Frederik De

Wit’s 1654
Dutch Sea
Atlas
 Factors that
Triggered the
Age of
Exploration
➢ Rise to Power of the
Islamic Empire
Taking control of the major
routes from the famous Silk
Road (Central Asia) and those at
the Indian Ocean and the
Moluccas, the Muslims gained
the monopoly of all Asian
products brought into the Muslim
trading centers along the
Mediterranean.
➢ Renaissance Period
This period emphasizes the
philosophy of humanism wherein it
holds that man is the center of the
universe and that all human
achievements in art, literature, and
science should be regarded.
During this time, Europeans
questioned the roles of the Roman
Catholic Church. They questioned
the validity of long-accepted
theories on the earth's study and its
features and the universe
➢ Medieval Travelers
The riches and prosperous trade of
the East reached Europe through
the accounts of missionaries and
medieval travelers. They vividly
described the lucrative trade of
valuable products from other Asian
lands in the Near Eastern markets
and India.
Among the European travelers to
the East was Marco Polo from
Venice between 1271 and 1295.
➢ Crusades
It was a military expedition to
recover Jerusalem and other
pilgrimage places in Palestine.
The crusaders who witnessed
the event brought valuable
information about the countries,
peoples, and industries in Asia.
➢ Propagation of Christian
Faith
The Catholic Church supported
the Far East expeditions
primarily because it intends to
propagate the Christian faith.
This is why they were Christian
missionaries who accompanied
every expedition of discovery,
exploration, and conquest.
➢ The Value of Spices
In the Middle Ages, spices were
hard to get. Pepper, cinnamon,
ginger, cloves, and other
seasonings were grown in the
Far East. Distances were great,
and travel back and forth East
was dangerous. As a result, the
spices were costly.
 Famous navigators

Prince Henry the Navigator Vasco de Gama

Bartolomeu Dias
 Famous navigators

Christopher Columbus Alfonso de Albuquerque Hernán Cortés

 SPANISH
COLONIZATION (1521
– 1898)
 Early
Expeditions to
the Philippines
Magellan Expedition
September 20, 1519 - September 6, 1522
The expedition was consisted of five ships (namely Trinidad,
Victoria, Concepcion, Santiago, and San Antonio) and 270
men, where most of them were Spaniards, and the rest were
foreigners. In the expedition were his Malay slave, Enrique of
Malacca (acting as interpreter), Father Pedro de Valderrama
(fleet chaplain), Antonio Pigafetta (Venetian knight and
chronicler of the expedition), and Duarte de Barbosa
(Magellan’s brother-in-law).
The Victoria, continued west under the command
of Juan Sebastian de Elcano.
The vessel sailed across the Indian Ocean,
rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and arrived at
the Spanish port of Sanlúcar de Barrameda on
September 6, 1522, becoming the first ship to
circumnavigate the globe. The Victoria then sailed
up the Guadalquivir River, reaching Seville a few
days later.
➢ Loaisa Expedition (1525)
Led by Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (7 ships and 450
men)
➢ Cabot Expedition (1526)
Led by Sebastian Cabot (4 ships and 250 men)
➢ Saavedra Expedition (1527)
Led by Alvaro de Saavedra (3 ships and 110
men)
Reached Mindanao but failed to colonize
Rescued survivors of the Loaisa expedition at
Tidore, Moluccas
➢ Villalobos Expedition
(1542)
Led by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (6 ships and
200 men)
Named Mindanao as Cesarea Caroli in honor of
King Charles I of Spain
Named the Philippines as Islas Filipinas in
honor of Crown Prince Philip (later King Philip II
of Spain)
➢ Legazpi Expedition (1564)
Led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (4 ships and
380 men)
Established Spanish settlement named “Villa
del Santisimo Nombre de Jesus” (City of the
Most Holy Name of Jesus)
 Spanish
Colonial
System in the
Philippines
Reduccion
The
barangays
were placed
“under the
bells” (bajo
las
campanas)
where the
natives are
placed
within tolling
distance of
the parish
church
bells.
Centralized Government
➢ From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed indirectly by
Spain through the Viceroy of Nueva Espana (Mexico).
➢ As a crown colony, the Philippines is governed by the Council
of Indies (Consejo de las Indias). In 1863, the Council of
Indies was replaced by the Ministry of Overseas Colonies
(Ministerio de Ultramar).
➢ The King is the supreme lawmaker and administrator of all and
colonies and was guided by the Recopilacion de los Leyes de
las Indias.
➢ The governor-general, who carried the rank of
Captain-General, headed the executive branch
of the central government. Combining the
Captain-General's powers as President of
Audiencia, Vice-Royal Patron, and Commander-
in-Chief of the Armed Forces, he was a truly
powerful official.
➢ This power was best shown in the right of
cumplase bestowed upon him by the King.
Social structure
Spaniards

