READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY o De Goiti found the port and town of Maynilad located along the mouth

t and town of Maynilad located along the mouth of the Pasig River, where he
had peace negotiation with the natives of Maynilad led by its Muslim chief Raja Soliman.
CHAPTER 3: THE PHILIPPINES BECOMES A SPANISH COLONY o Legazpi himself transferred to Maynilad in 1571 and made it the capital of the new colony.
Factors that led to Spanish colonization of the Philippines o After negotiations with Raja Matanda and Lakandula, adelantado conquered Manila.
1) ECONOMIC o June 21, 1574 Manila received the title “Muy Insigne y Siempre Leal Ciudad” (Eminent and Ever
o Accumulation of Capital and Development of Banking in Europe Loyal City) from Spain.
o The desire for Spices o Synod of Manila was then established under the Dominican Fr. Domingo de Salazar, the first
o The search for new routes by Spain and Portugal bishop of Manila.
- It was the assembly of the bishop and his advisers, composed of both religious and
2) POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONCERNS diocesan clergy.
o Crusades (1096-1272) originally were a religious adventure to regain the Holy Land from the o Reduccion
Muslims. - Comes from the Spanish word reducer, meaning “to resettle”.
o The Fall of Constantinople (present day Turkiye) 1453 - It is a “civilizing too l” where native population was resettled in new settlements church
o Reconquista (movement to destroy the Muslim power) and the desire to Spread Catholicism bells (bajo de la campana). i.e., Remontados, cimarrones, ladrones, monteses, or
o Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 –demarcation line was drawn 370 leagues west of Cape Verde tulisanes (those refuse to settle).
islands (EAST-Portugal; WEST-Spain. o Plaza complex
o Leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator - A quite novel settlement pattern where the Spaniards attempted to tame the reluctant
Filipinos through Christian indoctrination.
3) SCIENTIFIC AND SECULAR PERSUITS
o Age of Renaissance – it put emphasis on scientific, secular, and other artistic pursuits rather Encomienda System
than the religious (Aristotle’s theory of the sphericity of the earth) i.e., Ptolemy o Comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning to “entrust”
o Discovery and invention of more technologically – advanced navigational instruments: o It was a land grant from the Spanish crown to the Spaniard to exercise control over a specific place,
 Mariner’s compass including its inhabitants.
 Astrolabe –device measuring the elevation of the pole star o Personal tax or Tributo were imposed to the natives through Royal Decrees.
 Portolani –sailing charts - It was seen as a form of vassalage to the King of Spain.
 Quadrant –device measuring altitude o Diezmos prediales – a tax which consisted of one-tenth of the producer of the land
 Sextant –and instrument for determining latitude and longitude.
o Donativo de Zamboanga – a special tax of ½ real or rice to suppress moro attacks.
o Vinta – a kind of tax that was paid by the people of Luzon; aimed to finance the defense efforts of
4) OTHER FACTORS
o Early travels to the East Spanish government against the Muslim pirates.
o Cedula personal – it was based on the race and social position of the person which aim is similar to
 Cape Blanco, Africa – Antonio Gonzalvez
 Cape Verde Islands – Dennis Fernandez the tribute and that was to recognize the authority of the King of Spain.
 Cape of Good Hope – Bartholomew Diaz
 America – Cristopher Columbus Polo y Servicios
 Calicut, India – Vasco de Gama o Referred to drafting of laborers (polistas) who were either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos aged 16
 Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico) – Balboa to 60 years.
 Improvements in military and in ship – building technology o They were obligated to give a 40-day personal service to community projects such as construction
and repair of infrastructures (church), building galleons, cutting of logs.
Excerpt from - There had been exemptions to the polo y servicios;
“Instruction to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi from the Royal Audiencia of New Spain” 1) Native-ruling elite and their sons
o Ruy de Villalobos – gave the islands name “Las Phelipinas” in honor of the Spanish crown prince 2) Those able to pay the falla [falta – meaning absence], an amount of 1 ½ real
Phillip II. every day for 40 days
o King Philip II – One of the most powerful European monarchs of his time, decided to relinquish his 3) Persons with disabilities
claims to the Moluccas to Portugal and colonize the Philippines.
o Miguel Lopez de Legazpi – who lead the expedition that was organized in Mexico (viceroyalty of Causes of Subjugation of Filipinos
the Spanish empire)  Military might of the Spaniards
o February 14, 1565 – the expedition reaches Samar and around Visayas.  Policy attraction
 Method of Divide and Conquer
o However, in Bohol, Legazpi performed the blood compact with Chief Sikatuna which signified
 Crucial role of Christianity
friendly relationship.
 Lack of unity among Filipinos
o Eventually Miguel Lopez de Legazpi became the first governor-general of the Philippines.
 Filipino hospitality
o On April 27, 1565 Legazpi arrived in Cebu and defeated the Cebuanos where he established  Reduccion and plaza complex
settlements there called “Nombre de Jesus” after a wooden image of the Holy child.  The role of the traditional leader
o Due to lack of food and basic provisions, he transferred camp to the nearby island of Panay and
from there, sent the master-of-camp, Martin de Gioti to explore the northern region of Luzon. Effects of Spanish Colonization
1) Religion
Excerpt from the - Roman Catholicism
“Relation of Conquest of the Island of Luzon”
 - Fiestas and religious holidays o In 1863, the Ministry of Overseas Territories placed the Philippines under its jurisdiction.
- Church, convents, and cemeteries
- Religious literature and art. The Central Government--------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Spanish officials adapted features of the government established in Mexico and South America and
2) Socioeconomic enforced similar laws such as:
- Imposition of tax, establishment of government monopolies, limited of agricultural and 1) Laws of the Indies
commercial development. 2) La Novisima Recopilacion
- Socio-cultural 3) Siete Partidas
- Spanish Dishes
- Fiesta and Christmas The two branches of the government------------------------------------------------------------
1) Executive
2) Judicial
3) Political
- Loss of freedom, highly centralized government and bureaucratic set-up, high influence of the
The Governor-General----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Catholic church in the State.
o The president or the presiding officer of the Audiencia
- Adoption of Surnames [Narciso Claveria]
o Vice Royal patron of the Philippines
- Change in the manner of Filipino dressing
o Commander-in-chief of the armed forces
- Gregorian calendar
o The governor-general has the power to issue orders called the superior decrees, while the King of
- Corporal punishment
Spain’s orders were called royal decrees. He also has the power to appoint minor officials such
as the parish priests in the government.
4) Educational
o The King of Spain bestowed upon the governor-general, the right of cumplase, the right to
- Boys’ colleges and secondary schools ang girls schools [initially exclusive for sons and
suspend royal decrees or orders relative to the Philippines if the said decrees would not be
daughters of Spaniards.
beneficial for the country’s administration. It has the formula, “I obey but do not comply.”
- Mestizo class
- Spanish language The Audiencia------------------------------------------------------------------------------
