I.

II.
III.
IV.
V. n the Formation of Philippines
A. Geographical Location
1. Land Bridge Theory
 Theorizes that the Philippines was once part of mainland Asia. It was a land
mass bridging the Asian continent to Indonesia, New Guinea, up to the
Australian continent.
2. Volcanic Origin
 Proposed by dr. Bailey Willis
 Philippines came into existence after eruptions of volcanoes beneath the
Pacific Ocean
3. Legend of Mu or Lemuria
 Both of the Philippines and Indonesia was the part of Pacific continent called
Mu or Lemuria, which sunken during the prehistoric period
 Influenced by the legend of the lost continent of Atlantis.
4. Legend of Manaul
 Mentioned in the code of Kalantiaw (Panay Island)
B. Peopling of Islands
TEACHER ECHO
1. Creation Theory
 Biblical account- Genesis 1: 1-4
2. Migration Theory
 Proposed by Henry Otley Beyer
1. First- dawnmen (through land bridge)
2. Second- Aetas or Negritoes (through land bridge)
3. Third- Indonesians (through boats)
4. Fourth- Malays (trough boats)
3. Evolution Theory
 Charles Darwin
4. Sikalak and sikbahay

TAKE NOTE: Archipelago’s Name

YEAR NAME
Early Chinese Traders Ma-i
1521 Ferdinand Magellan Islas de San Lazaro
(Archipelago of St. Lazarus)
1543 Ruy Lopez de Villalobos Filipinas (in honor of Prince of
Asturias)
1751 Fr. Juan J. Delgado Pearl of the Orient
1896 Dr. Jose Rizal Pearl of the Orient Seas
American Period Philippine Island
1946 Republic of the Philippines
Artemio Ricarte Rizaline Republic
Ferdinand Marcos Maharlika
VI. Pre-colonial Philippines
A. Government
 BARANGAY id the pre-colonial political unit which is composed of 30 to 100
families
 Datu or Raja chieftain ruler of the Barangay or in the Muslim community
 The datu exercise executive, legislative and judicial powers
B. Economics
 Hunting, gathering and barter system- gold,salt, rice (medium)
 Industry- ironworking, boatbuilding, pottery, weaving, gold working
 Agriculture- subsistence farming, horticulture
 Trade and Commerce- foreign and domestic
C. Social Class
 The social ranks were as follows;
1. The datu class or ruling class;
2. The maharlika or the aristocracy;
3. The timagua (pronounced timawa) of the common class; and
the
4. Alipin (also known as uripon among the Visayans) or
independent class.
 The Boxer Codex, an anonymous late 16th century manuscript mentioned that
only men were qualified for the
TEACHER title. The datus power depend upon the
ECHO
faithfulness of his followers
 The maharlika were believed to be the descendants of mixed marriages
between a ruling dynasty and one out of power
 The timawa class enjoyed their rights to a portion of the barangay land
 Alipin was a man indebted to another
Two types of Alipin
1. Aliping Namamahay (householder)- alipin with land rights. He
owned a house. He came at his master’s call to work on fields
and do other services
2. Aliping sagigilid – (gilid is the part of the house where the
stove is) were memebers of the master’s household who at
from their master’s pot.
D. Education
 Writing system- baybayin
 Training consisted of:
Informal education through apprenticeship;
Domestic shores and practical/occupational honing of skills in
hunting, farming, etc.
Theoretical / moral and spiritual awakening e.g. worship, laws ,codes
 Education aimed for:
Survival and conformity
Enculturation
Result of individual experiences by product of the accumulation of
race experiences
 VII. Hispanization of the Philippines

The 15th and 16th centuries brought an era of worldwide exploration and
expansion that resulted from the desire to gain new lands, powers, and wealth
for the explorer and their countries. The goals of the Europeans for their
expansion can be summarized into God, gold and glory. (3Gs)
Spanish Expeditions in the Philippines:
A. Ferdinand Magellan
 Magellan led an expedition for Spain to Mollucas by sailing west
 Accompanying him were Fr. Pedro de Valderrama (fleet chaplain), Antonio
Pigafetta (chronicler), Duarte de Barbosa (Magellan’s brother in law) and his
Malay slave Enrique of Malacca (acting as interpreter)
 Five ships of Magellan: Trinidad, Conception, Santiago, San Antonio and Victoria
 March 16, 1521-they saw island of Samar
 Had blood compact with Rajah Kolambu
 Such expedition brought him into a group of islands which they called
Archipelago of St. Lazaruz (later renamed Philippines after king Philip II of Spain)
 They anchored on Homonhon and later sailed to an islet south of Leyte where
they celebrated the first mass on March 31,1521. While Magellan was killed in a
battle with Mactan Chieftain Lapu-Lapu, nevertheless his expedition paved the
way for the eventual colonization of Philippines by spain.
TEACHER ECHO
Other Spanish expeditions in the Philippines:
 Loaysa Expidition (1525-26) by Father Juan Garcia Jofre de Loaysa
 Cabot Expidition ( 1526-30) by Sebastian Cabot
 Saavedra Expidition (1527-1528) by Alvaro de Saavedra
 Villalobos Expidition (1542-1546) by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos
B. Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
 In 1565, Miguel Lopez de Legazpi arrived to establish a permanent settlement in
the Philippine island.
 He concluded blood compact with Sikatuna, chief of Bohol, ten a treaty of
friendship with Rajah Tupas of Cebu where the first Spanish settlement (San
Miguel) was established. It was later renamed Santissismo Nombre de Jesus
(City of the most Holy Name of Jesus)
 Further colonization was made in the Visayas ad up north. De Goite fortified
Manila which was under Sulayman, Muslim chieftain. In 571, Legaspi established
Manila as capital of the Philippines.
1. Political Changes
 Government was centralized. For 250 years, Philippines was administered
through the Council of indies, which transmitted to the governor General of
the Philippines the royal decree that severed as the guide in administration of
the country.
 Spaniard implemented reduccion plan of Fr. Juan de Plasencia, which
required natives to live in the areas near the church.

Governor-General:
  The King’s official representative to the colony
 Issues superior decrees
 President of the Audencia which is the highest court on the colony
 Vice royal patron in the Philippines which means that he can appoint minor officials
and parish priests
 Commander-in-chief of the armed forces
 CUMPLASE- the right of the governor to suspend the operation of a Royal decree
coming from the king if in his opinion said order would not be beneficial to the colony.
The usual formula in exercising the right to cumplase was: - I obey but do not
comply.

Checks to Gubernatorial Powers:

 Audencia Real or Ryal Audiencia, established in 1583 to act as the Supreme Court of
the colony, served as advisory body to the governor and audited the expenditures of
the government.
 Residencia, judicial institution headed by the incoming governor general and other
Spanish officials for the purpose of punishing those guilty of corruption but the case
may be appealed to the King for clemency
 Visitador-general, investigator sent by the King or an official dispatched by the
Council of Indies in Spain to check the behavior of the high officials in the colony.
 Provincial governments started with encomiendas which were rewards given by the
Spaniards who helped in theTEACHER
pacification
ECHOof the country. Encomienderos were
empowered to collect taxes, protect and convert native to Catholicism. Due to
abuses perpetrated by encomienderos, encomiendas were abolished and replaced
by a system of provincial governments.
 Provinces are called Alcadia headed by Alcalde Mayor for pacified areas and
Corregimentos headed by Corregidors for unpacified areas
 Cities are called Ayuntamiento headed by two alcalde
 Towns are called Pueblos headed by Gobernadorcillo
 Barangays were retained and headed by a cabeza de barangay.
2. Economic Policies
 Mostly characterized by monopoly that favored the Spaniards.
a. Taxation: started as tribute of 8 reales (about one peso). This was abolished
in 1884 and personal cedula poll tax based on income was instituted for
residents in 18 years of age and above
b. Forced labor/ polo y servicios- male from 16 to 60 years were required to
render service to government for 40 days supposedly with daily allowance
and food ration, but the polistas (laborers) were made to work without daily
allowances and meager food ration.
c. Encomienda- became the source of corruption of officials, particularly in the
sharing of produce between encomienda, workers and landowners.
Encomienda means land granted to deserving Spaniards who served the
government.
d. Galleon trade of Manila- Acapulco trade- products coming from Manila were
shipped to Acapulco, Mexico on trade vessel called galleons and sold them
exact tax collection and regular performance of forced labor.
3. Tobacco Monopoly
 Started by Jose Basco E. Vargas
 The colonial government controlled every aspect of tobacco in the Philippines. The
government determined the plantation site, set a quota on the quantity to be planted
and harvested by the farmers, and he amount to be paid from them.
 Lasted for 100 years
4. Religious Influence
 Considered as the greatest legacy of Spain to the Philippines was Catholicism
 This was made possible by the work of the early missionaries:
1. Augustinians
2. Franciscans
3. Jesuits
4. Dominicans
5. Recollects
5. Culture and Society
 Festivities and Holidays
o January- New Year’s Day
o March or April- Semana Santa
o Oct. 31 to Nov. 2- Day of the Dead
o Dec. 24- Noche Buena
o Dec. 25- Christmas
TEACHER ECHO
6. Education
 Training as done formally through the parochial schools established such as
colegios, beatenios, and seminaries
 Education was considered a status symbol , privilege and not a right
 Teaching was done through
Dictation and memorization
Other techniques such as moro-moro and cenakulo
 The media of instruction used were
Spanish with indigenous language
Doctrina Christiana
 Educational Decree of 1863- introduced a system of public education that
opened opportunities to Filipinos for higher learning
 Fr. Manuel Blanco- first scientist in the Philippines. The Prince of botanist,
wrote Flora de Filipinas which was published in 1837. This book identified
1,200 kinds of plants in the country
 Education was controlled by friars. Religious orders founded the first school
and colleges. University of Sto. Tomas was the first university founded in
1611.
University of Sto. Tomas- oldest school
College of San Ignacio- first college for boys in 1589
College of Santa Potenciana- first college for girls in 1594

7. Racial hierarchy
 Peninsulares- full blooded Spaniards born in spain
  Insualres- full blooded Spaniards born in the Philippines
 Tornatras- person of mixed Spanish, Chinese and Austronesian descent
 Mestizo de espanol- person of mixed Spanish and Austronesian descent
 Mestizo de Sangley- person of mixed Chinese and Austronesian ancestry
 Sangley- full blooded Chinese
 Indio- full blooded Austronesian.

VIII. The Birth of Filipino Nationalism

A. Early Resistance to Spanish rule

REVOLT IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Lakandula and Sulayman Lavesari’s disregard of Legaspi’s
promise that Spain would recognize the
patrimonial lands of the /kings of Tondo
Magalat’s Revolt Magalat’s encouragement of the people
of Cagayan to rebel against the Spanish
government
Sumoroy’s Rebellion Government’s enforcement of the order
to send people of Palapag, Samar to
work in the shipyard of Cavite
Maniago’s Revolt Hatred of bandala and resentment of the
frequent recruitment of Pampangos to
TEACHER ECHO cut timber for the construction of
Spanish galleons
Diego Silang’s Revolt Silang’s resentment of his imprisonment
due to his request for the abolition of
the hatred tribute to Vigan
Gabriela Silang’s Revolt Assassination of her husband, Diego
Silang
Palaris Revolt Hatred of the excessive tribute and
abusive officials from Binalatongan
which inspired him to rally the people
against Spain
Basi Revolt Prohibition of the drinking of hme-,ade
wine in Pidding, ilocos Norte, owing to
wine monopoly
Tamblot’s revolt Tamblot’s exhortation that people of
Bohol return to their old faith
Bankaw’s Revolt Bankaw’s encouragement of the people
of Limasawa to defend their traditional
religion
Tapar’s Revolt The killing of followers of Tapr’s religious
cult by the friar of Oton, Panay
Dagohoy’s Revolt The liquidation of Fr. Guiseppi Lamberti
and other Spanish priest triggered by the
refusal of the church to give Christian
burial to Francisco Dagohoy’s brother
Revolt of Hermano Pule Persecution of the followers of the
Cofradia de San Jose founded by
Apolinario dela Cruz
B. Growth of Filipino Nationalism
 Nationalism- (devotion to or advocacy of national unity and independence)
developed due to the ff factors:
1. Spread of Liberalism- when Spain gradually exposed the
Philippines to the international commerce in the late 18th and
early 19th centuries, liberal ideas from Europe filtered in.
2. Racial prejudice- the Spaniards commonly regarded the
Filipino natives as belonging to the “inferior race” and called
them indios.
3. Secularization Controversy-
4. Cavite Mutiny of 1872
a. A rebellion against Gov. Gen, Rafael Izquierdo under
the leadership of Sgt. Lamadrid.
b. Feb. 17, 1872- execution of GomBurZa, by the order
of Gov. Gen. Izquierdo
c. Campaign for reforms started with the formation by
the middle class of a propaganda movement calling
for the assimilation of the Philippines to Spain.
C. Propaganda Movement
 Peaceful campaign for reforms geared towards changing the political and
social order of the country under the Spanish rule.
 Aims of Propaganda TEACHER ECHO
a. Make the Philippines a province of Spain
b. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards
c. Wanted representation in the Spanish Cortes
 La Solidaridad- the organ of Propaganda edited by Marcelo H. Del Pilar
 Diariong Tagalog- nationalistic newspaper edited by Marcelo H. Del Pilar.
D. Colonial Period: Propagandist
 Graciano Lopez Jaena- publisher of La Solidaridad
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar- the editor and co- publisher of La Solidaridad and wrote
under the name “Plaridel”
 Antonio Luna- wrote for La solidaridad under the name “taga-ilog”
 Jose Maria Panganiban- wrote for La Solidaridad under the name “Jomapa”
 La Solidaridad- was established on Feb. 15, 1889
 Jose Rizal- Dimasalang at Laun-Laan
 Apolinario Mabini- paralitiko
 Andres Bonifacio- agapito Bagumbayan
 Mariano Ponce- tikbalang, Naning, at Kalipulako
 Juan Luna- Potacio
 Jose dela Cruz- Huseng sisiw
 Pio Valenzuela- madlang-awa
 Melchora Aquino- Tandang Sora
 Emilio Jacinto- Dimas-ilaw, pinkian
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar- Plaridel at Dolores Manapat
 Graciano Lopez Jaena- Diego Laura
E. La Liga Filipina
 A civic society of Filipino patriots organized by Rizal when he arrived in
Manila from Europe.
 Aims of the Organization:
a. To unite the whole archipelago into one vigorous and
homogenous organization
b. Mutual protection in every want and necessity;
c. Defense against all violence and injustice
d. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and
commerce; and
e. Study the application of reforms
F. KKK – Kataas-taasang Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan)
 A secret society founded on July 7, 1892 by andres bonifacio and a handful
trusted friends who met in the house of Deodato Arellano.
 Aims of KKK:
a. Political
b. Economic
c. Civic
 First set of officers of the Katipunan Supreme Council
i. Deodato Arellano- president
ii. Andres Bonifacio-
iii. Ladislao Diwa- fiscal
iv. Valentin Diaz-TEACHER ECHO
treasurer
v. Teodoro Plata- secretary
 Roman Basa- replaced Arellano in 1893. Not satisfied with the performance
of Basa, Bonifacio decided to assume the presidency of the Katipunan
 Andres Bonifacio
a. Supremo ng Katipunan, father of Revolution, Great
Plebeian
b. Wrote a Decalogue or Ten Commandments titled
Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan to lay
down the guidelines for good citizenship.
 Emilio Jacinto
a. Brain of the Katipunan
b. Wrote the famous Kartilya
 Gregoria de Jesus
a. Bonifacio’s wife, was called the Lakambini of the
Katipunan.
 Katipunan Membership

