for Reforms
(1882-1892)

98
 Began in 1882.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To assimilate Philippines
in Spain as a province
and not as a Colony.
2. Enjoy same privilege with
the Spaniards.
3. Representation in the
Spanish Cortes.

99
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101
 “Greatest journalist of the Filipino
race”
 Diariong Tagalog
 Second editor of La Solidaridad.
 “La Frailocracia Filipina”
 Dasalan at Tocsohan
 Sagot ng Espania sa Hibik ng
Filipinas.
 Caiingat Kayo
 Uncle to Gregorio del Pilar.
 Died due to Tuberculosis. 102
1. The Spanish government was not able
to attend the needs of the colony as it
was preoccupied with its internal
concerns.
2. Friars are too powerful.
3. Scarce financial resources.
4. Rizal and Del Pilar’s clash of ideology. 103
Due to futility, even reformist like Marcelo H.
Del Pilar thought it’d be better run for
insurrection which Rizal did not like.
“Insurrection is the last
remedy, especially when
the people have acquired
the belief that peaceful
means to secure remedies
for evils prove futile.”
104
 La Liga Filipina
Established on July 3 -6, 1892

July 6, 1892 –Rizal was captured upon Gov

Gen Eulogio Despujol. He was exiled in
Dapitan.

105
 La Liga Filipina

Cuerpo de
K.K.K.
Compromisarios

106
Aims of the Katipunan:
Civil –(self-help and defense of the
weak and the poor)
Political –(separation of the
Philippines from Spain)
Moral –(good manners,character)
107
Three Government Bodies:
Supreme Council
Provincial Council
Popular Council
Judicial Council
Secret Chamber
108
109
Supremo: Deodato Arellano
Comptroller: Andres Bonifacio
Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa
Secretary: Teodoro Plata
Treasurer: Valentin Diaz

Supremo: Ramon Basa

Comptroller: -------
Fiscal: Andres Bonifacio
Secretary: Jose Santiago
Treasurer: Vicente Molina
110
 • “Anak ng • “GOM-BUR- • “RIZAL”
Bayan” ZA” • Third
Katipon

Kawal

• First grade

Bayani
• Second grade
member grade member
member

111
The Katipuneras

Only the wife, sisters

and daughters of
Katipuneros could be
eligble for membership

112
The Katipuneras

They dance in full view

of the people while the
males were holding a
meeting.
113
 Agueda Kahabagan
 Teresa Magbanua
 Agueda Esteban
 Carmen Plaza
 Corazon Agrava
 Trinidad Tecson
 Melchora Aquino
 Benita Rodriguez
 Josefa Llanes Escoda
114
 Took over and assumed the
legacy of her husband Diego
Silang after his assassination.

 She became the Ilocano rebel

army’s commander for four
months before being captured
and executed by the
Spaniards.

 Even today, she is remembered

as the bolo-wielding leader on
a horseback. 115
 She fed the Katipuneros,
provided them shelter and
other necessary provisions
and tended their wounds.

 She refused to reveal about

her knowledge of the
katipunan despite the
interrogations. She was
deported to Guam instead of
execution.

 Coined as the Mother of

Katipunan.
116
 Known as the Visayan Joan of Arc
 Preferred the company of boys
rather than of girls.
 The first woman in Panay to led an
attack against the Spanish, the
American and the Japanese forces.
 Also called as “Nay Isa”

 Remained childless and was

widowed shortly after the Japanese
Occupation. She sold all her
properties to financially support the
guerillla.
117
 Prominent Civic Leader, Social
worker and heroine.
 Known as an advocate of Filipina
suffrage and was founder of the
Girl Scouts of the Philippines.
 She smuggled medicines, food,
clothes and messages to both
Filipino war prisoners and
American internees in
concentration camps during the
Japanese Occupation.
 She was arrested in 1944, 2
months after her husband was
captured.
118
“I have done my duty to my country
and God!