o In 1583 the audiencia was established and it exercised the judicial powers of the government.
o Governor Santiago de Vera was the first president of the administration.
o It served as the highest court concerning civil and criminal cases, regulated political and
administrative matters brought by the governor, exercised political and administrative powers in
CHAPTER 3.1: THE PHILIPPINES UNDER SPANISH RULE (1600S – 1800S)
the absence of the governor, and audited the government’s finances.
Philippines: Spain’s Crown Colony
o It was abolished in 1589, because it became a financial burden to the King of Spain.
The Spanish government ruled over the Philippines through the union of the church and the state,
introducing in the process new beliefs, institutions, and practices in the political, economic, and the o Re-established in 1595, but it did not carry out its function until it was inaugurated in 1598.
religious aspects of people’s lives.
Local Government--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reasons for Spanish Colonization---------------------------------------------------------------- o Civil provincial governors called alcalde mayor are appointed by the governor-general to govern
o King Charles I primarily intended to send the Magellan expedition to Asia to search for the pacified provinces, while the military officer’s rule over the unpacified provinces.
Moluccas (Spice Islands).
o Magellan’s mission succeeded as they found Tidore, Moluccas on November 1521. o The Alcalde Mayor
o Spanish Claim to the Philippines: - Indulto de comercio refers to the right given to alcalde mayor to engage in trade. It was
1) Right of discovery – the Philippines was discovered or made under Spain’s auspices. abolished in 1844 because of graft and corruption.
Auspices - patronage, direction, or support - In 1886, a provincial-governor abused his power as a provincial-judge, so the King had to
2) Right of actual occupation – Spain had possession of the Philippines, so they had the appoint another man to take charge on the administering duties
right to colonize it.
Municipal Government---------------------------------------------------------------------------
POLITICAL CHANGES o Composed of barrios and is ruled by the gobernadorcillo, known today as mayor.
Council of the Indies------------------------------------------------------------------------------ o The Gobernadorcillo
o The Council of the Indies/ Spanish Consejo De Indias – the highest governing body of Spain's - elected by thirteen electors (six of whom are former cabeza de barangays, six cabeza de
colonies in America (1524–1834). barangays, and the outgoing captain.
- Prepared and issued all legislation governing the colonies in the king's name - Had to be approved the friar-curate
- Approved all major acts and expenditures by colonial officials - Aided in the town administration by tenientes, chief police, and alguaciles.
- Served as a court of last resort in civil suits appealed from colonial courts.
The City and Its Government---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ministry of the Colonies--------------------------------------------------------------------------- o Cebu and Manila – first two cities during the first century of Spanish rule.
o Ministry of Overseas Territories (Ministerio de Ultramar), was the ministerial department in o Six cities of the Philippines during the 17th century – Cebu, Manila, Vigan, Nueva Segovia
charge of the direction of Spanish territories. It ruled over the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the (Lal-o, Cagayan), Arevalo (part of Iloilo), Nuevo Caceres (Naga)
Carolinas, the Marianas, and Palaos.
 o Ayuntamiento – the government in the city, which consists of two alcaldes, twelve regidories
(councilors), chief police, a city secretary, and few lesser officials
Cabeza de barangay-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
o Former Maharlikas (datu, gat, lakan) who became officials who rule over the barrios of the
town
o Member of the Principalia, together with the town mayor and other municipal officials.
Propagating the Catholic Faith-------------------------------------------------------------------
o Animist religion – It is a relational belief in which the earth and all of its inhabitants, including
people, animals, plants, lands, and rivers, are seen as part of a vast linked web of existence.
The Friars and Missionaries who spread Catholicism in the Philippines-----------------------
o Augustinian order – the Augustinian friars who accompanied Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in his
expedition. They sent missionaries that spread Catholicism in and around Manila, the Visayas,
Ilocos, Pampanga, and Pangasinan.
o Franciscan Missionaries – In 1577 they arrived and spread Catholicism in provinces near
Laguna de Bay such as Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon as well as in Camarines and
other part of the Bicol provinces.
o Jesuits – In 1581, they arrived and spread Catholicism in Manila, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, Samar,
and in Mindanao
o Dominicans – In 1587, they came to the Philippines and spread the Catholic faith in Manila,
Cagayan region, and Pangasinan.
o The Recollect Missionaries – In 1606, they came and propagated Catholicism in Manila,
Bataan, Zambales, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Burias, Cuyo, Romblon, Negros, and some parts
in Mindanao.
o 20 years after the Legazpi expedition landed - The number of converts rose to 250,000
o In the mid-1800s – the number of converts rose to about one million
o 1860s – rose to about four million
o 1898 – rose up to six and a half million
The Union of Church and State-------------------------------------------------------------------
o Governor-general – had the power to appoint priests to the parishes.
o Clergy – had political power and were active in the government.
o Friars – became members of some Central Government agencies.
o Friar-curate - their roles and responsibilities include census enumerator, health officer, school
inspector, examiner of pupils to enter primary school, censor who approve or disprove
publications, and the auditor of the local government. O
o High church official – eligible to take charge the position of the governor- general in the
latter’s absence or illness.
1) Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-1721)
2) Bishop Juan Arrechedera (1745-1750)
3) Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpleta (1759-1761)
4) Archbishop Manuel Rojo (1761-1762)
The Church Organization---------------------------------------------------------------------
o The Catholic Church was divided into different districts which represented geographic regions
that had different languages or dialects, and each district was divided into its own parishes and
missions.
o 1578 – Manila became a diocese
o 1581 – Father Domingo de Salazar was appointed the first bishop of manila.
o 1595 –The Bishopric of manila became an Archbishopric. Father Ignacio Santabanñez as the
first archbishop.
o Nueva Caceres and Nueva Segovia – bishoprics of Cebu which was under the Archbishoprics
of Manila.
o Ecclesiastical Court or Archbishop’s Court – cases dealing with the laws of the church were
tried in this court.
Ecclesiastical Court-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Also known as the archbishop’s court, it is where cases dealing with the laws of the church were tried in
this court.
The Inquisition-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical office whose duty was to search for heretics. There was no office of
the Inquisitions in the Philippines, only a representative or commissary of the Mexican Inquisition.
Filipinos were not subject to inquisitorial practice and method. Only the Spaniards were subject to arrest