CATEGORY PASSWORD
First grade Katipun Anak ng Bayan
Second grade Kawal Gomburza
Third grade Bayani Rizal

TAKE NOTE: IMPORTANT EVENTS IN PHIL. HISTORY

 July 3, 1892- La Liga Filipina (founded by Rizal) was to be a sort of mutual aid and self-help
society, dispensing scholarship funds and legal aid, loaning capital and setting up
 cooperatives. The league’s motto Unno Instar Omnium (one like all) served as an avowal of
their ideals.
 July 7, 1892- foundation of KKK with a radial platform: to secure independence and freedom
of the Philippines by force
 August 19, 1896- The Spanish authorities discovered the Katipunan when Tedor Patino
exposed what he knew to Fr. Mariano Gil
 August 23, 1896- In the yard of Juan Ramos, the son of Melchora Aquino, the Katipuneros
tore up their cedulas shouting- Long live the Philippines// thus making the so-called- Cry of
Pugadlawin”. It officially started the Philippine revolution against Spain
 August 30, 1896- Governor-general Ramon Blanco issued a decree declaring the provinces
of Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, and Nueva Ecija in a
state war and placing them under Martial Law.
 Dec. 30, 1896- Execution of Rizal
 March 22, 1897- Tejeros Convention. The Magdalo faction under Baldomero Aguinaldo and
Magdiwang under Mariano Alvarez agreed to convene in Tejeros (now part of Gen. Trias) to
settle their differences and to establish a new government that would replace the Katipunan
 May 10, 1897- Execution of Bonifacio brothers (Andres and Procopiio) after being found
guilty of treason and sedition by a military court.
 November 1, 1897- Establishment of Biak-na-Bato Republic. The Biak-na-BAto Constitution
was signed. It was prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho, who copied, almost word
for word the Cuban constitution known as Jimaguayu constitution
TEACHER ECHO
 December 14, 1897- Pact of Biak-ba-Bato, a cease fire between the Spanish colonial
Governor-general Fernando Primo de Rivera and the revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo
was signed.

IX. American Colonization

A. Coming of the Americans
 April 25, 1898- The United States declared war on Spain following the sinking of the
Battleship Maine in Havana harbor on Feb. 15, 1898
 May 1, 1898- George Dewey led a US naval squadron into Manila Bay in the Philippines and
destroyed the anchored Spanish fleet in a leisurely morning engagement that cost only
seven American seamen wounded. Manila itself was occupied by US troops by August
 May 19, 1898- Aguinaldo arrived in the Philippines and continued the Filipino’s fight against
the Spaniards
 May 24, 1898- Aguinaldo declared dictatorial government
 June 12, 1898- between four and five in the afternoon, Aguinaldo in the presence of a huge
crowd, proclaimed the independence of the Phlippines in Kawit , Cavite. The Philippine
National Flag made in Hongkong by Marcela Agoncillo was officially hosted for the first time
and Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine National March) composed by Julian Felipe was
played. The Act of the Declaration of Independence which was prepared by Ambrosio
Rianzares Bautista was also read.
 June 23, 1898- Aguinaldo changed the form of government from dictatorial to revolutionary
government
 August 13, 1898- Mock Battle of Manila; Spaniards surrender to Americans; Gov. Gen.
Diego de los Rios, the last Spanish governor general in the Philippines transferred his head
quarter to Iloilo.
 August 14, 1898- Americans established Military government
 Dec. 10, 1898- The Spanish-American War ended with the signing of the Treaty of Paris. It
established the independence of Cuba, ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States,
and allowed the victorious power to purchase the Philippine Islands from Spain for $20
million.
o Felipe Agoncillo was given the task of persuading the US government to recognize
the Malolos Republic in the Paris Peace Talks.
 Dec. 21, 1898- US President Mckinley proclaimed the policy – Benevolent Assimilation. He
emphasized the Filipino should be trained for self-government.

B. The first Philippine Republic (Malolos Republic)

 September 15, 1898- the Mal olos Congress convened in Barasoain Church and Pedro
Paterno was elected as its president
 January 21, 1899- The Malolos Constitution drafted by a committee headed by Felipe
Calderon was proclaimed transforming the government into what is known today as the First
Philippine Republic.
 January 23, 1899- Inauguration of the First Philippine Republic popularly known as the
Malolos Republic amidst colorful ceremonies at the Barasoain church, Malolos, Bulcana with
Aguinaldo as its president
o Malolos Republic- the first republic in Asia
o El Heraldo de la Revolucion- official newspaper of the Republic
TEACHER ECHO

C. The Philippine-American War 1899-1902

 On Feb. 4, 1899 , an American soldier, Private William Grayson, shot a
Filipino soldier at the bridge of San Juan, Manila. This marked the beginning
of the Philippine- American War, which lasted for three years and resulted in
the death of over 4,200 american and over 20,000 Filipino combatants.
D. The Capture of Aguinaldo
 On March 23, 1901, carrying the order of General Arthur McArthur, Gen.
Frederick Funston and his troops captured Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela,
with the help of some Filipinos called the Macabebe Scouts who had joined
the American’s side.
 April 1, 1901- at the Malacanang Palace in Manila, Aguinaldo swore an oath
accepting the authority of the United States over the Philippines and pledging
his allegiance to the American government. On April 19, he issued a
Proclamation of Formal Surrender to the United States, telling his followers to
lay down their weapons and give up the fight.
E. Continuous Resistance against the Americans
 General Miguel Malvar took over the leadership of the Filipino war against
the Americans. He launched all-out offensive against the American held
towns in Batangas region.
 Genral Simeon Ola- last revolutionary general to surrender to the Americans
 Macario Sakay- established the Republikang Katagalugan
 On July 4, 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt officially declared an end to
the Philippine-American War after the surrender of Malvar, Sakay and other
Filipino leaders.
F. American Colonial Policy
1. Military Government (1898- 1901)
 Under this set-up, Philippines was governed directly by
the President of the United states. The powers of the US
presidents were exercised in country by the American
military governor.
 Military governors in the country
Wesley Merrit
Elwell Otis
Arthur MacArthur
 The first Philippine Commission (Schurman Commission)
Headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman
To investigate conditions in the islands and make
recommendations
 The Second Philippine Commission (Taft commission)
Chaired by William Howard Taft
Tasked establish a civil government in the country
and train Filipinos in self-government.
2. Civil Government
 William Howard Taft- first civil governor general
Adopted the policy of The Philippines for the
TEACHER ECHO
Filipinos
 Frank Murphy- last civil governor
 Philippine Commission- lawmaking body
 Philippine Bill/ Organic Act of 1902 or Cooper Act-
It provided the extension of the united states bill of
Rights to the Filipinos and guarantees the
establishment of an elective Philippines Assembly
Appointment of two Filipino resident
commissioners to represent the country in the US
represent the country in the US congress without
voting rights
Two resident commissioners
1. Pablo Ocampo
2. Benito Legarda
 Period of suppressed Nationalism
Flag Law- prohibited the public display of the
Filipino Flag and other symbols used by the
resistance against the US
Sedition Law- imposed death penalty a long term
prison on anyone who advocated separation from
the United States even by peaceful means.
Brigandage Act- punished with death or with
prison term of not less than 20 years for members
of an armed band
Federal Party- first political party in the Philippines
 Philippines Assembly- lower house of the
Philippine Legislature, the Philippine Commission
was its upper house.
Formally inaugurated on October 16, 1907
Sergio Osmena- elected speaker of the house
Manuel L. Quezon- majority floor leader
Gabaldon Act- first legislation enacted by the
Philippine Assembly which allocated one million
pesos for the establishment of barrio schools
throughout the Philippines.
 The Filipinization-is a gradual or general replacement of
Americans by Filipinos in government service. It was a
policy expressed American’s intentions of training
Filipinos for self-government.
By 1901, Cayetano Arellano was appointed Chief
of the Supreme Court
Gov. Gen. Francis Burton Harrison- it was during
his term when Filipinization was fully implemented
in the Philippines
 Jones Law or Philippines Autonomy Act
Sponsored by William Atkinson Jones
TEACHER
LawECHOcontained a preamble declaring that
independence would be granted to the Filipino
people as soon as stable government could be
established in the Philippines.
Provided bicameral Philippine Legislature with
Upper House called Senate and Lower House
called House of Representatives
Cabinet Crisis of 1923- happened when Governor
Wood governed the country without the
cooperation of the legislature
 Wood-Forbes Mission
Sent by US President Warren G. Harding for his
desire to know the true state of the Philippines
Reported that Philippines was not ready for
independence due to poor financial state of the
country, bankruptcy of the Philippine National
Bank and instability of the government.
Act. No. 74 by the Taft Commission-
establishment of the public school system in the
Philippines
Compulsory teaching of English in school,
recruitment of trained teachers in the US, and the
abolition of compulsory religious instruction.
 Thomasites- first American teachers arrived in
manila on August 23, 1901, board the ship
Thomas.
Pensionados- promising Filipinos who were given
the opportunity by the American government to
pursue higher education degreed in the United
States.
3. Transition to Independence: before Commonwealth Period

Independence Missions:

 Commission on Independence- created by the

Philippine Legislature. The commission
recommended the sending of independence missions
to US
 OSROX Mission
o Led by Osmeña and Roxas. Its main task is to
secure an independence law for the
Philippines from US congress.
 Hare-Hawes-Cutting Act
o Granting of the Philippine independence after
12 years, but reserving military and naval
TEACHER ECHO
bases for the United States
 Tydings- McDuffie Law or Independence Law
o Provided for a 10-year transition period to
independence under which the
Commonwealth of the Philippines would be
established, preparatory to the granting of
complete independence on July 4, 1946
o Commonwealth would have its own
constitution.
 The 1935 Constitution
o Ratified on May 14, 1935
o Gregorio Perfecto- delegate from Manila who
signed the constitution in his own blood
o Sep. 17, 1935- first election under this
Constitution
o President- Manuel Quezon
o Vice Pres. – Sergio Osmeña
 Commonwealth Period
o Pres. Manuel Quezon- father of Social
Justice
o Established court of Industrial relations to
resolve labor disputes, eight-hour labor Act
and the Minimum Wage Law.
 o Anti-Dummy Law- law that punished Filipinos
who would allow themselves to be used as
fronts by alien businessman and investors
o Philippine immigration Law- a law that limits
the number of immigrants permitted annually
to enter the market
o Sakdalism- a popular movement founded by
Benigno Ramos. It has weekly tabloid which
became the vehicle for bitter denunciations of
ruling oligarchy
o Union Obrera Democratica- first labor union in
the Philippines founded by Isabelo de los
Reyes.
X. Japanese Occupation
 December 7, 1941- Japan attacked the American naval bases in Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii. The following day, Dec. 8, 1941 US declared war against Japan.
 United States Armed Forces in the Far East (USAFFE)- combined forces of
American and Filipino soldiers under the command of Gen. Douglas MacArthur
 Gen. Masaharu Homma- the Commander in chief of the Japanese Imperial forces in
the Philippines
 Dec 26, 1941- MacArthur declared Manila an open city to protect the civilians,
TEACHER ECHO
withdrawing guns in accord with international law
 March 11, 1942- MacArthur proceeded top Australia, famously telling reporters there,
“I shall return”
 April 9, 1942- General Edward King, commander of Bataan Forces surrendered to
Japanese
 April 10, 1942- the Death March began in Maraviles and Cabcaben. The Filipino-
American troops were forced to march from Bataan to San Fernando , Pampanga.
The 76,000 captured soldiers were forced to embark on the infamous “Death March”
to a prison camp more than 100 kilometers north. An estimated 10,000 prisoners
died due to thirst, hunger and exhaustion
 May 6, 1942- Gen. Wainwright, commander of Corregidor forces surrendered to
Japanese.
A. Government during the Japanese Period
I. The Japanese Military Administration
 Led in the imposition of martial law in the Philippines
 Kempeitai- Japanese military police
 Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagng Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)
 Chief Organ of the Japanese propaganda
Aim was to bring about rapid reconstruction to the
Philippines. It was also designed to coordinate all activities
and services of associations and individuals concerned with
the promotion of the total well-being of every person and
inculcate the Asian values of hard work, faith, self-reliance,
loyalty, bravery, discipline and self-sacrifice
Jorge Vargas- ex-officio president of KALIBAPI
 Benigno Aquino- appointed director-general
II. The Philippine Executive Commissions/ Central Administrative
Organization
 Established on January 23, 1942
 Jorge Vargas- chairman of this temporary government
 This commission consisted of six departments, each under the
leadership of a Filipino commissioner
Interior- Benigno Aquino
Finance- Antonio de las Alas
Justice- Jose P. Laurel
Agriculture & Commerce- Rafael Alunan
Education, Health & Public Welfare- Claro M. Recto
Public works and Communication – Quintin Paredes
III. The Japanese Sponsored Republic of the Philippines/ Second Philippine
Republic
 Inaugurated on October 14, 1943, with Jose P. Laurel as its
president
 Abolished the Philippine Executive Commission
 Legislative power vested in National Assembly
 Liwayway- only tagalog weekly magazine that allowed to continue
publication
B. Resistance against Japanese TEACHER ECHO

 Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon

Communist and socialist guerilla unit founded on march 29, 1942 and led by
Luis Taruc and Castro Alejandrino
The organization had 30,000 guerilla fighters
C. Battle of the Philippine Sea
 The American forces moved step by step across the Pacific Ocean and began the
Battle of the Philippine sea on June 19, 1944
 October 20, 1944- General MacArthur and his allied forces landed in Palo
Beach ,Leyte
 Battle of Leyte gulf- greatest naval battle in history
 July 4, 1945- MacArthur proclaimed that Philippines had been liberated from the
Japanese
 August 6, 1945- bombing of Hiroshima
 August 9, 1945- bombing of Nagasaki
D. The Republic Years
 3rd Republic- came into being when the US granted the country its independence non
July 4, 1946. It’s framework of government was laid down by the Constitution of 1935
 4th Philippine Republic- during the era of martial law in the country on June 30, 1981.
It operated on the basis of the Constitution of 1973, which transformed the
presidential into a parliamentary system of government
 5th Philippine Republic- established on February 2, 1987 when the Filipino people
ratified the 1987 Constitution , with Corazon Aquino as its first president.
PHILIPPINE PRESIDENT

1. Emilio Aguinaldo (1899- 1901)

 Started as member of te Magdalo Chapter of the Katipunan then was elected
president at the revolutionary government at the Tejeros Convention, and later,
Biak-na-Bato Republic.
 Youngest president at age of 18
2. Manuel L Quezon ( 1935- 1944)
 First Filipino President of the Commonwealth under American rule
 Known as the “father of the National Language”
 Initiated women’s suffrage in the Philippines
 1st senate president elected as the President of the Philippines
 Died in tuberculosis at New York
3. Jose P. Laurel ( 1943-1945)
 President of the 2nd Republic and known as the “Puppet President”
 Established a Lyceum of the Philippines
 Government caretaker during World War II
4. Sergio Osmeña, Sr. (1944-1946)
 2nd Philippine president during the Commonwealth
 1st Filipino National Leader under the American regime who became as the
speaker of the Philippine Assembly
 Vice-President during Quezon’
TEACHER ECHO
5. Manuel Roxas (1946-1948)
 First president of the 3rd Republic
 Signed the Treaty of General Relations based on this treaty, the United States
withdrew aqnd surrendered all rights of supervision , control or sovereignty over
the Philippines
 Philippine Trade Act, also known as the Bell trade Act, provided for the
continuation of free trade with the Philippines and the united Sates from 1946-
1954
 Philippine Rehabilitation Act, also known as the Tydings Rehabilitation Act,
resulted to the creation of the Philippine War Damage Commission to take
charge of war damage payments
 Parity Rights- grant US citizens and corporations the same rights as Filipinos in
the utilization and exploitation of the Philippine natural resources.
 Military based Agreement- gave US free use of 23 base sites for 99 years
(shortened to 25 ears in 1959) renewable in the expiration of the treaty
6. Elpidio Quirino ( 1948- 1953)
 Two principal objectives:
 Economic reconstruction
 Restoration of people’s trust and confidence in the government
 Created the President’s Action Committee on Social Amelioration (PACSA) and
the agricultural Credit Cooperatives financing Administration ( ACCFA) to help
famers in marketing their crops
 Established rural banks to provide credit facilities in the barrios
 Total Economic Mobilization Program- to employ natural resources, manpower,
and technical knowledge for economics progress
  Established (LASEDECO Law Settlement and Development Corp.) for landless
farmers.
7. Ramon Magsaysay ( 1953- 1957)
 Man of the Masses. He promised to give
common tao justice
 Established the NARRA (National
Rehabilitation and Resettlement
Administration) to continue the resettlement
program of previous administration
 Opened the gates of Malacañang Palace to
the masses
 Taruc unconditionally surrendered after four
months of negotiations
 Died in a fatal airplane crash at Mt.
Manuggal in Cebu on March 17, 1957
 Presidency referred to as Golden Years due
to lack of corruption
8. Carlos P. Garcia
 He was among the founders of Association
of Southeast Asia, precursor of the ASEAN
 Known as the “prince of Visayan Poets” and
TEACHER ECHO“bard from bohol”

 Famous of his “Filipino First” policy – the

policy gave priority to Filipinos over
foreigners in the acquisition of land and
capital in the operation of business, trade
and industry
 Austerity Program- involves temperate
spending, less imports and less extravagant
consumption

9. Diosdado Macapagal 1961-1965

 “poor boy from Lubao”
 Issued executive order shifting Philippine
Independence Day from July 4 to June 12
 RA 3844 or the agricultural Land Reform
Code was signed into a law
Under this law, share tenancy
system in agriculture had to be
replaced with agricultural leasehold
system. It provided for the purchase
of private farmlands and
distributions of lots to landless
tenants on easy terms.
  Established Land Bank of the Philippines to
support the country’s agrarian reform
program
 Formation of MAPHILINDO, a confederation
of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia on
august 5, 1957
 Placed Philippine peso in the currency
exchange market and signed minimum
wage law

10. Ferdinand Marcos 1965-196

 1st only president in the 4th Philippine
Republic
 Promised to make his country Great Again,
ruled for 20 years
 Only president to be reelected for a second
term
 First president who took his oath in native
language
 Work for the changing of 1934 constitution
and result was the constitution 1973
TEACHER ECHOproviding for a parliamentary gov’t.
 Declared MARTIAL LAW in 1972, by virtue
of Proclamation no. 1081 because of the
deteriorating peace and order in the country
 Abolished congress upon the declaration of
Martial Law
 The later part of his regime was popularly
known as dictatorship.

Benigno Aquino was assassinated in 1983 which generate protest

and demonstration that culminated in the EDSA Revolution
where the People’s Power was manifested. This put to an end
for 20 years rule of Ferdinand Marcos, Crazon Aquino, widow of
Benigno Aquino assumed the presidency in February 25, 1986.

11. Corazon C. Aquino 1986-1992

 First woman president of the Philippines
 Restored democracy
 Presidential commission on good
Government (PCGG) was created to
recover all the ill-gotten wealth taken by
corrupt government officials
 Convened a constitutional Commission that
drafted the Philippine constitution which was
ratified by people on Feb. 2, 1987
  Signed the Family Code of 1987 and 1911
Local Government Code

12. Fidel V. Ramos 1992-1997

 known for his Philippines 2000 which is
meant to make the Philippines an
economically developed country
 Launched Social Reform Agenda to win the
war against poverty. Its main components
were the ff: expansion of jobs and skills
training opportunities, improvement of public
housing, more responsive delivery of basin
education and primary health care and
establishment of mechanisms for effective
participation of the poor in social life.
 Philippine Stock Exchange became an
international favorite during his presidency
 Signed peace agreement with the Rebel
Moro National Liberation Front.
13. Joseph E. Estrada 1998-2001
 Known for his “Erap para sa Mahirap”
TEACHER ECHOprogram which focuses on alleviating the
socio-economic conditions of the poor. His
flagship is “Jeep ni Erap”
 He was impeached on November but in
January, People Power II took place when
the senators voted not to open an envelope
containing the evidences against him.
 Was pro-poor but was overthrown in an
EDSA II People power Revolution in 2001
due to plunder
14. Gloria Macapagal Arroyo 2001-2004
 2nd female president who oversaw road and
infrastructure improvements with higher
economic growth than presidents before her
 In her term, peso became the best
performing currency of the year in Asia in
2007
 Implemented eVAT Law
 flagship: ‘Strong Republic”
 a controversial leader who resisted several
military coups. She assumed the presidency
after the resignation of Joseph Estrada in
2000 and maintained power for 10 years.
  Different corruption issues such as fertilizer
scam, ZTE broadband deal, involvement in
jueteng by Cong. Arroyo , among others.
15. Benigno Simeon C. Aquino III (2010-2016)
 The 15th president of the Philippines since
2010. Aquino is a 4th generation politician
and is currently the chairman of the Liberal
Party. His political flagship is the “daang
matuwid”. This is to curtail government
corruption
 Won in the first ever automated election
 Created the No Wang-wang (street siren )
Policy.
 Initiated K-12 education
16. Rodrigo “Rody” Roa Duterte
 Also known as “digong” is a Filipino
politician and jurist who is the 16th and
current President of the Philippines, and
Chairman of the Association of the South
East Asian Nations for 2017
 He is the first Mindanaoan to hold the office,
TEACHER ECHOand the 4th Visayan descent. At 71 years

old, Duterte is the oldest perso to assume

the Philippine presidency superseding
Sergio Osmeña and Fidel Ramos
respectively
 He was among the longest serving mayor in
the Philippines, serving 7 terms totaling
more than 22 years in office
 Flagship: “Change is coming!”
 Battle of Marawi also known as the Marawi
was a five-month long armed conflict in
Marawi, Lanao del Sur, that started on May
23, 2017
 RA 10963 – Tax Reform for Acceleration
and Inclusion (TRAIN Law)