To my mind the most I have done is

having helped with the little I could
do to save the lives of the
surrendered soldiers of Bataan and
Corregidor…

if you happen to survive, and I fail,

tell our people that the women of
the Philippines did their part also in
making the ember sparks of truth
and liberty alive till the last
moment.” 119
 Cpl. Leones is the only Asian
female to have been awarded the
Silver Star in the World War II for
gallantry in action against the
enemy of the United States.

 She was an intelligence operative

in the Philippines who repeatedly
risked her life to carry important
intelligence data, vital radio parts
and medical supplies through
heavily garrisoned enemy-held
territories.

120
 Henerala Agueda
 Tagalog Joan of Arc
 Battle of Calero Bridge
Badass moments:
 October 1897, she joined
General Artemio Ricarte in
a three day attack on San
Pablo garrison in Laguna
while riding a horse. One
hand and a bolo in the other.
121
 Known as the Mother of Biak na
Bato.
 She joined the revolution at the
age of 47 (1895).
 She pilfered firearms, delivered
food and tended to Katipunero’s
injuries.
 She was also known as brave
soldier as she joined numerous
fights such as Battle at San
Ildefonso, San Miguel and San
Jose, Nueva Ecija. 122
Gregoria de
Jesus
 Custodian of the Katipunan.
 Lakambini of the Katipunan
 Founder of Katipunan’s
Women Chapter.
 She also joined the war, she
took arms and fought.

123
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 Teodoro Patino

Madre Portera

Honoria Patino

125
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127
Padre Mariano Gil

August 19, 1896 –Katipunan

was discovered.

Diario de Manila was raided.

Katipunan receipts and

other evidences were found
inside the building.

128
August 23, 1896.
The meeting was held at the yard of Juan A.
Ramos, son of Melcora Aquino.

All men brought out their cedulas and

tore them to pieces. This event marked
the beginning of the revolution.

129
Battle of San Juan Del Monte –(August 30,
1896) the Katipuneros attacked an arsenal
owned by the Spaniards. Filipinos suffered
heavy losses.

130
Baldomero Aguinaldo Mariano Alvarez

MAGDALO MAGDIWANG
131
 Held at Estate House of Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon on
March 22, 1897. everyone agreed to respect the result of the
election regardless of economic status and education.

 After being elected as , Daniel Tirona

stood up and said that Bonifacio is not fit for the position.
 Bonifacio was hurt by this protest. He aimed his gun toTirona
but he was stopped.
 As the incumbent Supremo of the Katipunan, he declared the
results of the relection as null and void.

132
 Propaganda

La Liga Filipina

Cuerpo de la
Katipunan
Compromisarios

Government Naik
in Tejeros Government

Biak-na-
Bato

133
 Colonel Agapito Bonzon –sent by Emilio
Aguinaldo to persuade Bonifacio to
recognize the Tejeros election results.
134
 Ciriaco, his brother was killed during
the skirmish. Andres had his wounds
on his neck and left arm.
135
  General Mariano Noriel
 Placido Martirez
 Esteban Infante

 They were tried and found guilty of

TREASON. Procopio and Andres were
sentenced to death.
136
 Aguinaldo commuted death sentence to banishment,
but was persuaded by General Pio del Pilar and
Mariano Noriel to recall the commutation.
137
 May 10, 1897 –Major Lazaro Macapagal led the
execution of Andres and his brother in Mount Tala,
Maragondon, Cavite.
138
 GovGen Primo de Rivera was almost winning the
whole province of Cavite, so Aguinaldo retreated to
Batangas.
139
Aguinaldo established the Biak-na-Bato Republic and
had its constitution prepared.

140
The Constitution was copied verbatim by
Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer from the
Cuban Constitution of Jimaguayu.

It lasted from November 1-December 15,1897 because

the Truce of Biak na Bato was agreed upon.