by the representative of the Holy Inquisition in Mexico.
The Introduction of Printing-----------------------------------------------------------------------
o Xylography – was introduced to the Philippines by the Dominicans due to the slow process of
handwriting religious works.
o 1593 – the Christian Doctrine in Tagalog and Chinese were the first books printed through
this method.
o 1602 – Father Francisco de San Jose introduced the movable printing called typography.
o 1606 – the Franciscans put up a printing press in Tayabas (now Quezon Province).
o 1703 – Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala was published, it was by Father Domingo de los
Santos.
Residencia and the Visita-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Due the abuses committed by many Spanish officials sent in the Philippines, the King and Ministers of
Spain introduced two institutions in their colonies, including the Philippines.
o Residencia
- was the public investigation and trial of outgoing colonial officials in order to
ascertain if the committed any abuses in the performance of their duties. But was still
abused by the investigating governor-general.
o Visita
- was the secret investigation of an official’s conduct as a public servant.
- Governor-General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera – was falsely charged which led
to his imprisonment.
The Plaza Complex--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The natives’ houses were deliberately situated in plazas or in the center of the town to bring them closer to
the church, the convent, the municipio, the marketplace, and the cemetery. This setup allowed the
Spaniards to effectively administer and control the native’s plaza.
ECONOMIC CHANGES
The Encomienda----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
o In 1558, the King of Spain rewarded his loyal subjects by distributing land in the Philippines.
o Encomienda – was a favor given by the King of Spain to have rights to collect taxes from the
inhabitants of the area assigned to the Spaniards.
o Encomendero – the man who received the favor from the King.
Three types of Encomienda----------------------------------------------------------------------
o The Royal Encomienda – belonged to the King.
o The Ecclesiastical Encomienda – belonged to the Church.
o The Private Encomienda – belonged to private individuals.
There were many abuses committed by the encomenderos that the King abolished the private encomienda
towards the end of the seventeenth century.
The Force Labor---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Although in theory, Spain’s colonial system was the best of all colonial systems, some conditions were set
for forced labor.
 o Polo y servicio included the following:
- The Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for their work.
- The Filipinos must not be made to work in distant places where they could not
return to their families.
- Drafting laborers should not coincide with the planting and harvest seasons.
- Men who are physically incapable should be overworked.
- The forced labor should be resorted only to cases of absolute necessity.
- The number of laborers drafted should be diminished as soon as laborers from other
countries had volunteered to work.
Although the provisions of the policy on forced labor protected the Filipino laborers from being exploited,
the laws regarding the forced labor were violated which resulted to thousands of Filipino laborers dying.
This decreased the population of the Philippines for some years in the 16th and 17th century.
Falla-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A fee for laborers who want to be exempted from forced labor. It was still of no use because of how
unreasonably high the pay is that most laborers could not even afford.
The Tribute-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
In order to raise enough money to finance the administration of the colony, especially in the construction
of infrastructures, the Filipinos were compelled to pay a tribute in cash or in kind, in full or installment
basis, to the Spanish colonial government.
o 1570 – Paying tribute was officially introduced, the amount was still small.
o 1589 – the tribute was raised due to which a small portion will go to the church. This was
called sanctorum
o 1889 – the King abolished it due to the opposition and the abuses connected to its collection.
The cedula personal was also introduced, which was the present equivalent of the residence
certificate to class “A
The Galleon Trade-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
o The galleon Trade declined with the combined commercial liberty and opening of ports in
South America, and the last galleon sailed from Manila to Acapulco in 1811.
o Early Spanish colonial officials engaged trading with the East, such as China, Siam, India,
Cambodia, Malacca, etc. They became wealthy due to this.
o The cargo from these countries were shipped to Mexico, and sold for higher prices. This is
known as the Galleon Trade. It was initially a restrictive practice by the Spanish Elite.
o Restrictions started to be put in place due to complaints of goods being driven out of Mexico
by merchants from Spain (specifically Cadiz and Sevilla). The King did not lift these
restrictions, however.
o The Royal Company of the Philippines was established in the Philippines in 1785 to promote
the progress of the Philippines.
o Investing in industry, manufacturing and agriculture was heavily implemented by the royal
company. Under the society, economic subjects were discussed by former government
officials, traders and merchants
o Information on the cultivation of indigo, coffee, sugar, etc. through the means of pamphlets
was published and widely distributed. Agricultural implements were imported from the United
States to improve and increase agricultural production.
o In the same year. The Academy of Drawing in Manila was founded, granted scholarships to
those interested in the art of dyeing.
Government Monopolies-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basco is remembered for establishing monopolies in the Spanish-occupied Philippines. In 1780, the King
decreed a tobacco monopoly in the colony. The Philippines complied two years later.
The Provisions of the Decree----------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Cultivation of tobacco is only allowed in the provinces selected to grow it
2) Contraband sale of tobacco is prohibited
3) The government had the exclusive right to purchase all tobacco products, to inspect and
classify the tobacco plant, and to prepare and manufacture cigars and cigarettes
4) The government had the right to prohibit the exportation/importation of tobacco by any agency
not connected with the government.
5) Spanish officials committed abuses such as seizing lands from tobacco farmers who failed to
produce the quota
6) Farmers were not paid the value of the
tobacco crop, being paid with promissory notes which were never complied
7) Abuse of tobacco farmer’s families under the guise of searching their homes for contraband
tobacco
8) Overall dishonesty of Spanish employees and officials
9) Tobacco farmers could not smoke the tobacco they grow due to the high price of the cigars
manufactured by the government
Provinces such as Cagayan Valley, Nueva Ejica and Marinduque experienced agricultural improvement
due to the monopoly. As mentioned in the previous slide, there were downsides to the monopoly. y,
opposition grew of its practice, and the King eventually ordered its abolition in 1881, the Philippines
following suit in 1882.
The government also had other monopolies, such as wine/liquor, gunpowder, playing cards, and buyo.
However, they were a burden to Filipinos, and the monopolies eventually bit the dust.