JOSE RIZAL’S LIFE AND WORKS

 Taft commission- chose Rizal out of several great Filipinos as the number one hero of his
people
 Republic act 1425- the Rizal Law authored by Sen. Claro m. Recto signed on June 12, 1956
 Jose Protacio Realonda Alonso Mercado Rizal (a child of a good family)- born on June 19,
1861, between 11 and 12 in the evening, a few days before the full moon; baptized on June
22, 1861 by Fr. Rufino Collanes, while Fr. Pedro Casanas stood as his godfather.
I. JOSE RIZAL’S GENEALOGY
a. Genealogy- study of ancestry and family histories by genealogist
 b. Chinese Ancestry
 Domingo Lam-co- Rizal’s paternal ancestor native of the Chinchew district in
chins, baptized in the Parian church of San Gabriel on a Sunday on June
1697
 Inez dela Rosa- wife of Lam-co, half of Lam-co’s age. Her parents were
Agustin Chinco and Jacinta Rafaela
c. Mercado Clan
 Francisco Mercado y Chinco
 Rizals’ father,a prosperous landowner, sugar and rice planter, of
Chinese-Filipino descent
 Born on April 18, 1818 in Biñan and lived to be 80 years old the
youngest in a family of 1 siblings. A well-educated farmer who studied
Latin and philosophy at Colegio de San Jose in manila
 His parents were Captain Juan Mercado and Cirila Alejandra
d. Alfonso Clan
 Teodora Alonso- Rizal’s mother , one of the most-highly educated woman in
the Philippines, an Ilocano-tagalog –chinese-spanish descent, possibly even
having Japanese blood
 Born on November 1, 1827 and lived to be 84 years old. Studied in
Colegio de Santa Rosa, gifted woman with insights into literature, art,
music and other forms of Filipino culture.
TEACHER ECHO
 Daughter of Brigada de Quintos
e. Claveria List
- Royal decree of 1849, a new family name was adopted upon the order of governor-
General Narciso Claveria y Zaldua. Issued on November 21, 1849 wherein the list of
approved family names can be referred from thr Catalogo Alfabetico de Apellidos
- Rizal, a shortened form of Spanish word “second crop”, seemed suited to family of
farmers. Originated from the word Ricial, which literally means rice field.
f. Siblings
 Jose was the 7th of 11 children and younger of the 2 boys.
a. Saturnina- oldest, married to Manuel hidalgo and published
Pascual Poblete tagalog translation of Noli Me Tangere
b. Paciano- oldest boy, 10 years older than jose, A major
general in the revolutionary army and married Severina
Decena
c. Narcisa- known as Dona Sisa and can recite from memory all
the poems of Jose Rizal married to Antonio Lopez
d. Olypmia- married Silvestre Ubaldo, a telegraph operator in
Manila
e. Lucia- married Mariano Herbosa who died in cholera and was
denied a Christian burial
f. Maria- married Daniel Faustino Cruz, the only sister of Rizal
who lived up to 50s
g. Jose- our national hero
h. Concepcion- known as Concha who died at age of 3
i. Josefa- a spinster
 j. Trinidad- also a spinster
k. Soledad- youngest and married Pantaleon Quintero. Studied
at La Concordia College where she and Leonora Rivera
where classmates
g. Hereditary Influences
 Father- profound sense of self-respect, habit of independent thinking and
love for work
 Mother- scientific ability, religious nature, spirit of self- sacrifice and passion
for arts and literature
 Malayan ancestors- love for freedom, innate desire to travel and his
indomitable courage
 Chinese ancestors- serious nature, frugality, patience and love for children
 Spanish ancestors- elegance of bearing, sensitivity to insult and gallantry to
ladies
II. RIZAL’S EARLY CHILDHOOD
 At the age of 3- learned alphabet and prayers from his mother Teodora, his
first teacher. Other early teachers were Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas
Padua and Leon Monroy who gave Jose introductory lessons in Latin. He
was called “Ute” by his brother and sisters and “Pepe or Pepito” by
townspeople in Calamba
 At age 5- read although not fluently, the Spanish family bible called
historiasagrada TEACHER ECHO

 At age 7- wrote a comedy which highlighted his literary talent for the local
fiesta and was rewarded 2 pesos
 At age 8- wrote the poem “Sa Aking mga Kababata”
 At age 9- wrote the poem “Mother’s birthday”. Sent to a boy’s school in Biñan
and his teacher was Dr. Justiniano Aquino Cruz
III. RIZAL’S FORMATIVE YEARS
a. Years in Ateneo
 June 10, 1872, Paciano accompanied Jose to matriculate at the Ateneo de
Municipal Manila. Fr. Magin Ferrando the registrar refused Jose to admit two
reasons (a) he was late for registration and (b) he appeared sickly and
undersized for his age. Upon the intercession of Manuel Xerez-Burgos,
nephew of FR. Burgos, he was admitted in Ateneo.
 Students in ateneo is divided into 2 empires to fight for academic supremacy
the Roman and Carthaginian and Jose became the “Emperor of
Carthaginian”
 Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas is the first foreign book Jose
read
 Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Fedor Jagor that criticized Spanish regime in
the Philippines. It is the book that intrigued Jose and inspired to educated his
countrymen
 Remembered as an original thinker, creative scholar and a natural leader
 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez is Jose’s teacher in Ateneo
b. Rizal’s writings
  A La Juventud Filipina (To the Philippine Youth)- won a special prize in
poetry when Jose was still in Ateneo
 Por La Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria ( Through Education Our
Motherland Receives Light)- poem Jose wrote while he was in Ateneo which
suggested that education is an integral part of national character.
 Alianza intima la religion y la educacion (the intimate alliance between
Religion and education)- in which Jose expressed the importance of religion
in education and to him, education without God is not true education.
 A la Virgen Maria (to the Virgin Mary)- 1st sad poem Jose wrote
 Al Niño Jesus (to the child Jesus)- an ode to Jesus was short and consisted
of 8 verses only classified as octava real
 In memory of my village- Jose recalled his joyous days of his childhood in
Calamba
 Council of the Gods- an allegory tha was awarded as 1st place in competition
however, decision was reversed
 Years in UST- enrolled as a philosophy and medical student. He didi not
shine in UST and failed to obtain high academic records
IV. JOURNEY TO MADRID
 May 3, 1882- Jose secretly left the country abroad SS Salvadora. He enrolled
medicine at the Unibersidad Central de Madrid on Nov. 3, 1882 with Prof.
Marquis Busto. He studied painting and sculpture at the Academy of San
Carlos and drawing at TEACHER ECHO
the Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando Haes
 Free masonry- a worldwide fraternity where Jose was a member in the
Acacia lodge No. 9 and his symbolic name was Dimasalang
 Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe and The Wandering Jew by
Eugene Sue inspired Jose to fight for the Filipinos
 They ask me for Verses- a poem Jose wrote when his mother ask him to
write a poetry. A poem that is Jose’s product of all the melancholy of his
aching soul.
 Hymn to work- a song Jose wrote when he asked to write a song to celebrate
the raising of Lipa, Batangas, into a villa
V. The Scholar’s Journey
 From Madrid he went to Paris in 1885 and continued his medical studies
under the farmed French ophthalmologist Dr. Loius de Wecker
 Jose wanted to perfect the German method of diagnosis so he opted to
continue studying in Germany. He had a special training under Dr. Otto
Becker
 Jose attended lecture courses in the Old university of Heidelberg for months
only. He lived with Dr. Karl Ullmer with whom he took delightful walks every
afternoon
 Jose continued to write Noli and finished it on Berlin on Feb. 22, 1887.
Maximo Viola helped Jose in the printing of the book and one of its first
copies was sent to Ferdinand Blumentritt
 On July 5, 1887 he took a ship from Marseilles and started his journey back
to the Philippines
VI. Rizal’s Romances
 a. Miss K
 Also known as Segunda Katigbak, his first love
 Jose met Miss K when he was accompanied by his friend , Mariano Katigbak
when he visited his maternal grandmother. She was also a close friend of
Olimpia (Jose’s sister) in school at La Concordia College
 Fixed marriage was arranged between her and Manuel Luz and Miss K
b. Leonor Rivera
 Jose’s cousin from Camiling and also a La Concordian. A daughter of
Antonio Rivera, his uncle in whose house lived during his junior year at UST
 Enaged with Jose but married another man Henry Kipping, Jose’s great love
c. Gertrude Beckett
 Blue-blooded Englishwoman who was the oldest daughter of London church
organist in whose house Rizal lodged when he went to visit London
d. Josephine Bracken
 A 19-year old lady Rizal met in Dapitan
 Jose wanted to marry her but because of church requirements the just simply
lived together
 Jose called her his “wife” and “dulcee estrangera”
 Married to a Filipino named Vicente Abad and died in Hongkong due to
tuberculosis
e. Consuelo Orita y Perez
 A daughter of liberal TEACHER ECHO
minded Spanish official who once served in Manila
during the Spanish era. It was just a casual relationship
f. O Sei San
 Daughter of a Japanese nobleman who had a brief affair with Rizal when she
was 23 and Rizal was 27. Her real name was Seiko Usui.
g. Suzanne Jacoby
 A Belgian woman Jose met when he stayed with the Jacoby’s. One of the
contributing factors that led Jose to continue writing El Filibusterismo.
h. Nelly Boustead
 Intellectual, sure of herself, attractive and serious with her religious belief.
Jose almost married her when he knew Leonor Rivera’s love affair.

RIZAL’S NOVELS

A. Noli Me Tangere (touch me not)

 Story of Philippine condition during the last decades of Spanish rule
 Inspired by Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin
 Dr. Maximo Viola- savior of Noli Me Tangere
 Elias and Salome- deleted chapter of Noli
B. El Filibusterismo
 Dedicated to Gomburza
 Valentin Venture- savior of El fili
C. Makamisa
 Rizal’s unfinished tagalog novel

ADDITIONAL KEYPOINTS IN PHILIPPINE HISTORY

KATAAS-TAASANG, KAGALANG-GALANGANG KATIPUNAN NG MGA ANAK NG BAYAN (KKK)

 Andres Bonifacio
o Father of Philippine Revolution
o Supremo of Katipunan
o Made the decalogo
 Emilio Jacinto
o Brain of the KAtipunan
o Made the Primer of the Katipunan
 Passwords of KKK
o Bayani- Rizal
o Kawal- GomBurZa
o Katipon- Anak ng Bayan
 Teodoro Patino
o A traitor of Katipunan who revealed the existence of KKK to the Spanish authorities
thorugh Padre Mariano Gil because of a conflicy he had with Apolonio dela Cruz
 Eight rays of the sun
o Batangas
o Bulacan
o Cavite
o Laguna TEACHER ECHO
o Nueva ecija
o Pampanga
o Maynila
o Tarlac
 Gen. Mariano Nuñez Llanera
o One of the three Fathers of the Cry of Nueva Ecija, along with Panataleon Valmonte
and Manuel Tinio
 Gen. Severino Tirona
o A general who led in saving the town of Laguna during the Revolution
 Gen. Miguel Malvar
o Filipino general who served during the Philippine Revolution and helped saved
Batangas
 Two Facrtons:
o Magdalo- officially led by Baldomero Aguinaldo, but his cousin Emilio Aguinaldo was
its most famous leader
o Magdiwang- led by Mariano Alvarez
 Tejeros convention
o Meeting held between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan at San
Francisco de Malabon
 President- Emilio Aguinaldo
 Vice Pres.- Mariano Trias
 Captain Gen.- Artemio Ricarte
 Director of War- emiliano Rirgo de Dios
 Director of the interior- Andres Bonifacio
 TAKE NOTE:
Disclosure of Katipunan -> Cry of Pugadlawin ->
Tejeros Convention -> Pact of Biak-na-Bato->
Declaration of Independence

Spanish – American War

 Battle Ship Maine

 American naval ship that sank in Havana Harbor during the Cuban
revolt against Spain. The main reason why Spanish American was
started
 Mock battle of Manila
 August 13, 1898
 Only General Wesley Meritt, Commodore George Dewey and Gov.
General Fermnin Gaudenes know that it was a planned battle to
transfer control of the city center from the Spanish to the americans

Philippine-American War

 San Juan Bridge known as “Calle Sociego”-

TEACHER ECHO marked the strat of the Philippine-
American ar on Feb. 4, 1899 when William Walter Grayson fired his gun and killed
one Filipino
 Battle of Tirad Pass
o December 2, 1899
o Brigadier General Gregorio del Pilar vs. Troops of American Major Peyton
March
o Januario Galut- a Tinnguian Igorot, led the 33rd infantry regiment under Major
Peyton March so they could surround and defeat 60 Filipinos ld by Gen.
Gregorio del Pilar in the Battle of Tirad Pass
o Cecilio Segismundo
 A messenger arrested by American soldiers that leads to Aguinaldo’s
arrest
 Turn coat and a key participant in Aguinaldo’s capture
 Balangiga Massacre
o An accident happened in Sept. 28, 1901 at Balangiga, Samar led by General
Vicente Lukban that killed more than 4o American soldiers.
 General Miguel Malvar
o Ende the Filipino-american was when he surrendered to the Americans

American Period

 Universities Established
o Philippine Normal School 1901
o Diliman University 1901
 o Centro Escolar Univeristy 1917
o Unibersidad ng Pilipinas 1908
o Unibersidad ng Maynila 1914
o Philippine women’s University 1919
o Far Eastern University 1919
 Bulacan
o The town where the 1st local election happened
 Cayetano Arellano
o The first chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines under the
American Civil Government

Japanese Period

a. HUKBALAHAP- Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon (Anti-

Japanese Army), was a Communist guerilla movement
formed by the peasant farmers of Central Luzon headed by
Luis Taruc

Filipinos who fought for our Independence

 General Emilio Aguinaldo- 1st youngest president ; Filipino general, politician and
independence leader TEACHER ECHO
 General Antonio Luna- commander in Chief in Aguinaldo’s regime; One of the greatest
generals
 Gen. Gregorio del Pilar- youngest general at age of 24; Hero of TiradPass
 General Miguel malvar- became he head general of Batangas during the revolution
 Macario Sakay- established the “tagalog republic” at the mountains of Sierra Madre ; last
general to surrender on July 14, 1906
 General Francisco Macabulos- fought and led the town in Tarlac during the revolution;
established the branch of Katipunan in Tarlac
 General Vicente Lukban- govern samar and Leyte durignt he 1st Philippine republic; led
the famous Balangiga Massacre
 General Mariano Llanera- one of the three fathers of the Cry of Nueva Ecija
 Apolinario Mabini- brains of the Revolution; “sublime paralytic”; referred to as the dark
Chamber of the President by enemies
 Trinidad Tecson- Mother of Biak-na-Bato; later called as the mother of Philippine Red
Cross
 Melchora Aquino- Mother of the Katipunan; famously known as “Tandang Sora”; cured
wounded Katipuneros who were hurt during the revolution

Take note:

 Lapu-lapu
o 1st great hero of the Philippine Island
o King of Mactan
 Gabriela Silang
o 1st Filipina to led the revolt during Spanish colonization
 o Wife of Diego Silang
 Hilaria Aguinaldo
o Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo
o Established “Hijas de la Revolucion” daughter of Revolution that later in became
“associacion dela Cruz” or the Red Cross Association
 Geronima Tomelder Pecson
o 1st female senator of the Philippines
o 1st woman in the world to become a member of the executive board of united
nation’s Educational, Scientific And Cultural Organization (UNESCO).