141
A three-documents truce between Aguinaldo and
Gov.Gen. Primo de Rivera calling for a ceasefire upon
agreed terms.
142
Pedro Paterno –the mediator of the Truce.
Sometimes called as turn-cloak by historians.

1. Voluntary exile of the Filipinos involved.

2. Primo de Rivera would pay Aguinaldo P800,000 in
three installments
a. P400,000 upon departure.
b. P200,000 upon surrender of at least 700 pcs of arms.
c. P200,000 when Te Deum is played and General
Amnesty proclaimed.
3. Additional P900,000 to the families on non-
combatant Filipinos who suffered during the
revolution.
143
Aguinaldo agreed to be exiled in HongKong
where he later on established the HK Junta.

While in Singapore, Aguinaldo had a dialogue with E.

Spencer Pratt.

Pratt convinced him to continue the struggle against

the Spaniards with a promise that USA will help PH
with its cause.

144
He returned in the Philippines on May 17, 1898 with
the help of the Americans.

Rounseville Wildman, the consul of USA to HK advised him

to establish a Dictatorial Government as soon as he arrive.

He established the Dictatorial Government on May 24, 1898,

nullifying the legality of the Biak na Bato Republic.

Felipe Agoncillo advised Aguinaldo to look for a man who lives

in Tanawan, Batangas to serve as adviser.

145
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

148
 June 18 -reorganization of the government that
was retaken from the Spanish forces.

 June 20 –revision of the Spanish Penal Code.

 June 23- changing of form of government from

dictatorial government to REVOLUTIONARY
GOVERNMENT.

149
What is the form of government in the
Philippines during the proclamation of its
independence?
a. Revolutionary
b. Republican
c. Dictatorial
d. Frailocratic

150
 Originally created to
serve as an advisory group to
the President. But members of
the congress believed it is
important to have an equal
branch as that of executive.

151
 Constitutional Plan of the
Philippine Republic –drafted
by Mabini but was rejected by
the Members of the Malolos
Congress.

152
 Mabini’s draft was
rejected because it
was on the statutes of
Universal Masonry

153
 Felipe Calderon made a
new draft of Constitution
which later on became the
Malolos Constitution.

154
155
156
 Spain
U.S.

Cuba Hong Kong

Philippines

157
 February 15, 1898 –USS Maine exploded at
Havana Harbor in Cuba.

 Spain was blamed for the mishap

 April 25 1898 –The Americans

declared war against Spain

158


159
160
“War has commenced May 1, 1898 –the American
between the United fleet arrived early morning
hours of 1st of May.
States and Spain.
Proceed particularly
against the Spanish Admiral Patricio Montojo –
fleet. You must capture Commander of the Spanish
vessels or destroy. Use squadron
utmost endeavor” Commodore George Dewey –
Commander of the American
Navy 161
This was a one-sided battle.
American ships outgunned the Spanish fleet and by
12:30 in the afternoon, Admiral Montojo’s fleet was
already destroyed.

162
163
 August 13, 1898 –mock battle was staged in Manila.
General Fermin Jaudenes had a secret agreement with
General Arthur McArthur.
 General Francis V. Greene stopped the Filipinos from
entering the Walled City. He added that if they did
otherwise, the American soldiers would be forced to fire
at the Filipinos.
 October 1, 1898 the delegates of Unted States and Spain
were to meet in Paris, France to discuss the terms of the
treaty.
164
1. Spaniards will surrender only to American forces
2. No Filipino should witness the staged battle
3. There should be a staged battle so that Spain would
appear that they fought with honor.

165
166
167
 Led the U.S. in war
against Spain
President over a nation
emerging from a period of
isolation to become a
world power.