The Mexican Subsidy------------------------------------------------------------------------------ THE ROYAL COMPANY-----------------------------------------------------------------------------

o Also known as the Situado, was a yearly stipend of 250,000 pesos to the island of Philippines
from the Mexican Government. This was due to the economic burden the Philippine was to the
Spanish crown.
o However, the subsidy was heavily corrupted, and was stopped when Mexico gained
independence in 1821The Economic Society
Four percent of the net profits were to be invested in agriculture in the colony. The implementation of the
program was thanks to the King giving the company many privileges, such as:
 Monopoly of the trade between Spain and the Philippines
 Visitation of ports in China and India (the ban of Manila merchants with Chinese and Indian
merchants was lifted)

The Economic Society Commercial relations between Europe and the colony flourished due to the company’s privileges, and
o An effort to implement an economic policy in the economy, the Economic Society of Friends revenues increased.
of the Country was founded by General Basco.
o Spanish traders in Manila gave 960 pesos annually to the society to help it function. However, the company failed in its two-fold aims.
o Under the society, divisions included: 1) The Spanish merchants were not accustomed to the ways of the company and did not fully
1) Factories/manufacturing cooperate
2) Industry/popular education 2) The company failed to establish direct
3) Natural history commercial relationships with China, India, and Japan, causing them to go to middlemen
4) Domestic and foreign commerce paying higher prices.
5) Agricultural Rural Economy 3) The company was poorly managed

The Royal Company------------------------------------------------------------------------------

 4) Foreign vessels brought goods to Manila instead of the company’s own vessels. 3) Judicial (applies laws)
o Having a separation of powers would prevent any one branch from gaining too much power over the
As a result of the failure, the Company was abolished in 1834. other two

“In order to have…liberty, it is necessary that government be set up so that one man
need not be afraid of another.”