FIRST IN THE PHILIPPINES

 First Filipino Christians- Rajah Humabon & Rajah Kolambu

 First Filipino Priest- Martin Lakandula who was ordained as an Augustinian priest in
1590
 First president from Mindanao- Rodrigo Duterte
 First Battle- Battle of Mactan
 First Spanish governor-general- Miguel Lopez de Legazpi
 First archbishop- Domingo Salazar
 First revolt- Revolt og Esteban Taes
 First man who used FilipinoTEACHER
as title of citizenship- Luiz Rodrgiguez Varela
ECHO
 First Republic- Malolos republic
 First president of Katipunan- Deodato Arellano
 First army Chief- General Artemio Ricarte
 First American civil governor- William Howard Taft
 First Filipino chief Justice- Cayetano Arellano
 First Labor union- Union Obrera Democratica, founded by Isabelo de los Reyes
 First speaker of the Philippine assembly- Sergio Osmeña
 First woman senator- Geronima Pecson
 First national artist- Fernando Amorsolo

ECONOMICS

What is economics?

 Oikonomia: Greek word meaning – management of the household

 Is a social science concerned with how individuals and society choose to use its
scarce resource to achieve maximum satisfaction of human material wants
 Economics is the social science that studies the production, distribution, ad
consumption of goods and services

Two Major Divisions of Economics

 Microeconomics: the branch of economics that examines the functioning industries

and the behavior of individual decision-making units
  Macroeconomics: branch of economics that examines the economic behavior of
aggregate. Looks at eh economy as a whole

Three Basic Economic Questions

The problem of scarcity forces each economy to address three basic economic questions:

1. What will be produced?

2. By whom will it be produced?
3. For whom will it be produced?

Economic Systems

1. Capitalist system/ Market Economy

2. Command Economy/ Planned Economy
3. Mixed Economy
4. Traditional Economy

Capitalist System- it is an economy in which people and firms pursues their own self-interest without
any central direction or regulations. This is also known as laissez faire economy, free enterprise,
price mechanism, of free market economy

Command Economy- it is an economy in which a central authority or agency draws up a plan that
TEACHER ECHO
establishes what it will produce and when, and makes rule for distributions.

Mixed Economy- it is a regulated market economy. It usually defined as economy that contains both
private-owned enterprises and that combines elements of capitalism and socialism, or a mix market
economy and command economy characteristics.

INPUTS AND OUTPUTS

INPUTS- are commodities or services that are used to produce goods and services

Ex. Land, labor, capital entrepreneur

OUTPUTS- are various useful goods or services that result from production process and either
consumed or employed in further production.

Ex: rent, wages, income, interest

Factors of Production

1. Land- includes all resources founds in the sea and on land

2. Labor- can be defined as any kind of work, either mental or manual in nature, which
has the sole purpose of receiving rewards
3. Capital- refers to the stock of goods made by the people to help them in the
production of goods and services
4. Entrepreneur- usually the organizer in a company, he is responsible for arranging
how production should take place

Opportunity Cost
  Cost of something in terms of an opportunity for gone
 The most valuable forgone alternative
 Second best alternative

Competition

 Perfect Competition- homogenous products, buyers and seller are price takers
 Monopolistic Competition- one seller controls price
 Oligopolistic Competition- few sellers, not aggressive competition

The Market System Demand- refers to a schedule of the different quantities of commodities which
an individual is willing and able to buy

Law of Demand- as the price of commodity increases, all factors being constant, the quantity
demanded for that commodity decreases

Determinant of Demand

1. Population
2. Income
3. Taste and Preferences
4. Price expectation
5. Price of related goods
TEACHER ECHO

Supply- refers to a schedule of the different quantities of commodities which sellers are willing to sell
at different alternative prices

Law of Supply- as the price of commodity is increased, the quantity of the product that sellers are
willing to sell also increase, all other things being constant

Determinants of supply

1. Technology
2. Number of sellers
3. Cost of production
4. Price expectation
5. Taxes and subsidies

Supply and Demand Together

 Equilibrium- refers to a situation in which the price has reached the level where quality
supplied equals quantity demand
 Equilibrium price- the price that balances quantity supplied and quantity demand. On graph,
it is the price at which the supply and demand curves intersect
 Equilibrium quantity- the quantity supplied and the quantity demanded at the equilibrium
price. On a graph it is the quantity at which the supply and demand curves intersect
 Gross National Product (GNP)- is the total market value of all final goods and service
produced by citizens in one year
  Gross domestic Product (GDP)- sum of the money values of all final goods and services
produced in the domestic economy along a specified period of time, usually one year.

TAXATION

 Is the inherent power of the state to demand enforced contributions from its people for public
purposes
 A levy imposed by government on the income, wealth and capital gains of persons or
businesses on their spending on goods, services and properties

CLASSIFICATION OF TAX SYSTEM

 Progressive income Tax- the higher the income, the higher the tax rate
 Proportional Tax- the tax rate is constant and unaffected by the level of income
 Regressive Tax- the higher the income the lower the tax rate

Types of Taxes

 Direct Taxes
o Taxes levied by the government on the income and wealth received by households
and businesses in order to raise government
TEACHER ECHO revenue and are used as instruments of
fiscal policy
o Examples are personal income tax and corporate income tax
 Indirect Taxes
o Taxes levied by government on goods and services in order to raise government
revenue and are used as instruments of fiscal policy
o These are not taxes on people but on the goods and services that we purchase and
consume\
o Ex: sales tax, import tax. VAT/eVAT

CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOUND TAX SYSTEM

 Adequacy- the taxes should be just enough to generate revenue required for provision of
essential public services like health, education, and national defense and police protection
 Efficiency- must generated revenue greater than the amount of money the government must
spend to collect taxes.
 Equity- individual and groups belonging to the same bracket must be taxed equally while
belonging to different income groups must be taxed differently
 Convenience- to set up measures and procedures that will make it more convenient for
taxpayers to pay
 Neutrality- taxes should not favor any one group or sector over another, and should not be
designed to interfere with or influence individual decision making.

AGRARIAN REFORM AND COOPERATIVES

  A Philippine state policy that ensures and promotes welfare of landless farmers and farm
workers as well as elevation of social justice and equality among rural areas.
 CARP was established by the comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law of 1988 (CARL).
 Aimed for a nation with equitable land ownership an empowered agrarian reform beneficiary
while, at least, improving social live.
 Enacted by the 8th Congress of the Philippines and signed by Aquino on June 10,1988.

Objectives
 To successfully devise land reform in Philippines
 To improve the economic and social status of the beneficiaries of land reform in Philippines

Objectives of Agrarian Reform-Political

 To put an end to conflicts pertaining to land ownership
 To bring about harmony between the rural people and the urban residents
 Bringing the stability in the political set up of the country

Objective of Agrarian Reform-Social

 Bringing about quality in terms of opportunities, incomes, as well as wealth

Coverage of CARP
 All alienable and disposable lands of the public domain devoted to or suitable for agriculture
 All lands of the public domain in excess of the specific limits as determined by the congress
 All other land owned by the government devoted to or suitable for agriculture
 All private lands devoted to or suitable for agriculture regardless of the agricultural products
raised or that can be raised. TEACHER ECHO

Retention Limits
 Five hectares for land owners
 Three hectares to be awarded to each child of the land owner subject to the following
qualifications:
1. At least 15 yrs. old
2. Actually tilling the soil or directly managing the farm

Beneficiaries
 Agricultural lessess and share tenants
 Regular farm workers
 Seasonal farm workers
 Other farm workers
 Actual tillers or occupants of public lands
 Collectives or cooperatives
 Other directly working on the land

COOPERATIVES
-duly registered association or persons with a common bond of interest, who have voluntary joined
together to achieve a lawful common social or economic end, making equitable to contribution to the
capital required and accepting a fair share of the risks and benefits of the undertaking in accordance
with universally accepted cooperative principle.
What are the kinds of cooperative?
1. Credit Cooperative – promotes thrifts and savings among its members and creates
funds in order to grant loans for productivity.
2. Consumer Cooperative – the primary purpose is to procure the distribute
commodities to members and non-members.
 3. Producers Cooperative – undertakes joint production whether agricultural or
industrial.
4. Service Cooperative – engages in medical, and dental
care,hospitalization,transportation,insurance,housing,labor,electric light and power,
and communication and other services.
5. Multi-Purpose Cooperative – combines two (2) or more of the business activities of
these different types of cooperatives.

Universal Principle of Cooperatives

1. Open and Voluntary Membership
- no artificial discrimination against individuals because of their race, creed of political affiliation,
freedom of entry and exit of any member of the cooperative.
2. Democratic Control
- in order for members to gain entry to cooperative, they must purchase shares of the
cooperative, obtain the right to govern the organization, voting rights of the owners are on the basis
of one person, one vote.
3. Limited Interest on Capital
-capital in a cooperative is like a loan because the owners of the capital can expect to receive a
rate return not exceeding that of the prevailing market interest rates on investing.

New Cooperative Law

 Cooperative Code of the Philippines (R.A 6938)
 Cooperative Development Authority (R.A 6938)
 Executive order 95 and 96 were issued by Pres. Fidel V. Ramos in June 1993,providing for
implementation guidelines for some of the provision
TEACHER ECHO of the two laws cited.

PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT & CONSTITUTION

 POLITICAL SCIENCE – is the study if the polis. It is a specialized study of state, its
government and politics.
 POLIS - Greek word, it means a city, tantamount to today`s state

STATE AND NATION

STATE- has some degree of performance; political concept.
NATION- is a racial in nature, bound by a common race or language as well as customs
and traditions.

Elements of State
 PEOPLE - inhabitants or the population of the state comprises its citizens.
 TERRITORY - definite geographic area occupied by the people.
 GOVERNMENT - Agency or instrumentality, through which the will of the people is
formulated, expressed and realized.
 SOVEREIGNTY - supreme power of the state to rule over its citizens within its territory and
be free from control of foreign states.

Theories of the Evolution of State

 NATURAL THEORY - according to this theory, the formation of the state results from man`s
natural inclination to associate and interact.
 DEVINE THEORY - this theory holds the view that the state is of divine creation and its
rulers are of God`s chosen ones.
  FORCE THEORY - this theory asserts that the state emerged as a consequence of invasion,
force or coercion.
 PATRIARCHAL THEORY - state involves from families.
 SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY – this explains that states were formed by deliberate and
voluntary agreement among the people.

Branches of Government
 LEGISLATIVE - law-making body
 EXECUTIVE - law-implementing body
 JUDICIAL - law-interpreting body

Fundamental Powers of the State

 POLICE POWER - the power of the state to enact laws or regulations in relation to persons
and properly for the promotion of public health, morals, safety and general welfare.
 EMINENT DOMAIN - right or power of the state to take private property for public use upon
payment of just compensation.
 POWER OF TAXTATION - power of the state to impose proportional charges upon persons,
property or rights, for the use and support of the government and to enable it to discharge a
legitimate function.
What is GOVERNMENT?
 Is an institution that has the power to make laws and enforce these certain territories, people
and other organizations.
 It derived from Latin word “qubemaculum” which means a rudder used steer, control or
direct. TEACHER ECHO

FORMS OF GOVERNMENT
A. According to the number of persons in whom sovereignty resides.

1.MONARCHY - (Rule of one) - it is a form of government in which the supreme and final authority
resides in one person, whose world is considered law.
2.ARISTOCRACY - (Rule of few) - it is government in which the political power belongs to the “elite
of the society who have the high social status, wealth and political power” of heredity nobility.
3.DEMOCRACY - (Rule of Many) – it is a form of government in which the supreme political power is
exercised by a majority of the people. Abraham Lincoln aptly puts it “Democracy is the government
of the people , by the people and for the people”.

o DIRECT - if the people govern directly and immediately in an assembly. Practicable only in
small areas and assembly.
o INDIRECT – (republican or representative) if the people given through chosen
representatives. Applicable in densely populated groupings.
o
B. According to the distribution of powers of the central government.

1.UNITARY - it is a form of government in which “the control of the national government and the
local affairs is exercised by the central or national government”.
2.FEDERAL - it is a form of government in which the power of the government are distributed
between the central government and the local government ,each organ being supreme within its own
political sphere. Institutionalizes the participation of the local communities to pursue development in
accordance with their particular culture, need and resource.

C. According to the relationship of legislative and the executive branches of the government.
1.PARLIAMENTARY - it is a type of government by a “fusion of power” of the legislative and
executive branch. This means that there is no separation of powers between the branches of the
government greatly improves the legislative process.
2.PRESIDENTIAL - this type of government “is characterized by weak ties between legislative and
executive branches, and by the shifting balance of power “. This system operates on the principle of
separation of powers among the branches of the government.