Indios

Moros and
infieles (paganos)
Educational system
The University of Santo
Tomas, established in 1611 as
the Colegio de Nuestra Señora
del Santisimo Rosario, is
generally recognized as the
oldest university in the
Philippines, "the oldest
institution of Catholic higher
education in the Far East,” and
"Asia’s Oldest University”.
Spain’s Economic Policy
➢ Encomienda
➢ Polo y Servicios
➢ Tributo
➢ Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade
➢ Real Situado (Mexican Subsidy)
➢ Sociedad Economica de los Amigos del Pais (Economic Society of
Friends of the Country)
➢ The Government Monopolies
➢ Real Compania de Filipinas (The Royal Company of the Philippines)
THE RESPONSES OF
THE FILIPINOS
AGAINST SPANISH
COLONIALISM
Early Filipino Rebellions
➢ Personal – led by former political leaders (datus,
maharlikas, and maginoos) and religious leaders
(babaylans or katalonas)
➢ Resistance to oppressive Spanish-introduced
economic as well as religious institutions
➢ Land problems
Failure of the earlier revolts
➢ The insular condition of the Philippines
➢ Linguistic diversity and the absence of a
common language
➢ Passport Requirement
The Rise of
Filipino
Nationalism
Contributory Factorss
1. Opening of the Philippines to International
Trade
Philippine trade expanded after the opening of the
Philippines to Europeans and Americans, and reached a
wider market. Philippine exports now included Philippine
products in greater volume and variety. The opening of
Philippine ports stimulated foreign demand for Philippine
products and also stimulated production in the
Philippines, bringing some prosperity.
2. Emergence of the Middle Class
The prosperity brought about by the expansion of Philippine trade
bred a new social class among the Filipinos and mestizos.
Prosperity brought by increased agricultural production and
expanded commerce elevated some landowners and merchants
to a higher economic level than the masses of Filipinos. Their
wealth enabled them to send their children to the better schools in
Manila and, more important, in Spain and other European
countries.
Types of middle class: principalia and ilustrado
3. Coming of Liberals and Liberal Ideas
The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, shortened the route between the
Philippines and Europe. The reduction of the time required for traveling and,
possibly, of fare, was followed by a great increase in number of Spaniards
and other Europeans who came to the Philippines in the second half of the
19th century. Among those who came were liberals, from whom Filipinos got
liberal ideas and learned about political developments in Europe. Writings
and works of liberal thinkers found their way into the Philippines and reached
some Filipinos.
Liberal ideas that influenced the Filipinos:
“Two Treatises of the Government” by John Locke and
“The Social Contract (Le Social Contrat)” by Jean Jacques Rousseau
4. Racial Prejudice

