Primary sources- piece of evidence written or
created during the period under investigation
(documents, archival materials, letters, records,
newpapers)
Secondary sources- works produced after the
event has taken place, usually an assessment of
events, people or institutions of the past.
(popular or scholarly books, textbooks,
monographs, articles, dissertations, conference
papers)
Methods for Handling Primary Sources
1) Re-enactment
-re-think the thoughts of persons engaged
- Getting inside their heads
2) Interpolating
- constructing history, bridging the gaps,
historical imagining
3) Interrogating
- being critical- going beyond what the
sources tell
-asking probing questions
Collingwood: constructivist approach
Natural Science:
 Object: perceptible reality
 Approach: scientific or positivist method
(observing)
 Conclusion: experiments can be repeated and
have same end
History
 Object: past events- objective and subjective
reality
 Approach: imagine, limited by – time,
evidence, and space
 Conclusion: can’t be repeated bc diff ppl
would be involved with diff circumstance
Benedict Anderson: imagined communities
Nation- an imagined political community as
both inherently limited (territory and culture)
and sovereign
Nation- cultural artefact (historical, manmade
intangible)
Nationalist- Subjectively ancient
Historians- Objectively modern-
Tomb of the unknown soldiers
Paul Dumol
Thrice repeated pattern of freedom lost and
freedom gained
1) Spanish
2) American conquest
3) Martial law
*Japanese Occupation (delay in the
attainment of freedom)
 *divide et empera (divide and conquer)- there
was no to divide bc ethnic groups were already
divided/independent
 Tagalog and Pampangos- collaborated with
Spain
 Cordillera people and Muslim communities-
never accepted Spanish domination
 Pax hispanica- prohibition of war between
communities
Austronesian Migration Theory
 Shows how people arrived in the
Philippines
 Southeast asia -> Taiwan ->batanes
 5000 years ago
 Sophisticated seafaring culture
 The theory on land bridges was
implausible because:
a) Lands were afar
b) Communities show commonalities –
shared language, culture and
practices
Spiritual Beliefs of Early Filipinos
 Barangays- localized settlements
 Balangay or balanghai- Austronesian sea-going
vessel
 Babaylan (Visayas) Cantolan (Luzon)- spiritual
leader
 Diwata (v) anito (tagalog)- deities
 The creation of World -Bicol Origin Myth
- Gods: Langit and Tubigan
Early Philippine Society and Culture
 Maginoo (tagalog) kadatoan (vis)- first clss
 Maharlika (tag) Timawa (vis)- commoners or
freemen
 Alipin (tag) Oripuen (vis)- slaves
 Dato- acted as captain or pilot, political ruler,
main warrior, wealthiest person
Law has process- known thru practices (oral
community), writing was not prevalent
 Agreement
 Examine witness and evidence
 Contains due process
Datu- maintains an appearance of strength and
wealth
Ranks are not fixed
Spanish Colonization
Factors on Age of Exploration
a) Economic motive- look for silk and spices
b) Scientific and Technological progress-
shipbuilding, cartography navigational
instruments
c) Quest to explore unknown and distant lands-
mission of spreading Christian faith
Portugal and Spain- led the navigational race to
the East
Van De Gama (Portugese)- reached india,
rounded Cape of Good Hope ->Indian Ocean ->
Malacca was captured
Christopher Columbus- convinced the Spanish
crown that he can reach east thru west ->
reached American Continent
Ferdinand Magellan (Portugese)- tried to fulfill
columbus’ promise to reach east thru west
- defected to Spain after his service to Portugal
was not properly recognized
First Voyage Around the world- Antonio
Pigaffeta (Italian)
2 years -5 ships- San Lucas Spain -> tip of South
America -> Pacific Ocean -> Samar (east part)
Archipelago de San Lazaro- name of newly
discovered territory
Mazaua- first recorded mass in Ph history
Acc to pigafetta it’s in Limasawa
Cebu port
 Raja Humabon- cebu (center of trade) ruler, has
power over trading Magellan convinced to
become vassal of the king Charles and servant
of Christ, Christian King
As a vassal you get:
 Power
 Protection
 Authority to rule over people
A vassal is expected to
 Be loyal
 Collect tribute
 Zula and Lapu-Lapu- chiefs of Mactan
 Battle of Mactan
-Magellan was killed by Lapu-lapu’s men
-49 vs 1500
* Expedition led by Ruy de Villalobos gave the