What is CONSTITUTION?

 Is the fundamental law of the land by which the fundamental powers of government are
established, limited and defined and by which those powers are distributed among several
departments for their more safer and useful exercise for the benefit of the body politics.

Basic Principles of the 1987 Constitution

 Recognition of the aid of Almighty God
 Sovereignty of the people
 Renunciation of war as an instrumental of national policy
 Separation of the church state
 Supremacy of the civilian authority over military
 Recognition of the importance of the family as a basic social institution and of the vital role of
the youth in nation-building.
 Guarantee of human rights
 Separation of powers
 Government through suffrage
 Guarantee of local autonomy TEACHER ECHO
 Independence of the judiciary
 High sense of public service morality and accountability of public officers
 Nationalization of natural resources and certain private enterprises affected with public
interest
 Government of laws and not of men
 Non-suability of the state
 Rule of the majority

HOW CAN A CONSTITUTION BE CHANGED?

CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY - the congress may convene itself into a constituent assembly by a
simple vote of majority, through it would require the vote of three-fourths of its members to affect
amendments.

CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION - the congress may call for a constitutional convention by the
vote of two-thirds of all its members.

PEOPLE`S INITIATIVE – the people may directly propose changes to the constitution upon the
petition of at least 12% of all the registered voters, represented by at least 3% of all registered voters
in every legislative body.

PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS
 MALOLOS CONSTITUTION
 which approved for the establishment of Philippine Republic

 1935 CONSTITUTION
 Chairman of the 1934 Constitutional Convention - Claro M. Recto
  ratified by Filipino people

 1973 Constitution
 Chairman of the 1971 ConCon – Former President Carlos P. Garcia and Diosdado
Macapagal

 1987 Constitution
 Chairman of the 1986 ConCon – Cecilla Munoz Palma
 Ratified by Filipino People (Feb. 2 1987)
 Approved by Constitutional Commission

CITIZENSHIP
 Citizenship is a term denoting membership of a citizen in political society, which
membership implies, reciprocally ,a duty of allegiance on the part of the member and
duty of the member and duty of protection on the part of the state.

General Ways of Acquiring Citizenship

 INVOLUNTARY METHOD – by birth because blood of relationship or place of birth,
and
 VOLUNTARY METHOD – by naturalization, except in case of collective
naturalization of the inhabitants of a territory which takes place when it ceded by one
to another as a result of conquest or treaty.

Citizenship by birth
TEACHER
There are two principles or rules that govern ECHO
citizenship by birth, namely;
 Jus Sanguinis – relationship by blood is the basis of the acquisition of citizenship
under this rule. The children follow the citizenship of both of the parents or ine of
them. This is the predominating principle in the Philippines.
 Jus Soli or Jus Loci – place of birth as the basis for acquiring citizenship under this
rule.

Ways of Acquiring Citizenship through Naturalization

 By the judgement of the court – the foreigner who wants to become a Filipino citizen
must first apply for naturalization with the proper Regional Trial Court. He must have
all the qualifications as a provided by law and must comply with all the procedures
and conditions prescribed.
 By direct act of Congress – in this case, Congress simply legislate a law granting
citizenship to a foreigner.

SUFFRAGE is the right and obligation to vote in the election of the government officers and in the
decision of public question submitted to the people.

SCOPE OF SUFFRAGE
 ELECTION – refers to the selection, by which people serves as the electorate, of
person as candidates for a fixed period.
 RECALL – it is a means by which local of officials may be removed from office even
before the expiration of their term of office by a votes of the residents.
 PLEBISCITE - it is a type of election wherein the people render decisions to
accept or reject certain amendments to the Constitution.
 REFERENDUM – it is a process wherein a law or part of a law passed by the
legislature or local legislative body is submitted to the people for their approval or
rejection.
  INITIATIVE – it is a process whereby the people are given the opportunity to
directly propose or enact laws.

Who may exercise SUFFRAGE?

Under the Constitution, Filipino citizens can exercise this right as long as they comply with
the following requirements:
 At least 18 years of age
 Not disqualified by law
 A resident in the country for at least one year
 A resident of the place where they intend to vote at least 6 months, immediately
preceding the election.

LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
 LEGISLATIVE POWER – the authority under the Constitution to make the laws and
to alter them.

The Composition of Philippine Congress

a. The Senate – the upper house of the congress .It is consists of 24 senators. The
Constitution limits the term of a senator to no more than 2 terms.
b. The House of Representatives – the lower house of the Congress. The 1987
Constitution states that members of the House of Representative shall be composed of not
more than 250 members, unless otherwise fixed by the law.

THE SENATE
 Composition and Election – itTEACHER
is composed
ECHO of 24 senators who are elected at large
by qualified voters as may be provided by law.
 Term of office – six (6) yrs.
 Qualifications of a Senator
1.) A natural born citizen of the Philippines
2.) At last 35 yrs. of age on date of the election day
3.) Able to read and write
4.) A registered voter
5.) A resident of the Philippines for not less than two (2) yrs.
immediately proceeding the election day

THE HOUSE OF THE REPREENTATIVES

 Composition and election/selection – composed of not more than 250 members popularly
known as Congressman elected from legislative or congressional districts and through party-
list system.
 Term of office – three (3) yrs.
 Qualifications of a Representative
1. A natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. At least 25 yrs. of age on the election day
3. Able to read and write
4. Except for the party-list representative, a registered voter
5. A resident thereof, for a period of not less than one (1) yr. preceding the election
day

STEPS IN THE PASSAGE OF THE BILL

1. First reading
2. Referral to appropriate committee
3. Second reading
4. Debates
 5. Printing and distribution
6. Third reading
7. Referral to the other House
8. Submission to join bicameral committee
9. Submission to the President

EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in the President of the Philippines
Section 2. No person may be elected as President unless he is natural born citizen of the
Philippines

 Qualifications of the President and Vice President

1. Natural born citizen of the Philippines
2. Registered voter
3. Able to read and write
4. At least 40 yrs. of age
5. Resident of the Philippines for at least 10 yrs.

Powers of the President

 POWER OF APPOINTMENT – the president appoints members of the Constitutional
Commissions, ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls or officers of the AFP.
 POWER OF EXECUTIVE CLEMENCY – the power to grant reprieves, commutations and
pardons.

 PARON – an act of grace proceedingTEACHER

from the President that exempts the individual on
ECHO
whom it is bestowed , from the punishment the law inflicts for a crime he has committed.
 REPRIEVE – the postponement of the sentence imposed to a lesser punishment
 COMMUTATION – the reduction of the sentence imposed to a lesser punishment
 AMNESTY – an act of mercy from the President with the consent of Congress granted to
certain classes of persons who have committed crimes.

JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
Section 1. The judicial power shall be vested in one Supreme Court and in such lower courts as
may be established by law .
 Meaning of Judicial Power – is the power to apply the law to contests and disputes
concerning legally recognized rights or duties between the state and private person or
between individual litigants in case properly brought before the judicial tribunal.

Section 4.The SUPREME COURT shall be composed of the Chief Justice and 14 Associated
Justices. It may sit en banc or in its direction, in divisions of three, five, seven members. Any
vacancy shall be filled within 90 days from the occurrence thereof.

TERM OF OFFICE – Members of the Supreme Court have no fixed term of office. They hold
office during good behavior until reach 70 yrs. old or become incapacitated to perform their
duties.

QUALIFICATIONS:
1. A natural born citizen of the country.
2. At least 40 yrs. old at the time of appointment
3. Must have been for 15 yrs. or more a judge of a lower court or engaged in the practice of law
in the country.
 4. Must be a person proven competence, integrity, probity and independence.

Special Courts
1. COURT OF TAX APPEALS – it has exclusive jurisdiction over taxes cases appealed by
private citizens and commercial firms.
2. The SANDIGANBAYAN – a special anti-graft court, it decides cases involving graft and
corruption by government officials and employees.
3. THE OMBUDSMAN (Tanodbayan) – investigates cases of graft and corruption in
government; it acts as prosecutor in bringing graft cases before the Sandiganbayan.

CONSTITUTIONAL COMMISSION
 Independent Provisions
 Independent Constitutional Bodies – The Three Constitutional Commissions are:
1) COMMISSION ON CIVIL SERVICE
 the central personnel agency of the government whose primary goal is to
professionalize the Philippine service system by setting standards and
enforcing laws and rules governing the selection, utilization, training and
discipline of civil servants.
2) COMMISSION ON AUDIT
 Has the responsibility of ensuring transparency and particularly in the use of
public funds.
3) COMMISSION ON ELECTION
 created for the purpose of ensuring free and honest elections and protecting
the popular will of theTEACHER
people ECHO
as expressed in the ballot.

LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNITS IN THE PHILIPPINES

BARANGAY
 the basic unit of the government
 it is made up of at least 2,000 inhabitants
 it functions as the primary planning and basic services delivery unit
 headed by “punong barangay” who heads the “sangguniang barangay”

CITIES and MUNICIPALITIES

 composed of several barangays
 CITIES – must have an annual income of at least P20 million, a land area of
at least 50 square kilometres and a population of not less than 150,000
inhabitants.

Types of Cities in the country

1. HIGHLY URBANIZED CITY – one that is independent from the province.
2. COMPONENT CITY – one which is under the supervision of the province.
3. INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITY – one attached to province but whose
residents cannot vote for provincial official.
 MUNICIPALITIES – must have an annual income of at least P2.5 million but
not more than P20 million, a land area off at least 2.5 square kilometres and
an population of at least 25,000 inhabitants.

PROVINCE

 Consists of cities and municipalities

  Has an area of at least 2,000 square kilometres with a population of at least
250,000 inhabitants.

SOCIETY AND CULTURE

- is the scientific study of human societies and social behaviour.

ORIGINS OF SOCIOLOGY:
 AUGUSTE COMTE coined the term “sociology” and suggested the use of positivism –
applying the scientific approach to the social world – but he did not utilize this approach himself.
 HERBER SPENCER another social philosopher, viewed societies as evolutionary, coined
the term “the survival of the fittest”, and became known for social Darwinism.
 KARL MARX, founder of the conflict perspective, believed that class conflict – the struggle
between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie – was the key to human history.
 EMILE DURKHEIM studied the social factors that underline suicide and found that the level
of social integration, the degree to which people are tied to their social group, was a key
social factor in suicide. Central to his studies was the idea that human behavior cannot be
understood simply in individual terms but must be understood within the larger social
context in which it occurs.
 MAX WEBER defined religion as a central force in social change; for example,
Protestantism encourages greater economic development and was the central factor in the
rise of capitalism in some countries.
TEACHER ECHO

Components of Culture
a.Non-material Culture
1.)SOCIAL NORMS – rules or expectation that define what is acceptable or require
in a social situation.
a.)FOLKWAYS – commonly known as customs, traditions and conventions of
society
b.)MORES – special folkways which are important to the welfare of the people
and their cherished values
c.)LAWS– formalized forms norms enacted by political and legal authorities
designated by the government
2.)VALUES – abstract standards hat persist overtime and serve as guides to what is
right and proper for people in society.
3.)KNOWLEDGE – the total range of what has been learned or perceived a true.
This could be natural, supernatural and magic knowledge.

b. Material Culture (Product of technology)

1.)Artifact : simple tools to computer
2.)Characteristics of Culture
a. Culture is learned by individuals as the result of belonging to some particular
group
b. Culture is shared among members of a group
c. Culture can transmitted from generation to generation
d. Culture is dynamic. It is constantly changing
e. Culture is diverse. Every culture is different from other cultures.

ATTITUDE TOWARDS CULTURAL VARIATION

 1.) ETHNOCENTRISM – refers to the tendency to assume that one`s culture and way of
life are superior to all others.
2.) XENOCENTRISM – the belief that the products, styles or ideas of one`s culture are
inferior to other cultures.
3.) CULTURAL RELATIVISM – refers to viewing of people`s behavior from the
perspective of their own culture.

HOW CULTURE IS TRANSMITTED?

1.) ENCULTURATION – the process of learning culture of one`s own group.

2.) ACCULTURATION – the process of learning some new traits from another culture.
3.) ASSIMILATION – term used for a process in which an individual entirely loses any
awareness of his/her previous group identify and takes on the culture and attitude of
another group.

SOCIAL STRUCTURE – the way in which a society is organized into predictable relationships.
SOCIAL INTERACTION – the process by which people act and react in relation to others.
Elements of Social Structure
1.Statuses
2. Social roles
3. Groups
4. Social Institutions

STATUS – a social position that a person holds

1. ASCRIBED STATUS– a social position a TEACHER
person receives
ECHO at birth or takes on involuntarily later in
life.
2. ACHIEVED STATUS – a social position a person voluntarily that reflects personal ability and
effort.
3. STATUS SET – refers to all the statuses a person holds at a given time.
4. MASTER STATUS – a status that dominates others and thereby determines a person`s general
position within a society.

SOCIAL ROLE – a set of expectations for people who occupy given social position or status.
1. ROLE SET – refers to number of roles attached to a single status.
2. ROLE CONFLICT – as conflict among the roles connected to two or more statuses.