CHAPTER 3.2: NATIONALISM Voltaire--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fought for civil

WHAT IS NATIONALISM? liberties – rights/freedoms of citizens
For nationalism, only an aspect NOT the essence 1) Freedom of Speech
2) Freedom of Religion
Important because? 3) Separation of Church and State
o It is among the oldest and most lethal of all ideologies
o The most powerful political idea of the past several hundred years WHAT IS NATION-STATE?
o It has had great impact on every person in every modern society NATION NATION-STATE STATE
A nation exists when there is a When a nation of people A description of the state
HISTORY OF NATIONALISM union of people based on a manages to create a state of normally includes 4 elements:
It started in France. similarity in language, their own. people, territory, and
ethnicity, culture, history, or government.
Why in france? even simple geographic
proximity.
o In 16th century – France was in chaos under the rule of King Louis XVI
The term nation symbolizes the The nation-state has become a States have laws, taxation,
o Depletion of the monarch’s treasury – Due to excessive expenses, France’s treasury was
social unity of a people. focal point around which government, and bureaucracy.
near its depletion people unify and through which
o High taxes – The monarch find it right to impose heavy taxes to cope up with their expenses they identify themselves and
o Age of Enlightenment assess political events
- The idea of having a government of the people, by the people, and for the people
- The Enlightenment was a political movement that originated in France during the
mid-1700s ASPECTS OF NATIONALISM
- It focused mainly on politics and society and involved ideas that challenged the SENTIMENT – A feeling of affection or love for one’s country
concept of absolute monarchy. PATRIOTISM – Act or gesture of loyalty or commitment to the nation-state
- DIVINE RIGHT – Theory that stated that Kings had God given right to rule their PHILOSOPHY – View of what a nation is, should be, and ought to be
nation as they wished.
THEORY OF NATIONALISM
John Locke---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1) Nationalism is the ideology of the nation-state.
o Believed that people are basically moral and reasonable. They want to do the right thing. People are asked to commit to an idea, to a tradition, to a history, to a notion of fraternity.
2) Nationalism is exclusivist.
o All people are born free & equal with three natural rights- life, liberty, and property
Nationalism focuses on the national group as the principal political unit and it demands that the
o If the government fails to protect these rights, the people may change or replace the
national group be served by a state – a nation-state.
government. It demands that each individual give loyalty to only one nation-state.
3) Nationalism is power.
Social Contract is an arrangement where people give up their rights to be protected by the government It gives the individual an identity and extend that identity into something greater than self.
Nationalism can unify people, but it can also divide people from another group.
Jean Jacques Rousseau-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 4) Nationalism is a philosophy of power.
o Believed that people were naturally good, but were corrupted by society It requires nation-state to cultivate strategies, methods and processes of building, developing and
o Stressed the importance of the general will – the will of the people as a whole nourishing the state to amass power.
o Believed the good of the community should be placed above individual interests- common A nation-state must be strong because without strength it is nothing.
good 5) Nationalism is product of a peoples’ experience.
Nationalism cannot be understood apart from its historical antecedents.
The government attains its right to exist and to govern by “the consent of the governed.” In Asia, nationalism has been a response to and defense against imperialism.
6) Nationalism is a dynamic concept.
Baron de Montesquieu--------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nationalism is dynamic since a nation-state is ever changing. The degree of solidarity and group
o Believed having 3 branches in government would prevent tyranny identification shifts according to time and circumstances.
1) Executive (enforces laws)
2) Legislative (makes the laws) ACTS OF NATIONALISM
“Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can do for your country,”
“My country, right or wrong…” What is your basis for claiming a Filipino identity?
What is your basis for claiming a Filipino identity?
o What matters is not so much being “Filipino by blood” but being “Filipino at heart”
o For Rizal, a true Filipino is a good man, and therefore a citizen of the world
CHAPTER 3.3: THE BEGINNING OF PHILIPPINES NATIONALISM
Before the mid-1700s to 1900s, there have been many revolts. However, these uprisings were done
to:
1) Retake one’s lost kingdom or chiefdom
2) Resist forced labor that separated men for long periods from their families
3) Get rid of the oppressive tribute
4) Return to their ancient religion (Bathala and Anitos) despite reasons and drive, they did not
rise against colonial rule.
Despite resons and drive, they did not rise against colonial rule.
1762 PANGASINAN REVOLT JUAN PALARIS------------------------------------------------------
o Juan de la Cruz Palaris led a widespread revolt in Pangasinan.
o Demanding for the end to the payment of tributes and countless abuses by the Spanish
officials
o The revolt, started in Binalatongan and spread to the towns of Bayambang, Paniqui, Dagupan,
Calasiao, Santa Barbara, Mangaldan, San Jacinto, and Malasiki.
o He ignored the friar-curates province
o Upon the conclusion of the war with France and Spain, the British left in 1764
o Spain sent 3,000 Ilocano troops to Pangasinan to quell the revolt
o Palaris was defeated and died in battle
BASCO'S ECONOMIC PLAN
Reforms in the economy were introduced
Not long after, reforms, especially in the economy, were introduced. However, the economy developed
slowly for several reasons, such as:
1) The incompetence of Spanish officials;
2) Graft and greed of the merchants and religious corporations engaged in the galleon trade;
3) Restrictive economic policies which closed some parts of the country to other foreign
countries;
4) The constant quarrels between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities assigned in the colony.