islands the name Las Phelipinas in honor of
Spanish Crown prince Philip II
King Philip II- decided to colonize the Philippines
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi - Native chiefs: Laya (Christian, loyal) and
Raja Soliman (lacks good faith)
- Main objective
they needed funds to fulfill this so they Pre-colonial barangays have/are
thought spices would be enough
1) Hierarchy
 Spread Catholic faith
-to capitalize on this Spaniards established
 Determine feasible route back to New
vassalage/friendship with chiefs through
Spain
blood compacts
- Lead an expedition which started in
2) Decentralized and autonomous
Mexico (New Spain)
 Synod of Manila
- Reached Samar, crew went a round
- Established under Dominican Fr. Domingo
Visayan islands- met by natives with
de Salazar, the first bishop of Manila
suspicion and indifference
- Teach Christian doctrine in native language
- In Bohol- performed blood compact with
- Fr Juan de Plasencia presented the plan of
chief Sikatuna
reduccion -reducir “to resettle”
- Legazpi became the first governor general
 Gather barangays to larger
in the Philippines
communities- towns or pueblos
- Arrived in Cebu- he defeated cebuanos
 Attempted to tame reluctant Filipinos
and established settlement calling it
thru Christian indoctrination/
Nombre de Jesus
evangelization in novel settlement
- Transferred camp to the nearby island of
pattern using the plaza complex
panay
 Civilizing tool to make filipinos law
- Sent Martin de Goiti (master-of camp) to
abiding citizens
explore northern region of Luzon
- Sailed to Manila, held the tile Adelantando Encomienda system
(advanced officer)
- Encomienda from encomiendar (Spanish)-
Maynila “to entrust”
- Grant from the Spanish crown to a
- De Goiti found the port and town of
meritorious Spaniard to exercise control
maynila along the mouth of pasig river
over a specific place, including its
- Peace was negotiated between Spaniards
inhabitants
and native of Manila- led by Raja Soliman
- Encomienderos
(Muslim chief)
 Have to resettle the barangays
- Two (uncle and nephew) Raxa (chiefs) had
 Facilitate the spread of Christianity
blood compact with Goiti
thru help of friar
- Town was sacked by Spaniards with the
 Institute certain degree of order
help of visayan allies
 Collect tribute
- Legazpi transferred to Maynila and made it
capital of new colony Bishop Domingo Salazar, well known champion
- Have Chinese traders- contributed to the of the natives
decision to transfer in manila,
economically crucial to Spanish colony - Wrote a letter to king of Spain to expose
- Manila -> City within walls or Intramuros the different abuses committed by Spanish
- Received title: Eminent and ever loyal city officials
 Patronato system- encouraged the certain Dutch Attacks (part of 80 years war)
interpenetration of functions between the
 Philip II inherited the Netherlands from his
Church and State
father Charles V
 Patronato real- set of privileges enjoyed by
 But the Dutch, who had withdrawn from
the Spanish Crown for spreading
Catholic faith, were also determined to
Catholicism in the Philippines
withdraw from Philip’s allegiance
 Bishop Salazar- initiated of building houses
 Taught the Dutch a lesson -> closed Lisbon
with stones
(Portugal), where Dutch buy spices in bulk
and retail the m to northern countries
 Galleon Trade: Manila <----> Acapulco
 Dutch merchants went to East Indies
(Mexico) buying cheap from china and
 The squadron commanded by Oliver Van
selling dear to America
Noort tried to bottle Spaniards in Manila
 Sangleys- mestizo, Chinese
 Antonio de Morga- auditor of the the
 Parian- located outside manila
Audencia of Manila
 Chinese Immigrants- interested in silver
 It was easier to attack Ph because of
 Chinese importation was limited to one
location
galleon per year to Acapulco carrying
 Dutch merchants pooled their resources in
Chinese goods
United East India Company -> carried war
 Governor Dasmarinas
to Iloilo (which Moluccas were provisioned)
- Claimed that Chinese were ruining the
and Manila (which they were manned and
native textile industry, violating
armed)
international law
 Survival of manila and Philippines as a
- Sought to limit Chinese Immigration
Spanish colony depended on Manila-
 Churchmen- hoped to convert the sangleys
Acapulco trade and South china-manila
to Christianity
trade.