GROUP – any number of people with similar norms, values, and expectations who interact with one
another on a regular basis.
1. Primary and secondary groups
2. In-groups and out-groups
3. Reference group
 PRIMARY GROUPS – refer to a small group characterized by intimate, face-to-face
association and cooperation.
Ex: Family, closed-friends, street gang, barkada

 SECONDARY GROUPS – refers to formal, impersonal group in which there is little social
intimacy or mutual understanding.
Ex: Environmental units, business cooperation.

 IN-GROUP –Any group of category to which people feel they belong.

 OUT-GROUP – A group or category to which people feel they do not belong.
REFERENCE GROUP – Any group that individual use as a standard in evaluating themselves and
their own behaviour.

SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
 Is a hierarchy of positions with regard to economic production which influences the social
rewards to those in the position.
 Refers to the hierarchical arrangements of individuals into divisions of power and wealth
within a society.

TYPES OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

1. OPEN SYSTEM – status is achieved through merit and effort. This is sometimes known as
meritocracy.
2. CLOSED SYSTEM – status is ascribed rather than achieved., i.e., determined at birth – and
people are locked down into their parents social position.

Forms of Social Stratification

1. PRIMITIVE COMMUNALISM – characterized by high degree of sharing and minimal social
inequality.
2. SLAVERY – involves great social inequality and the ownership of some person by others.
3. CASTE – in which an individual is permanently assigned to a status based on his/her parent`s
status.
 BRAHMAN – priests
 KSHATRIYAS – warriors, royalty, and administration
 VAISHYAS – producers, merchants, farmers, artisans
 SHUDRAS – peasants and unskilledTEACHER
workersECHO
 UNTOUCHABLE

4.ESTATE SYSTEM – in which peasants are required by law to work land owned by the noble class
in exchange for food and protection from outside attacks.

SOCIAL MOBILITY – the movement of a person from one status to another, either between
generations or within a person`s adult career.

SOCIAL INSTITUTION
 An interrelated system of social roles and norms organized about the approval of an
important social need or function.
 The family, mass media, the government, school, economy and religion are the major
institutions

FAMILY
Functions of Family
A. Reproduction
B. Security
C. Socialization
D. Assignment of Status
Classification of Family according to:
 ENDOGAMY – these are sets of norms specifying that people marry within their own groups;
such as their race, tribe and social status.
Ex:
o A king marries a queen
o A farmer marries another farmer
  EXOGAMY – these are set of norms specifying that people marry outside their own group or
between two individuals who do not belong to the same group.

Number of Spouse/s Pattern

 MONOGAMY – refers to the marriage of one male and one female
 POLYGAMY – refers to the marriage between one person of one sex and a minimum of two
persons of the other sex.
 POLYANDRY – refers to the marriage of one women.
 POLYGYNY – refers to the marriage of one man to two or more women.

According to Internal Organization

 PATRILINEAL – when family members trace their relationships and affiliations with the
paternal side.

 MATRILINEAL – when family members trace their relationships and affiliations with the
maternal side.

 BILATERAL – when family members trace their relationships and affiliations with both
parents.

According to Power/Authority

 PATRIARCHAL – the father or grandfather has the authority and dominates the household.
TEACHER ECHO
 MATRIARCHAL – the mother or grandmother has authority and dominates the household.

 EGALITARIAN – both the husband and wife exercise equal amount of power/authority.

According to Residence Pattern

 PATRILOCAL – the married couple resides with or near the parents of the husband

 MATRILOCAL - the married couple resides with or near the parents of the wife.

 BILOCAL – the married couple resides alternately with either of their parents.

 NEOLOCAL – the couple resides in a new place, independent from either the parents of the
husband or the parents of wife.

INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS

UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations is an international organization of sovereign states established to help

preserve international peace and to foster international cooperation I addressing the social
and economic problems that plague the human polity.
 Official Language: Chinese, Arabic, Russia, Spanish, English, French

Established: October 24,1945

The purpose and principle of UN;

1) To maintain international peace and security

2) To develop friendly relation among nation based on respect on the principle of equal
rights and determination of people, and to take other appropriate measure so
strengthen universal peace;

3) To achieve international cooperation in solving international problems and in

promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and the fundamental freedom
of all people ; and

4) To be a center for harmonizing the action of nations in the attainment of those

common ends.

What is structure of United Nation ?

1) The GENERAL ASSEMBLY – it is the principal organ of the UN because it gathers all the
UN`s members in a plenary assembly.

2) The SECURITY COUNCIL – this organ is considered

TEACHER ECHO the executive body of the UN as it is
primarily responsible for the maintenance of international peace and security, it attends to
armed conflicts and international disputes and establishes peacekeeping forces charged to
get the various parties in conflict to start seriously negotiating an end to it.

3) The SECRETARIAT – it is regarded as the administrative body of the UN. The Secretary
general, who heads the organ and is appointed by the assembly upon the recommendation
of the Security Council, is the chief administrator of the organization.

4) The INTERNATIONAL COURT of JUSTICE – this is the principal judicial organ of the UN. It
is composed of 15 members appointed by the general assembly upon the recommendation
of the security council, to serve 9 yrs. This court hears cases involving conflicts between
states that are referred to it.

5) The ECONOMIC and SOCIAL COUNCIL – this is the UN organ most in development
programs involving social,humanitarian and economic activities. Its main function is “to make
or initiate studies and reports with respect to international economic ,social, cultural,
health…..Issues and to make recommendations to the General Assembly and its specialized
agencies”.

6) The TRUSTEESHIP COUNCIL – this council is intended to supervise the development of

self-government in former colonial territories. In short, it is created to prepare territories for
independence. It directly administers states that cannot function without outside help.

ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATION (ASEAN)

 Also known as Bangkok Declaration

 August 8,1967
  Five Leaders; Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand

ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC)

 Founding members were; Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chili, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia,
Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, Singapore,
South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, and United States

 Founded:1989

 Peru, Russia, and Vietnam joined the organization in 1998

SOUTHEAST ASIA TREATY ORGANIZATION (SEATO)

 The alliance was founded on September 8,1954

 The founding members of SEATO were Australia, France, United Kingdom, New
Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand and the United States.

 Alliance was intended to prevent the spread of communism

 By mutual contest, the alliance disbanded on June 30,1977

TEACHER ECHO

GEOGRAPHY

-comes from the Greek word; geo and graphia. Literally, geography means earth description.

 A science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse
physical, biological and cultural features of the earth`s surface.(Merriam Webster)
 It is the collection of facts intended to give a complete picture of a continent, a state
or region.(James and Rubenstein,1989).

MAIN BRANCH OF GEOGRAPHY

Physical Geography – examines the natural environment and how the climate, vegetation, life, soil,
water and landforms are produced and interact.
Human Geography – it describes the studies what human being do in and on land and water ; major
branch if geography that studies people and their interaction with the earth and their organization of
space on the earth`s surface.
Five Themes of Geography
1. Location
2. Place
3. Region
4. Human-environment Interaction
5. Movement

Location
-is the place where a particular point or object exist.
 a) Absolute location – provides a definite reference to locate a place. The reference can be
longitude, a street address or even the township and Range system.
b) Relative location – describes a place with respect to its connection to other places.

Place
-describes the human and physical characteristics of a location; is an area that is defined by
everything in it.

a.) Physical characteristics include a description such things as the mountain, rivers, beaches,
topography and animal and plant life of place.
b.) Human characteristics include the human designed cultural features of a place, from land use
and architecture to forms of livelihood and religion to food and folk ways to transportation and
communication networks.

Region
- divides the world into manageable units for geographic study .Regions have some sort of
characteristics that unifies the area. Regions can be formal, functional or vernacular.
Ex: Region XI, Southeast Asian Region

Human-Environment Interaction
-this theme considers how humans adapt to and modify the environment.
Ex: The ancient Egyptian built irrigation ditches to help the water the crops; in modern times, Egypt
built a dam to control the flood waters of the Nile River.

Movement TEACHER ECHO

-this theme studies movement and migration across the planet; refers to way people, products,
information and ideas move from one place to another.

IMAGINARY LINES
Latitudes
 Tropic of Cancer
 Tropic of Capricorn
 Equator
 Arctic Circle
 Antarctic Circle

Longitude
 Prime Meridian
 International date line
Latitude
-imaginary lines that runs from east to west or west to east, it also measures distance from north to
south between two parallels.

Tropic of Cancer
- the parallel of latitude 23`*26 north of equator
Tropic of Capricorn
- the parallel of latitude 23*26 south of equator
Equator
- an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both poles, dividing the earth
into northern and southern hemispheres and consulting the parallel of latitude 0*
Arctic Circle
 - is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth; the
parallel of latitude that runs 66*33`44` north of equator
Antarctic Circle
- most southerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth; the parallel of
latitude that runs 66*33`44` north of equator
Longitude
- imaginary lines that runs from north to south or south to north, it also measures distance
from east to west or west to east between the meredians.
Prime Meridians
- the earth`s zero of longitude, which by convention passes through Greenwich , England

International Date Line (IDL)

- arbitrary line approximately along the 180* meridian designated as the place where each
calendar begins.

Grids
- imaginary line of maps define the coordinate system, and are numbered to provide unique
reference to features and any of a series of numbered horizontal and perpendicular lines that
divide a map into square.

Cardinal Direction – N,S,E,W

Intermediate Direction – NE,SE,NW,SW

TEACHER ECHO
Types of maps according to usage:
- Political map
- Physical map
- Economic map
- Climate map
World Geography (Biggest to Smallest)
- Asia
- Africa
- North America
- South America
- Antarctica
- Europe
- Australia

5 Major Oceans
- Pacific (North and South Pacific)
- Atlantic (North and South Atlantic)
- Indian Ocean
- Southern Ocean
- Arctic ocean

World facts
Largest Country – Russia- 11.0 %

2 Canada 6.1 %

3 China 6.3 %
4 United States 6.1 %

Largest City - Tokyo, Japan

TEACHER ECHO

Large Cities By Land Area

New York City
The City of New York is a vast metropolitan region, occupying a total of
8,683 square kilometers.

Greatest Archipelago – Arabian Peninsula

Largest Sea – Philippine Sea
Largest River – Amazon River
Longest River – Nile River- Africa

Largest Desert – Sahara Desert

Largets Desert- Ice Antarctic Desert

Largest Island – Greenland

Longest Mountain Range – Andes Mountains
Largest Bay – Bay of Bengal
Deepest Trench – Mariana Trench- The Mariana Trench, in the Pacific Ocean, is the deepest
location on Earth.
Largest Gulf – Gulf of Mexico
Largest Lake – Caspian Sea

Philippine Geography
- The Philippines ,found in the Western Pacific Ocean has an Astronomical location 4*23-
21*25`N latitude and 116*-127*E longitude.
- It is located in the Southern portion of Asia
- Its relative locations; Taiwan on the North, South China Sea and Vietnam on the West ,
Pacific Ocean on the East, Celebes Sea and Indonesia on the South , and Malaysia and
Singapore on the Southwest.
- Philippine is composed of 7,641 islands with a total land area of 300,000 square kms.
Manila is the capital city.
- 3 groups of islands; Luzon (141,395 sq.km),Mindanao (101,999 sq.km) and Visayas (56,606
sq.km)
- Y`Ami Isle is the northernmost point which is 78 miles from Taiwan.
- Saluag Isle is the southernmost point only 34 miles each Borneo.
The northernmost point of the Philippines is Y'Ami Isle, which is 78 miles from Taiwan and
the southernmost point is Saluag Isle, only 34 miles east of Borneo. On a clear sunny day,
Taiwan is visible from Y'Ami, and Borneo is visible from Saluag Isle.

18 Regions
TEACHER ECHO
- Region 1 – Ilocos Norte
- Region 2 – Cagayan Valley
- Region 3 – Central Luzon
- Region 4 – CALABARZON
- MIMAROPA – Southwestern Tagalog Region
- Region 5- Bicol Region
- Region 6 – Western Visayas
- Region 7 – Central Visayas
- Region 8 – Eastern Visayas
- Region 9 - Zamboanga Peninsula
- Region 10 – Northern Mindanao
- Region 11 – Davao Region
- Region 12 – SOCCSKSARGEN
- Region 13 - Caraga
- Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
- National Capital Region (NCR)
- Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR)
- Region 18 – Negros Island Region

May 25,2015 : Negros Island Region (NIR) created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod from Region VI
and Negros Oriental from Region VII transferred to form new Region.

July 17,2016 : Republic act No.10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region (MIMAROPA
Region) from the former Region IV-B (in effect merely a renaming and discontinuation of the
“Region IV-B” designation since no boundary changes were involved).
The Philippine is a rugged land of mountains and plains, bays, and lakes, river and waterfalls,
valleys and volcanoes. It irregular coastline stretches 10850 status miles twice as long as the
coastline of the United States.

Mt.Apo is the mountain with 9600 feet high.

Philippine Deep is the lowest spot in the Philippines situated off the pacific coast of the archipelago.
San Juanico Strait is the narrowest strait in the world.
Central Plain in Luzon is the “Rice Granary of the Philippines”.
Rio Grande De Cagayan or Cagayan River is the Largest river in the country.
Laguna de Bay Is the largest lake in the country.