Issued the Benevolent

Assimilation Proclamation
after a deep meditation 168
 Benevolent
Assimilation Start of the
PhilAm War
Proclamation

General Marcus
P. Miller Private Willie W.
publication of the Grayson’s shot
whole BAP 169
170
171
172
173
174
 Aguinaldo together with his son, wife, mother and sister fled to
Pangasinan.
 Americans tried to catch him but they failed. The Filipinos were
cooperative, they would inform Aguinaldo about the American’s
movement.
 Determined not to be captured, he walk from town to town. Later, he
left his family behind in order to spare them from the hardships of
travelling.
 He reached Palanan, Isabela on September 6, 1900 where he
established his headquarters.

175
176
Lazaro Segovia –a Spaniard, who joined the
Filipino forces against the Spaniards. He helped in
the capture of Aguinaldo. He led some men from
Macabebe and pretended to have captured some
American forces an went straight to the
headquarters of Aguinaldo. Then they started the
mission.

177
 Macabebe–a group of Filipino Soldiers who supports
the American Colonial Rule.
178
 April 1, 1901 –Aguinaldo took his oath of
allegiance to the government of America.
179
Macario Leon Sakay –The misunderstood hero
of the Philippines. He established the Kataas-
taasang Pamahalaan ng Arkipelago ng Tagalog in
1902. He wanted to continue the government that
Aguinaldo has started. Sakay had drastic methods of
fighting the invaders and the loyalists.

180
 Disposition of Filipinization of Church
Friar Lands

Casualties and
Losses

181
182
183
 Soldiers (of Company C of the 9th US
Infantry) were initially friendly towards the people
of Balangiga. However, this changed when two drunk
American soldiers tried to molest a girl tending the
store. Luckily, the girl’s two brothers came to her
rescue. They beat up the soldiers.

184
 Due to the incident, Company Commander
Capt. Thomas W. Conell decided to round 143
male residents of Balangiga. They were all forced to
clean up the town in preparation for an official visit
by his superior officers. He even ordered his men to
confiscate weapons and destroy any stored rice.

185
 On top of that, the men of Balangiga were
treated badly. They were detained overnight and
not given any food. Naturally, this enraged them
and they plotted to attack the U.S. Army garrison.
Valeriano Abanador was the mastermind of the
plot. They killed 70 out of 74 Americans.

186
 The Americans wanted payback. US President
Theodore Roosevelt ordered Maj. Gen. Adna R.
Chaffee to ‘pacify’ Samar. Their revenge however
did not just cover Balangiga but the entire province
of Samar.
Chaffee in turn ordered Jacob H. Smith to
subdue the people of Balangiga at all costs.
187
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189
190
 Also known as Hermano Pule. He wanted to
become a priest but the Spanish
missionaries would not let him join their
congregations. He decided to establish a
Christian fight anchored to the teachings of
the Catalonan. It was called Confradia de
San Jose .

 He started the Secularization movement in

the Philippines in 1861. His aims however
turned sour.

 It was in 1870s that the height of

Secularization rose. They were executed for
the crimes they did not commit.
191
 Secular Filipino Priest
 Was the religious leader of the
revolutionary government
(Military Vicar General).
 Was urged by Isabelo de los
Reyes, founder of Union Obrera
Democratica, to create a
Filipino Church.
 Became the Obispo Maxima
(Supreme Bishop) of the
Filipino Church, Iglesia Filipina
Independiente.
 Also known as Aglipayan
Church.
192
193

1899 -1907
Complete list of US GOVGEN
194
 Led by Dr. Jacob Gould
Schurmann to investigate
the condition of the
Philippines.

 They returned from the

Philippines with
recommendations to
implement American Rule.

195
 Second Commission sent to the
Philippines.

 Their purpose is to implement

the “benevolent intentions” of
the Americans.

 The implemented American

Policy was based on McKinley’s
B.A.P., Schurman Commission
and Taft Commission
196
Became the basis for the establishment
of Civil Government in the Philippines
with William Howard Taft as the first
civil governor (July 4, 1901)
197
 Ilustrados who readily welcomed the
coming of Americans were rewarded
by giving them high positions in the
government.