Several events and developments caused a national awakening of consciousness 1778 ECONOMIC REFORMS – JOSE VASCO Y VARGAS-----------------------------------------
1) British Invasion o Jose Basco y Vargas who was appointed governor-general of the Philippines, wasn’t satisfied
2) Silang and Palaris Revolts with the economic condition of the colony
3) Basi Revolt against Basco’s o He found the galleon trade unproductive for the government.
4) Monopolies o The rich agricultural potentials and other industries in the colony were neglected by officials
5) Opening of foreign ports and Suez Canal o Governor Basco encouraged the cultivation of crops for export like indigo, coffee, cocoa,
6) Secularization movement sugar, hemp, mulberry trees, spices and cotton.
o Also encouraged the development of mines that produce gold, tin, and copper.
BRITISH INVASION AND OCCUPATION o Offered prizes to those excelled in the manufacture of silk and fabrics of cotton and flax.
The British sent an expedition from India to the Philippines to occupy and seize it from Spain.
o In 1761 Spain and France entered an alliance. 1781 ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE COUNTRY--------------------------------------
o During the Seven Years’ War in Europe between France and England, Spain was naturally o For the effective implementation of the economic plans, Governor Basco founded the
drawn into Europe between France and England. Economic Society of Friends of the Country in 1781 and established the Royal Company in
o The British sent an expedition from India to the Philippines to occupy and seize it from 1785.
Spain. o Failed in its purposes to improve foreign trade between the colony and Spain because of
o Archbishop Manuel Rojo was acting governor-general when the British, with 6,000 men mismanagement and lack of cooperation of the Manila merchants
including Sepoys from Bombay, bombarded Intramuros, Malate, Ermita, and Bagumbayan
(now Luneta) on September 22, 1762. 1807 BASI REVOLT AGAINST MONOPOLY--------------------------------------------------------
o Basco’s government monopolies in 1782 apparently negated most of his positive economic
SILANG AND PALARIS REVOLTS projects.
The Spaniards defeat in the hands of the British opened the eyes of the Filipinos to the impermanence of o The monopolization of tobacco and wine only benefited the government, as it was prohibited to
Spanish rule in the country and to the fact that it could be challenged by force of arms. produce wine outside of the selected provinces.
o Only the government had the exclusive right to purchase, classify, and sell these products
1762 REVOLT OF DIEGO SILANG------------------------------------------------------------------ locally and export them abroad.
o Demanded the expulsion of Spaniards and Spanish mestizos from Ilocos o In 1807, some 10,000 rebels in Ilocos revolted against the government monopoly of a locally-
o Was successful at first and was able to expel the Spanish from Vigan produced wine from sugarcane called BASI.
o Declared himself “King of the Ilocos” o The Basi revolt as it was called was among the bloodiest uprisings ever recorded during this
o The British tried to win him over to their side time.
o Accepted their offer but the alliance ended when he was killed by an assassin
o His wife, Gabriela Silang, took over the leadership but she was later captured and hanged, LAISSEZ - FAIRE AND OPENING OF PORTS
along with 100 followers o Laissez-faire or “let alone policy” in commercial and trading ventures by the Europeans.
 o This policy gave full freedom to private individuals and firms to engage in economic activities
without much interference from the government.
o In 1834, Manila opened to foreign traders.
o In 1842, Manila could boast of two American, one French, one Danish, and eight British
commercial firms.
o By 1859, the number of foreign firms increased to fifteen.
o In 1855, the ports of Iloilo, Zamboanga, and Sual (in Pangasinan) were opened to foreign
trade.
o Batangas produces coffee; Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur.
o Sorsogon and Albay produces hemp
o Ilocos and Cagayan Valley produced indigo and tobacco.
o Sugar cane was produced in Negros and Iloilo in the Visayas and Pampanga, Laguna and
Batangas in Luzon.
o Nicholas Loney, a British vice consul in Iloilo, introduces the first modern machinery that
converted sugar cane into refined sugar.
RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
Mestizos, particularly the Spanish and Chinese mestizos, benefitted in the development of trade and
commerce. Along with Inquilinos or the tenants in the haciendas and their families began to accumulate
wealth due to the increase of exports in agriculture.
Together, they constituted the middle class—a group below the aristocratic Spanish officials, families, and
religious orders but higher or above the masses (the poor, uneducated Indios).
Classification of Class-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
1) Peninsulares – Spaniards born in Spain, working or residing in the country or the New World.
2) Insulares – Spaniards born in the Philippines
3) Illustrados – The middle class in Philippine colonial society under Spain. They are wealthy
and highly educated Filipinos of the time.
4) Mestizos and Indios
1838 TAGALOG PUBLICATION OF FLORANTE AND LAURA---------------------------------------
For the first time, the country was described as oppressed and in need of independence, as articulated in
the following sentences:
“Sa loob at labas ng bayan kong sawi Kaliluha’y siyang nangyayaring hari Kagalinga’t bait
ay nalulugami ininis sa hukay ng dusa’t pighati.”
1841 REVOLT OF APOLINARIO DE LA CRUZ-------------------------------------------------------
o Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) is called as King of the Tagalogs who established
Confradia de San Jose (Kapatiran ng San Jose) in 1832 as a reaction against the discrimination
of the Catholic church in the Philippines against its own people.
o The Confradia has about 4,500 - 5,000 members from Tayabas, Laguna and Batangas in its
prime.
o On November 1, 1841, the Confradia was crushed by the force of the colonial military.
EDUCATION OF SOME FILIPINOS
The Spaniards in the Philippines created various colleges for men and women.
Colleges of men and women included:
o Colegio de San Juan De Letrán (founded in 1620)
o Colegio de San Jose (now San Jose Major Seminary in Ateneo de Manila University)
o Universidad de San Felipe de Austria (First public university created by the Spanish