Racial consciousness and solidarity were awakened

among the Filipinos by the racial and cultural snobbery of
the Spaniards, who looked down upon them and gave
them too limited opportunities in the government.
5. The Secularization Controversy
This controversy was brought by the secularization movement of the
Filipino clergy. The movement was aimed at allowing the Filipino priests to
serve as administrators of the Philippine parishes. The position of a parish
priest was the most important position which Filipinos could aspire for
during Spanish rule. Thus, they sought the position, not only as a matter
of recognizing ability or loyal service, but because the Filipinos could see
the influence and prestige enjoyed by parish priests. Filipino priests
therefore resented it when the Spaniards limited their chances to become
parish priests; more so when the Spaniards despoiled them of parishes
already in their possession. Other Filipinos shared the resentment felt by
Filipino priests. The religious issue thereby provided another common
grievance against the Spaniards.
6. Liberalism of Carlos Maria dela Torre (1869-
1871)
Carlos Maria dela Torre was sent to the Philippines by the liberal
government established in Spain.
The liberalism of dela Torre impressed the Filipinos and won their
liking and support. He showed the Filipinos that they had as much
right, as a people, to dignity and self-respect and recognition as
the Spaniard. His administration thereby helped to arouse
national consciousness among the Filipinos. When his
administration ended in 1871, the Filipinos regarded it with a
sense of loss and deep regret. Having known the taste of
liberalism, they could not forget it and longed all the more for it.
7. Cavite Mutiny (to be continued . . .)
On the night of January 20, 1872, Filipino soldiers
in the fort of San Felipe in Cavite rose in mutiny
under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid. The
abolition by Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo
of certain privileges, long enjoyed by Filipino
workers in the nearby arsenal and in the barracks
of the artillery and engineer corps, precipitated the
mutiny.
(Continuation) Execution of GomBurZa
In the Spanish view, the mutiny was part of a widespread
conspiracy among the Filipinos for separation from Spain. The
leaders of the conspiracy, according to the Spaniards, were the
Filipino priests, because of the pressure then going on between
them and the friars over the secularization of the parishes. The
three priests Fr. Jose Burgos, Fr. Mariano Gomez and Fr.
Jacinto Zamora were later on executed by garrote at
Bagumbayan on February 17, 1872, after a so-called trial in which
they really had no chance to present their side and no earnest
efforts were made to defend them.
The Reform (Propaganda) Movement

The execution of the GOM-BUR-ZA made many Filipinos

realize that it was not safe for them to fight their cause in
the colony. Thus, many of them brought their struggle to
Europe where the political environment provided safer
and freer grounds for their activities. In time, the
personalities involved in these activities would collectively
be called reformists and their activities would be
regarded as the Reform Movement.
Reforms Desired by the Movement:
1. Assimilation of the Philippines as a regular province of Spain.
2. Equality of Filipinos and Spaniards before the laws.
3. Restoration of Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes.
4. Secularization of the Philippine parishes and expulsion of the
friars.
5. Human rights for Filipinos, such as freedom of speech,
freedom of the press. And freedom to meet and petition for
redress of grievances.
Jose Rizal
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
and Mariano Ponce
To get the attention of the peninsular
government, the Reform Movement exposed
the problems of the colony and manifested the
desires of the Filipino people through its
publication, La Solidaridad. It was a
fortnightly newspaper edited by Graciano
Lopez Jaena and later on by Marcelo H. del
Pilar.
Failure of the Movement
1. The mother country (Spain) was too pre-occupied with its own
internal problems to pay attention to the so-called Philippine
problem.
2. The friars were too powerful even in Spain to be sidetracked by
Spanish authorities.
3. There was lack of funds so that even the publication of the La
Solidaridad was jeopardized.
4. The propagandists were also divided due to lack of unity,
differences in opinion, petty jealousies and personal ambitions.
La Liga Filipina
This was organized by Rizal upon his return to
the Philippines in July 3, 1892. It constituted a
forward step in the reformist ideas of the times
because it sought to involve the people directly
in the reform movement. Among those attracted
to the Liga was Bonifacio who became one of its
active members.
The primary aims of the Liga were:
1. To unite the whole archipelago into one compact,
vigorous and homogeneous body.
2. Mutual protection in every want and necessity.
3. Defense against all violence and injustice.
4. Encouragement of instruction, agriculture and
commerce.
5. Study and application of reforms.
Two factions of La Liga
(1) the Cuerpo de Compromisarios
(2) the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang na

Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or

simply Katipunan
Katipunan
Patriotic Filipinos composed of Andres
Bonifacio, Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz,
Ladislao Diwa, Deodato Arellano, and one or
two others, met at Azcarraga Street, Manila
(now Claro M. Recto Ave.) and organized a
society called Kataastasan
Kagalanggalangang na Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan (KKK).
Three primary objectives
➢ civic objective – based on self-help and the
defense of the weak and the poor
➢ political objective – to separate the Philippines
from Spain, i.e., to secure the colony's
independence
➢ moral objective – focused on the teaching of
good manners, hygiene, and good moral
character
It had three governing bodies:
1. Kataastaasang Sanggunian or Supreme Council
2. Sangguniang Bayan or the Provincial Council
3. Sangguniang Balangay or the Popular Council