 Francis Burton Harrison –the Carlos Maria

dela Torre of American Period. he loved
Filipinos and he was loved by Filipinos
because of his liberalistic governance.
 Cayetano Arellano –First Chief
justice of the Supreme Court.
198
199
 The Rafael De Izquierdo of American
Period. He wanted to stop the
Filipinization in the colony.

Cabinet Crisis

200
 Payne-Aldrich Act
American Policies Underwood-Simons Act
Spooner Amedment
Reconcentration Act Hares Law
Sedition Law Hawes-Cutting Law
Brigandage Act Hares-Hawes-Cutting Law
Flag Law Tydings-McDuffie Law
Cooper Law Gabaldon Law
Jones Law Bell Trade Act 201
PHILIPPINES USA PHILIPPINES USA

Philippines and USA may Has Tariff No Tariff

engaged into trade. No Tax No Tax

PHILIPPINES USA

No Tariff No Tariff
No Tax No Tax 202
 the first organic law for the Philippine Islands
that provided for the creation of a popularly
elected Philippine Assembly.

 States that legislative power would be vested in

a bicameral legislature composed of the
Philippine Commission as the upper house and
the Philippine Assembly as lower house.

203
204
 These law states that the Philippine
Legislature should be modified and
that the Philippine Commission be
replaced by SENATE.

They wanted to establish a new

Upper House so as to remove the
Anti-Filipino characters from it.
205
206
 8 years of
Commonwealth
Government before
Independence.

Komisyong Pangkalayaan 207

 17 or 19 years of
Commonwealth before
independence

Komisyong Pangkalayaan 208

 10 years of
Commonwealth
before independence.

209
American High
Commissioner
50 Immigrants per year.
Retention of Military
and other reservations.

210
 10 years of Commonwealth
before independence.

 Changed “retention of military

and other reservations” with
“retention of naval
reservations and fueling
stations”

211
 What’s wrong
with Hare-Hawes-
Cutting Law?

212
 A very competitive person.

‘the law was disadvantageous to the

Filipinos’

Did not ensure economic security for

the Philippines after independence.

American powers were too indefinite.

213
“…he worked hard for the law to be
rejected by the Philippine
Legislature.”

“…he feared that if he allowed the

acceptance of Hare-Hawes-Cutting
Law, Osmena would have an
advantage if he were to run as
President of the Commonwealth.”
214
“…he feared that he would revert to
his former position of ‘second fiddle’
to Osmena.”

215
 Nacionalista-
Collectivista

Partido Nacionalista-
Nacionalista Consolidado

Nacionalista-
Unipormalista

Osmena
Quezon
216
 The Tydings-McDuffie provided for the framing of a constitution for
the Commonwealth government.
 Claro M. Recto –Father of Philippine Constitution. They (together with
the ConCon) were not able to create a Constitution suitable for the
Filipinos for they were not free to do so.
 Certain requirements were imposed by Americans which the
delegates could not contradict.
 February 8, 1935 –the constitution was approved by the ConCon.
 March 23, 1935 -US President approved the Constitution
 November 15, 1935 –the Commonwealth was inaguarated.

217
218

1898-1935
 “…the United States improved the
economy and system of government,
where the Filipinos had greater
political participation and more
economic gains… It is in the realm
of values and culture that more
negative effects appear to be strong
and more evident.”

-Teodoro Agoncillo
219
 Education and the School System
 Public Health an Welfare
 Improvement on Trade and Industry
 Transportation and Communication
 Democracy and Civil Liberties
 Language and Literature

220
 Public School System
1. America’s greatest achievement in the
Philippines.
2. Open to all.
3. Secular in Orientation (focus of study is on
life in earth, not “life after death”)
4. The Church had nothing to do with the
education of the people.

221
 American Teachers
The first American teachers were the
American Soldiers. (they gave
pupils free books, pencils and paper)

 Thomasites – they were sent

to Philippines to teach Filipino
students.