government in the Philippines. It closed in 1643)
Schools for women included:
o College of Santa Potenciana (first school for girls established in 1589 in the Philippines)
o Santa Isabela College (founded on October 24, 1632)
o Santa Rosa College (founded on August 40, 1750)
Several colleges, including the University of Santo Tomas, did not admit natives until the second half of
the nineteenth century.
The Ilustrados, as the Spaniards feared, eventually probed about Spanish wrongdoings, ineptitude,
inefficiency, greed, and corruption. And most dangerously, they advocated the idea of the Indios as
"Filipinos" with equal rights as the Spaniards in the country.
OPENING OF THE SUEZ CANAL (1869)
o The Suez Canal is connected to the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea.
o Allowed a shorter route and travel time (4/5 months > 1 month) between Spain and the
Philippines.
INFLUX OF LIBERAL IDEAS--------------------------------------------------------------------------
o “…ideas filtered to the Philippines with the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869” (Agoncillo,
2012).
o Individuals who promoted freedom and liberty migrated to the Philippines.
o Progressive books and periodicals, books on American independence and the French revolution
were admitted.
INTRODUCTION OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY-----------------------------------------------------
o Mail (1854)
o Telegraph (1873)
o Manila-Dagupan railway (1890)
The introduction of these technologies accelerated the communication of ideas and awareness between
urban and rural areas.
“These [new ideas and technologies] ignited the idea of nation, the eventual birth of the Filipino nation
and the rise of the Philippine Revolution of 1896” (Xiao Chua, 2021).
LIBERALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
The triumph of the Spanish revolutionists, who fought for popular suffrage and freedom of speech, the
press, and of religion, brought to the country some liberal and progressive Spaniards.
1869 ADMINISTRATION & ARRIVAL OF DE LA TORRE---------------------------------------------
Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre arrived in Manila in 1869. He put into practice liberal
principles of the revolutionists in Spain.
De la Torre’s administration was of significance as it:
1) Abolished the censorship of the press
2) Abolished flogging as punishment
3) Solved agrarian unrest in Cavite
1870 RETURN OF AUTOCRACY--------------------------------------------------------------------
o The administration of De la Torre was cut short as The Republic of Spain ended in 1870 (1868-
1870) when the monarchy was restored, and a new king assumed the Spanish throne.
o Rafael de Izquierdo was appointed governor-general in 1871 to replace De la Torre.
o Izquierdo immediately reversed De la Torre’s reforms.
1) Disapproved establishment of a school of arts and trades in Manila
 2) Censorship of press and restrictions on freedom of speech were restored
CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS
CAMPAIGN FOR SECULARIZATION
Two Classes of PRIESTHOOD---------------------------------------------------------------------- PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
1) REGULAR PRIEST – Their mission is to convert non-Christian people to Christianity o was a period of Philippine history in the late 19th century that aimed to bring about political
2) SECULAR PRIEST – Not members of any religious orders and social reforms in the country.
o led by a group of educated Filipinos, including Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Marcelo
o Friar-curates occupied and administered the parishes because there were very few secular ones H. del Pilar, and others, who had been exposed to Western ideas and education.
during the first century of Spanish rule. o It began in 1882 and lasted up to the early months of 1892
o Because of the increase of regular priests in the Philippines, the church faced the problem in the
deployment of these priests. The Social Classes of Spanish Period
o Government replaced secular priests with regular priests and this action pushed the Filipinos to
create a Secularization movement. o Peninsulares
- Led by Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez (1812-1663) o Insulares
o Succeeded by Father Jose A. Burgos, another Spanish mestizo. o Indios
- Other secular priests involved in the secularization movement who were either Spanish The Role of Middle Class
mestizo, Chinese mestizo, or Indios included Father Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Gomez,
Toribio Del Pilar, Mariano Sevilla, Pedro Dandan, Jose Guevara, and many more. o Providing intellectual leadership
o Organizing and mobilizing
EVENTS OF 1872 o Lobbying for reforms
1872 JANUARY 20 – CAVITY MUTINY------------------------------------------------------------- o Spreading Ideas
The Cavite mutiny occurred on January 20, 1872, involving several workers and some marine Nature of the Reform Movement
detachments led by a military sergeant named La Madrid.
Characterized by its advocacy for nationalism, reforms, use of written media, appeal to reason, and non-
Mutiny – an open rebellion against the proper authorities, especially by soldiers or sailors against their violent methods. The movement played a significant role in the development of Philippine nationalism
officers. and identity and contributed to the eventual attainment of Philippine independence.
The Great Reformist And La Solidaridad
CAVITE MUTINY – Different Perspectives of Spanish & Filipino People-------------------------
Graciano Lopez Jaena
FILIPINO VERSION
o Written by Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera o HE WAS THE GREAT ORATOR
o Simple mutiny by the Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite Arsenal o Author of the Fray Botod - a tale that deals with the ignorance, abuses, and immortality of a
o Dissatisfied by the draconian policies of Izquierdo certain friar named botod.
- Abolition of privileges o 1880- he secretly left for spain because he found himself object to manhunt
- Prohibitions of the founding of the school of arts and trades for Filipinos o Feb 15,1889 - becamme an editor at the first circulation of La Solidaridad
o Uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe on January 20, 1872 o Jan 20, 1896- died of tuberculosis
o Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose in the belief that it would elevate to a national uprising
o Cavite Mutiny was unsuccessful Demands of the Filipino Reformists