There was also a Judicial Council called the Sangguniang

Hukuman, which passed judgment on the members who
violated the rules of the Society.
Three Supremo or President of Katipunan
1. Deodato Arellano (1892 – 1893)
2. Roman Basa (1893 – 1895)
3. Andres Bonifacio (1895 – 1897)
Teachings of Katipunan
1. “Katungkulang Gagawin ng mga Anak ng Bayan”
(Duties of the Sons of the People), these teachings may
be described as a Decalogue, prepared by Andres
Bonifacio to guide the Katipuneros in leading a highly
moral life.
2. Kartilya, which consisted of thirteen teachings, served
as the constitution of the Katipunan written by Emilio
Jacinto.
Kalayaan
➢ It was the official publication of the
Katipunan to quickly propagate their
revolutionary ideas.
➢ To avoid discovery they used pen names
such as Pingkian and Dimas-Ilaw for
Jacinto, Agapito Bagumbayan for Bonifacio,
and Madlang-Away for Pio Valenzuela.
Philippine
Revolution
First phase
Cry of Pugadlawin
➢ Andres Bonifacio, together with the other
Katipuneros, tore their cedula as a sign of their
defiance and independence from Spanish
government on August 24, 1897.
➢ This event signaled the beginning of the
Revolution.
Tejeros Convention
➢ It was assembled to establish a Revolutionary
Government on March 22, 1897, in Bonifacio's
presence.
➢ An election was held where Aguinaldo was elected
President, and Bonifacio as Minister of the Interior.
However, Bonifacio was provoked by Daniel Tirona,
who challenged his credentials for the position, leading
Bonifacio to call off the convention.
Pact of Biyak-na-Bato
➢ A truce signed between the revolutionaries (led by Emilio Aguinaldo) and
the Spanish government (led by Governor-General Primo de Rivera)
which ended the first phase of the Philippine Revolution on December
17, 1897.
➢ Provisions of the truce:
1. The voluntary exile of General Emilio Aguinaldo and his companions;
2. Spanish authorities would pay 800,000 pesos to the revolutionaries in
three installments; and,
3. Another 900,000 pesos as indemnity to the families of civilian casualties.
Philippine
Revolution
Second phase
➢ Two days after the United States declared war
on Spain, on April 21, 1898, American Consul-
General E. Spencer Pratt met with Emilio
Aguinaldo in Singapore. In this meeting, Pratt
sought Aguinaldo's support against Spain, as
Aguinaldo expressed his eagerness to return to
the Philippines. Pratt then cabled Commodore
George Dewey in Hong Kong and arranged for
Aguinaldo's return to the Philippines.
➢ On May 1, 1898, at 5:15 a.m., Dewey and his fleet
entered Manila Bay as the Spanish fleet of Admiral
Patricio Montojo lay at anchor near Sangley Point,
Cavite. The Spanish navy in Cavite outnumbered the
American fleet; however, the Spaniards were heavily
outgunned by the more advanced American ships. At
5:41 am, the US squadron began the offensive, sinking
the eight Spanish ships. And by 12:40 pm, the
destruction of the Spanish fleet was completed,
resulting to the surrender of the Spanish navy.
➢ On May 17, 1898, Aguinaldo sailed from Hong
Kong to the Philippines on board the USS
McCulloch. He arrived in Cavite on May 19,
1898.

The return of Aguinaldo signaled the resumption of

the Philippine Revolution against Spain.
The Mock Battle of Manila
➢ On August 13, 1898, the so-called Mock Battle of Manila
between American and Spanish forces was staged. The battle
began when the American cruiser Olympia and the gunboat
Petrel commenced the attack on Fort San Antonio Abad.
➢ Dewey ordered his captains to spare Manila any serious
damage. Meanwhile, the Filipino forces under General Emilio
Aguinaldo were barred from entering Intramuros by request of
Dewey.
➢ As American forces led by Brigadier General Francis
Vinton Greene entered Malate, the Spaniards
displayed the white flag of surrender over Intramuros'
walls. General Wesley Merritt then met with Spanish
Governor-General Fermin Jaudenes, concluding a
preliminary agreement with the Spaniards.

The surrender of the Spaniards ended the centuries of Spanish

colonization in the Las Islas Filipinas and temporarily ended the
struggle of the Filipinos for their independence.