 Siliman University in Dumaguete –the

oldest university built during the
American Occupation
222
 Philippines became exclusively
dependent on the United
States of America.
 Brainwashing and Colonial
Mentality
 Materialistic View

223
224
225

A Transitionary Government
226
National Defense Law –this
law provided for a citizen army
composed of trainees who
belonged to the 21-year old group.
 General Douglas MacArthur
was appointed Field Marshal of the
Philippine Army.
 Employed “mosquito fleet”
technique due to lack of naval
armaments.
227
 Agrarian problems
 Sakdalistas –an organization of who identified their selves
with the peasants. Founded by Benigno Ramos. They
attacked the government on May 23, 1935 but they were
unsuccessful.
 The Sakdalista aimed to fight the inequalt distribution of land,
unjust taxation, injustice.

228
 Filipinos were sent to attend schools for
primary education in preparation for
their political involvement.

 Literacy and Numeracy was a

requirement for electoral activities.
Filipinos with no background for writing
and reading are disenfranchised to vote.
229
 The War in the Pacific

230

The World War II reached the Pacific-Asia Region. Freedom of the

Philippines was halted by the arrival of the Japanese Imperial
Army.
 Axis Powers
Allied Powers
World War 2
 USAF
–United States Armed Forces in the Far East
under the command of General Douglas
MacArthur created to protect the interest of
the American and the Filipinos in the colony.

232
233
To develop Far East as one
Asian community, uniform in
economic, political and
cultural aspect.

Hara-Kiri –ancient Japanese

act of ceremonial suicide in
which a short sword was
used to slash the abdomen
from left to right, then
upwards. Also used to
retrieve honor after
committing shameful act.
234
December 7, 1941 (Hawaiian Time) –
Japanese bombers attacked the
American fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.

“Open City” –the City of Manila was

declared as an Open City. All guns and
other defenses were withdrawn from it.
But the Japanese did not honor the
declaration of open city.

March 11, 1942 “I Shall Return” McArthur

left for Australia upon the orders of
President Roosevelt where he could
regroup the troop to counter the
Japanese aggression in the Far East.
235
 –was under the command
of General Douglas MacArthur. The last stand of the
Philippines.

Realizing that Bataan would soon fall, President

Roosevelt ordered for the transfer of Quezon and his
family to .

April 9, 1942 –Bataan surrendered to the Japanese

Imperial Army (JIA).

May 6, 1942-Corregidor surrendered under

236
 – 30,000
Filipino and 10,000 American
prisoners of war. Most of
them died in the transit from
Mariveles, Bulacan to San
Fernando, Pampanga.

From San Fernando,

Pampanga, they were
transported in a train like
livestocks to Capas, Tarlac.
From there they marched
again to O’Donell Camp.
237
238
Reorganization of the Government
 Shortly after the occupation of Manila,
the Philippine government was
reorganized under General Masaharu
Homma. It was renamed as Central
Administrative Organization.

 Before retreating to Corregidor, Quezon

left the government to Jose P. Laurel,
Jorge Vargas, Claro M. Recto and
Benigno S. Aquino, Sr. 239
 The Second
Republic
“… I am sure our people will
rise as one to meet the
challenge… we shall encounter
difficulties greater than we have
ever faced in our national
history…God helping us, we
shall march with steady,
resolute steps forward, without
doubt, vacillation or fear”
240
“It was a government of
Filipinos…Filipinos with
tanto on their necks.”