SPANISH VERSION 1. representation in the Spanish Cortes;

o Written by Jose Montero y Vida 2. the right to vote;
o Mutiny was premeditated, a big conspiracy among educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and 3. freedom of speech, of assembly, and of the press;
residents of Manila and Cavite 4. freedom of commerce;
o Allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers then kill friars 5. the removal of the friars from the Philippine because they were an obstacle to progress
6. the education of the people;
1872 EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA----------------------------------------------------------------- 7. reforms in the jails of the country; and
o The prominent Filipino priests charged with treason and sedition 8. the abolition of the diezmos prediales or the tithe consisting of one-tenth of the produce of the
o The priests, Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were jailed in Fort Santiago. land.
o Governor-general failed to present documents to prove that the GOMBURZA are connected to
the January Mutiny. Marcelo H. Del Pilar
o February 17, 1872, the three priests marched from Fort Santiago to Bagumbayan Field (now
Luneta). o "greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino raise"
o They were being executed one by one (Zamora, Gomez, then Burgos). o born in the barrio of Capital Cupang , Bulacan, Bulacan on August 30, 1850.
o Filipinos began to feel the necessity for unity o 1880 - he began to campaign at the plazas, cockpits, small tiendas preaching the gospel of
o Rizal who was eleven years old at that time would later dedicate his second book El work, self respect and dignity.
Filibusterismo to the memory of the three martyred priests.
 o In 1882, he founded that the Tagalog-Spanish newspaper, Diariong Tagalog, which, although Pro-Filipino Societies
short-lived, published suggestions on how to improve the administration of the country. It also
published mild criticisms of the Spaniards- CIRCULO HISPANO-FILIPINO
o 1888- he wrote a pamphlet "Kaiingat Kayo" in defense of Rizal and his Noli me Tangere
o Established in 1882 by a group of Filipino students in Madrid, Spain
o In 1888, the Spanish friars of Bulacan persuaded the Spanish officials of the province to arrest
o Led by Juan Atayde
Del Pilar; but his admirers warned him about the order for his arrest and so he secretly left for
o Published the "Reviste del Circulo Hispano-Filipino”
Spain. A year after his arrival in Spain, he became the editor of La Solidaridad.
o He died on July 4, 1896. o Its goal is to bring to the Spanish authorities the condition of its colony and to introduce
reforms
Books o Some notable members: Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Juan Luna, Graciano Lopez Jaena

o La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic Sovereignty in the Philippines) ASOSACION HISPANO-FILIPINA

o La Frailocracia Filipina (Frailocracy in the Philippines)
o Founded on June 12, 1889
JOSE RIZAL o Its goal is to abolish diezmos prediales and sanctorum, the compulsory teaching of Spanish in
all schools, radical reforms in UST, establishment of agricultural banks and so on.
o most brilliant of the Filipinos during his time o Members: Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Juan Luna, Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna,
o born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861. Marciano Ponce, Miguel Morayta (Spanish)
o studied at the Ateneo Municipal and later at the University of Santo Tomas. He went to Europe o Lasted longer than Circulo but it never realized its goals
to continue his medical studies.
o 1882 - he went to Spain to study medicine and several languages. Freemasonry
o He finished Noli me Tangere at the age of 26 – gained popularity - prohibited its reading.
o 1889- published La Vision de Fr. Rodriguez - ignorance. Rodriguez wrote a pamphlet "Caingat o Freemasonry is popular in Europe
Cayo" which warned the Filipinos againts reading Noli. o Around 1856 when it first introduced in the Philippines
o July 1892 - his banishment to Dapitan was announced officially o Filipino reformists joined Mansory because of its anti-friar character
o He was placed under arrest before the ship could dock in Barcelona in his way to Cuba. o Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the first lodge named "revolucion" in 1889
o 1891- finished El Filibusterismo. o When revolucion was dissolved "La Solidaridad" was formed
Returned to the Philippines in 1887 and in 1892 for the second time. o Around 1891 when "Nilad" the first lodge in the Philippines was formed
o died on December 30, 1896.
o Freemasonry paved way for the methods of the organization "Katipunan
Retelling the La Solidaridad
La Liga Filipina
La Solidaridad
o July 3, 1892
o A newspaper that rises as an answer to the needs of bringing to the attention of the Peninsular
o Rizal and a group of patriotic Filipinos, including Andres Bonifacio, founded this society.
Spaniards the so-called Philippine problem
o Feb 15 1889 - the first number came out in Barcelona with Lopez Jaena as Editor.. M.H del
AIMS
Pilar took over the editorship.
o to unite the whole archipelago into one strong body;
Aims of La Solidaridad
o to give mutual reputation of all members in case of necessity;
o To fight reaction o to encourage agriculture, commerce, and education;
o To stop all steps tending to make the Philippines a Backward country o to defend members against any kind of violence and injustice;
o To extol Liberal ideas o to study and apply reforms.
o To defend progress

PURPOSES
Pen names used by the Reformist
o to support a member or his son without financial means but with enough ability and industry;
o Rizal as Dimas Alang and Laong Laan o to support the poor against the rich and powerful;
o Mariano Ponce as Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulako o to give financial help to any member who suffered losses;
o M.H del Pilar as Plaridel o to open stores and shops which would sell goods to member at low prices;
o Panganiban as Jomapa o to introduce machines in order to promote industries.

The Failure of the Reform Movement

1. The Spanish high officials were too busy with their own problems to listen to the collective
voice of the reformists.
2. The Reformist in Spain and in the Philippines did not have the necessary financial means to
which to make their campaign effective.
3. The Reformist themselves were not united.
4. The friars in the Philippines gad influential friends and supporters in Spain.