Climate
- Tropical and Monsoonal in character
o Northeast (AMIHAN)
o Southwest (HABAGAT)
- 2 distinct seasons: the dry season (December to May) and wet season (June to November)

Animal Life
- Water buffalo
- Easterb Sarus Crane or Tipol in Luzon Labong in Visayas – biggest bird
- Philippine Monkey Eating Eagle
- Kalaw – clock in the mountain
- Palawan peacock TEACHER ECHO
- Tamaraw in Mindoro
- Tarsier in Bohol
- Mouse Deer in Palawan
- Rhincodom typus (Whale shark) largest fish
- Pandaka Pygmaea (Tabios) smallest fish

GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY

The History and Scope of Psychology

A. What is Psychology?

 Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior

o Psychology is more than common sense
o Why is psychology scientific?
 because it is based on empiricism
 the notion that all knowledge can be acquired through observation, not on
reasoning, tradition or common sense
 Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behavior
o mind
 the contents of subjective experience
 sensations, thoughts, and emotions
o behavior
 observable actions
 thought and feelings
 activities of cells
B. Roots of Modern Psychology

 in the late 1800's both physiologists and philosophers were investigating the mind
o philosophy - "why"
o physiology - "how"
 philosophy - ideas of about the acquisition of knowledge
 physiology - progress in understanding the nervous system, senses, etc
o both came together to create the idea of applying the methods of science to the
study of human behavior

C. The First Schools: Psychology Emerges as a Science

 Wilhelm Wundt
o established psychology as an independent science
o first psychology lab, in Germany (1879)
o defined psychology as the study of conscious experience
o typical questions
 how are sensations turned into mental awareness of the outside world?
 what are the basic elements of thought?
 Structuralism
o Edward Titchner
o analyze consciousness into basic elements and study how they are related
o introspection - systematic self-observation of one's own conscious experiences
 Functionalism TEACHER ECHO
o William James (1842 - 1910)
o investigate the function, or purpose of consciousness, rather than its structure
 e.g., bricks and mortar of a house versus its usefulness
o Functionalist activities
 leaned toward applied work and more natural settings
 development in children
 educational practices
 usefulness of memory techniques

 Structuralism vs Functionalism
o Structuralism - What? Analyze consciousness into basic elements
o Functionalism - Why? Investigate the function, or purpose of consciousness
 Gestalt Psychology
o Max Wertheimer (1880 - 1943)
o phi phenomenon
o reaction against structuralism
o elementary thought particles don't capture experience
o "the whole is different than the sum of its parts"

 Behaviorism
o John Watson (1878 - 1958)
 attack on introspection
 psychology, as a science, should focus on observable behavior
  mental processed cannot be studied directly, so don't try!
 often referred to as Stimulus-Response psychology
o B.F. Skinner (1904 - 1990)
 like Watson, all behavior can be explained by stimulus-response pairing
 emphasized the importance of reinforcement and punishment
o Psychology (1920's - 1960's)
 Behaviorism: Psychology is the science of observable behavior
 John Watson: Behavior without reference to thought
 the rat and SR psychology
 BF Skinner: Behaviorism based on consequences
 the pigeon and the Skinner box

D. Freud and the Humanists: The Influence of the Clinic

 Freud and Psychoanalysis

o The Unconscious
 thoughts, memories, and desires exist below conscious awareness and exert
an influence on our behavior
o Psychoanalytic theory
 personality, mental disorders and motivation explained in terms of
unconscious determinants of behavior
 unconscious expressed in dreams and "slips of the tongue"
 emphasis on the role of childhood experienced in shaping adult behaviour.
 The Humanistic response TEACHER ECHO
o rejects pessimistic view of Freud
o potential for self-awareness, responsibility and growth
o Carl Rogers' client-centered therapy
o Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs and self actualization

E. Understanding the Focus of Modern Psychology

 The cognitive revolution (1960's)

o Noam Chomsky and Language
o Advent of computers (late 1950's) provides a new model for thinking about the mind
o a return to the study of learning, memory, perception, language, development and
problem solving

 Developments in biology
o physiological recording devices - single cell recording, EEG, CT, PET, MRI
o understanding neurotransmitters
 Recognizing Culture
o before - searched for universal principles
o now - cross-cultural factors important
o culture - shared values, customs, and beliefs

F. What Psychologists Do Today

 Research Psychologists
o conduct experiments or collect observations designed to uncover the basic principles
of behavior and mind
o Biopsychologists
  investigate the biological basis of behavior
o Personality Psychologists
 study the differences between individuals
o Cognitive Psychologists
 conduct research on memory, language, problem-solving
o Experimental Psychologists
 conduct research on sensation, perception, and basic learning
o Developmental Psychologists
 study human mental and physical growth from conception to death
o Social Psychologists
 study how people influence one another

 Applied Psychologists
o try to extend the principles of scientific psychology to the practical, everyday
problems of the world
o School Psychologists
 assist in children's educational, intellectual and social development
 designing programs for special need children
 testing
 teaching
o Industrial/Organizational
 use psychological principles to improve work environment
 predicting job performance, assessing leadership, factors contributing
to job satisfaction
TEACHER ECHO
o Human Factors/Engineering
 design and engineering of new products
 how best to design new keyboard or telephone touch pad
 best place to put knobs on stove
o Environmental
 the relationship between the physical environment and psychological
processes
 functioning of workers in different environments
 people's sense of personal space
o Forensic Psychologists
 interface between psychology and the law
 assisting victims of crime
 profiling criminals
 selecting jurors for trials
 Clinical Psychologists
o specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders
 clinical psychologists versus counseling psychologists
 clinical psychologists versus psychiatrists

 What holds it all together?

o the desire to describe, predict, understand, and control behaviour.

ART APPRECIATION AND HUMANITIES

Meaning of Humanities
 1. Humanus – Humanitas – Human, Humanity – it refers to the quality of being a human;
huma, civilized, cultured)
2. Branch of Learning – it refers to the study of the arts. As a study, its material object is
“artwork” and its formal object is “creativity and appreciation.”

- Every creation around you which is made by human beings represents someone's humanity.
The chair you're sitting in, the clothes you're wearing, the building you're in, or your home,
even the time of day which people created, all are representative of someone's humanity --
their human-ness. In other words, everything that human beings have created can be
classified as part of the humanities.

Misconceptions on the term Humanities:

It should not be confused with the terms:
Humanism – specific philosophical belief
Humanitarianism – concern for charitable works.
Humanities: Art and Science
Art: Skills (Greek techne or technical)
Science: Involves a process.
Social Science: Man as the focus. Art is the subject matter, but art is created by man
for man.
Humanities vs. Philosophy
Comparison
Humanities: Man is the source and fountain of all creativity. (Creating Subject)
Philosophy: Man is the starting point of knowledge. (Inquiring Subject)
Contrast: TEACHER ECHO
Humanities: Explicit understanding of artworks – extensions of his being (man).
Philosophy: Implicit understanding of himself as composed of body and soul.

Art: Concept or Fact?

- Art is either a concept or a fact. As a concept, it is subject to be understood and be grasped
by any perceiver. Furthermore, it cannot be defined because it springs from the ideas and
emotions of man concretized by means of any sensuous material.
- But, art as a fact is observable; is that which is known through the senses. It refers then to
any creative work of an artist that can easily be described upon noticing the different
mediums being used and the context in which it is produced.
Art and Experience
- All art demands experience. There can be no appreciation of art without experience. An
experience is something that affects your life.

Artist vs. Craftsman

- The word art originally meant skill, ability, or craft (corresponding to the Greek techne from
which we derive the words like technical and technique). In the ancient world, a "work of art"
was simply any object that required skill or craft in its production. Only gradually, beginning
about the middle of the 17th century, did work of art mean a work of fine or high art.
- The artisan or the craftsman is not expected to be original and he is good at his job to the
extent that he can successfully follow the relevant rules. A work of a craft is good if it
matches the appropriate template and performs the desired function.
- The artist must be creative and original. Good art cannot be produced by slavish-rule
following and imitation. Great artists are genius whose works transcend the rules and
conventions of their time.

Characteristics of Art Works

The various characteristics of an art work are as follows:
 1. They are man-made;
2. They are universal;
3. They are united;
4. They are diversified;
5. They are expressive;
6. They are creative; and
7. They are beautiful.

Man and Art

1. Art arises first of all from an artist, who refers to the man, the “maker” of the works of art. It
is therefore the nature of man that he/she is an artist. Quoting AK Coomaraswamy, “The
artist is not a special kind of person, but every man is a special kind of artist.”

2. Art is an expression of man as creative. This can be elaborated from the concept of man
as a “person.” A person is derived from the Greek word “prosopon,” which means “before an
eye” (pros – toward or before, opos, genitive of eyes; optic). That which is something “before
an eye” is a “mask.” Normally, a mask is worn by an actor in theatrical presentations. With
this concept, we could say that man or person is an actor. As an actor, he/she is the author
of everything. He/She performs and he/she creates anything he/she wants.

3. Art is a rational creation of man. As Gorgias puts it: “I cannot fairly give name “art” to
anything irrational.” Man is essentially a “rational animal,” according to the Greek
philosopher, Aristotle. This points to a dichotomy in human nature --- we are part animal, but
we are, at the same time, part spirit. We have all animal urges and appetites. We seek food
and drink, comfort and warmth, and the satisfaction
TEACHER ECHO of all the other animal impulses. But we
should seek to find a balance in our lives between what is of the flesh and what is of the
spirit. It is the very essence of man that they are artists, are makers of things necessary to
live a life in which the needs of the bodily life are satisfied at one and the needs of the
spiritual at the other. Art satisfies our bodily desires, needs and pleasures, but man does not
live on bread alone (that which is material; changeable and transitory). This alone is not
enough. Man still hankers or looks for spiritual aspect of art --- that which is of beauty, unity
and order (those which are considered as absolute realities in Plato’s philosophy; something
unchangeable and permanent).

4. Man as an artist is reckoned in the evidence of history that there has never been a time
when men and women have not been artists. That this is no new development in human
nature is evidenced by the cave paintings of our very early ancestors, who, working in the
very intractable material of their cave walls produced lively representations of the art.
5. Through art, man might be able to understand himself, express his own passions and
desires, communicate with others; appreciate and acknowledge the kindness of others, and
build a world or a society that is so pleasurable and enjoyable to live in.

Functions of the Art

1. The personal functions of art (art and the individual) are the most difficult to explain in any great
detail. There are many of them, and they vary from person to person. We will limit to the following:
1. Order – it gives order to a messy and disorderly personal world.
2. Chaotic – it gives chaos or disorder when the artist feels life is too boring, staid and
ordinary.
3. Therapeutic – for both the artist and the viewer. For example, the choice of music for
hospitals, mentally disturbed patients, massage parlors.
4. Religious and Spiritual
5. Biological – ways to adorn and decorate ourselves in order to be attractive enough to
others.
2. Art has social functions (art and society) when it addresses aspects of (collective) life, as opposed
to one person's point of view or experience. Art performs social function when:
1. Influencing Social Behavior (Collective Behavior). Many works of art influence the way we
think, feel or act. It may cause us to laugh, arouse indignation, or as a source in changing,
correcting, improving the human condition or shaping the society (social change).

2. Display and Celebration - Sculpture and painting are commemoration of personages in

society. The statues of national heroes that grace our parks and plazas. - Rituals have
played an important role in people’s lives and have influenced the growth of certain arts as
well. -Festivals – involve rituals of some kind, and these in turn, employ arts. Examples:
Sinulog in Cebu, Moriones Festival in Marinduque, Ati-atihan in Kalibon and Diyandi in Iligan.

3. Social Description - Artwork reveal how people thought, felt, and lived in certain historical
period. For example, the painting that portrays the many people one in planting or harvesting
rice, describes the value of unity, camaraderie and bayanihan spirit among Filipinos.

3. The physical functions of art are most easily dealt with. Works of art that are created to perform
some service have physical functions.
Form and Function – The function of an object generally determines the basic form that it
takes. A chair is so designed as to allow the seated body to rest comfortable on it. Its
different parts (back, arms, legs and seat) are harmoniously related to one another and
integrated into an object that fulfills its particular purpose.

I. In architecture, the design ofTEACHER

a building is determined primarily by its operational
ECHO
function. A place of worship requires a big hall for the congregation to gather in; a
school should serve a number of students. These considerations determine the
height of the building, the number of floors, the sizes and shapes of classrooms, the
location of doors and windows, the traffic patterns and the location of facilities.

II. In community planning (more than a group of buildings), planning should be done to
avoid overcrowded areas which have brought about many social problems ranging
from health to criminality. It takes into consideration the assignment of areas
(residential, industrial, and commercial) for proper land use. This planning involves
the efficient organization of buildings, roads and spaces so that they meet the
physical and aesthetic needs of the community.

III. As marketing tool, advertising serves several functions. It identifies products and
differentiates it from others. It communicates information about the products, its
features and its location of sale. It also induces consumers to try new products and to
suggest reuse. Moreover, it stimulates the distribution of a product as well as
increases product use. Additionally, advertising builds value, brand preference, and
loyalty. Finally, it lowers the overall cost of sale. Every advertiser should learn all of
these functions in order to gain understanding or insight of the roles of advertising in
the business or market.