241
 When Laurel asked
Quezon for
instructions, Quezon
in turn asked for
McArthur who said
“do whatever is
deemed necessary
but not pledging
allegiance to Japan”

Japan was allowed to exploit the resources of the

Philippines which was criticized by the United States.
The Commonwealth-in-exile was declared as the only
legitimate government. 242
 Luis Taruc’s HUK-BA-LA-HAP
Guillermo Nakar Nueva Vizcaya (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa
Marcelo Adduru Abra
Hapones)
Alejo Santos Bulacan
Marcos Agustin Laguna
Eleuterio Adevoso Rizal
-famous troops of guerilla
Wenceslao Vinzon Camarines
after the fall of Corregidor and
Macario Peralta Panay Bataan. HUKBALAHAP is
Tomas Confessor Iloilo known for their bold and sly
Ruperto Kanglen Leyte tactics in the struggle against
Muhammad Dimaporo Lanao the Japanese.
Salidapa Pendatun Cotobato
243
244
Calle de la Rama

Calle Junquera

Calle Padilla

245
  Based on the Spiritual
Rejuvenation of the Filipinos.
 Focused on the propagation of
Filipino Culture.

 Adaptation of the Japanese language and culture.

 Highlight on vocational and elementary education.
 Enrolment however did not exceed 300,000 for fear of
Japanese.
246
 Nipponggo was a mandated subject.
 English was forbidden but Tagalog was
highly encouraged.

247
 October 20, 1944 –return of MacArthur in Palo, Leyte.

General Tomoyuki Yamashita –the Tiger of Malaya,

appointed in preparation to McArthur’s arrival.

 July 5, 1945 –full independence from Japanese.

 August 17, 1945 –Laurel declared in Japan that the second

republic has now expired.
 Remaining officers were accused of treason and
collaboration to Japanese Imperial Army except to Manuel
Roxas.

 September 2, 1945 –Japan accepted its defeat from

the Second World War. 248
 When Leyte was liberated from the
Japanese, McArthur reestablished the
Commonwealth on October 23, 1944 with
Tacloban as temporary capital.

 February 27, 1945 –turnover of power to

President Sergio Osmena (since Quezon
died while he was in exile)

 July 4, 1945 –proclamation of Liberation of

Philippines from the Japanese.
249
 President Harry S. Truman of
United States and Prime Minister
Winston Churchill of England
demanded for Japan to surrender
unconditionally.
 At first Japan refused to surrender.
 America dropped Nagasaki and
Hiroshima.
 Faced with threaths of
annihilation, Japan surrendered on
eptember 2, 1945 on board the
battleship USS Missouri at Tokyo
Bay. 250
251
First elected in 1965 and has
ruled for twenty years
(through the help of Imelda
R. Marcos)

If it weren’t for Imelda,

Ferdinand might not have
been admitted to Partido
Nacionalista.
 People loved his performance in his first term.
Hence, he won the re-electionist on presidency.

 August 21, 1972 –

Marcos suspended
the writ of habeas
corpus

 September 21,
1972 – Marcos
declared Martial
Law all
throughout the
Philippines

254
 His campaign revolved on
PLEDGES:
1. Peace and Order
2. Land Reform
3. Economic Development
4. Development of Moral
Values
5. Government Reform
6. Educational Reform
7. Social Services
255
256
Imelda was appointed as
the Minister of
Resettlement

B.L.I.S.S.
nepotism
Crony
Capitalism 257
258
 3,257
Extrajudicial
Killings
35, 000
Individual
Tortures
70,000
incarcerated 259
 Prostitution in the
Philippines became
rampant.

$60 dollars per

courtesans.

$5 goes to the
courtesans.

260
1. Prisoners during the Marcos
Regime did not receive their rights
as accused nor they had just
treatment. Oftentimes they
suffered from numerous
maltreatment.
2. Prisoners were taken to area by
the military officers known only by
the latter.
3. Prisoners were forced to sign a
waiver document their rights as
they surrender.
261
262
263
264
 “‘Put*ang ina mo, papatayin
na kami, put*ng ina, ayaw mo
pang magpapasok!’ Kitang-
kita ko iyong mga batang
[kasama naming] na pinatay
ng mga pulis sa palo, kitang
kita naming ‘yon.

-Former Vice President,

Jejomar Binay

265
266
267
gian11299osido@gmail.com

Gi Osido

giannogibbs

268