 Archbishop Santibanez (Salazar’s successor)
 Playa Honda
- Expressed the obstacle to the
- Juan de Silva drafted labor gangs to
improvement of faith of the natives – bc of
assemble a fleet
communication with the heathen Chinese
- He took the Dutch blockading squadron
 Chines were indispensable
and won the first of the great sea battles
- Chinese tradesmen were so skilled than
 Silva built the greatest armada ever
Spaniards that they sell at cheaper price
assembled but failed- Portuguese did not
King Philip II became the King of Spain and keep the rendezvous
Portugal  Spaniards lost Moluccas -> permanent
presence of Dutch to Indonesia
 Gave the Spaniards in the Ph the
 Dutch established naval force of Formosa
responsibility of defending the Spice Islands
 Manila- refused to surrender Keelung
 Spaniards had divided attentions
 Lorenzo de Ugalde, Spanish commander –
 The effort to subdue Moluccas turned them
won 2nd Sunday of October every year
away to pacify the island of Mindano
celebrated as a feast day in the church of St
 Moros (Mindanao) – plunder and enslave
Dominic
visayans
 The colony survived, but the price was paid
by the native population forced labor 
 natives can’t focus on other things like
agriculture which caused the decline of
their economy.
 succeeded in taking from Spaniards would
Early Filipino Revolts
 Bancao Revolt (Leyte)
- Bancao- chief of Limasawa, former vassal
of Philip II; let the people believe he has
supernatural powers (they could turn the
Spaniards into stones)
 Cause: Preservation of indigenous
rights, old religion
 Resolution: Spaniards and friendly
Indians help in pacification
 Sumuroy Revolt (Samar)  Zamboanga,
Northern Mindanao, Cebu, Masbate,
Camiguin, Albay and Camarines)
Sumuroy- babaylan and priest of devil, from
village of Palapag, made Indians apostatize
 Cause: Forced labor, natives of Samar
were forced to go to Cavite to build
ships (dutch attacks)
 Resolution: Spaniards and friendly
Indians; own people turned in sumuroy
 Agrarian Revolt (Cavite, Batangas, Laguna,
Tondo, Bulacan)
 Cause: usurpation of land or land
grabbing by religious orders
 Resolution: investigation, order of king
of Spain
British Attack
-Spain- became embroiled in the Seven Years’s
war when Great Britain declared war on Spain,
as an ally of France
 British India: Rear Admiral Samuel Cornish
and Brigadier General Wlliam Draper
 Manuel Antonio Rojo, archbishop of
Manila, acting governor and captain
general
 Draper and Cornish demanded the
surrender of Manila, Cavite and other
military establishment and a ransom of 4
million pesos
 It had been agreed what ever territory it
be turned over to English East India
Company
 Dawsonne Drake, Company official whom
Draper and Cornish handed over Manila
 Don Simon de Anda y Salazar- lieutenant
governor, was sent to keep the provinces
loyal to Spain
 From headquarters in Bulacan and
Pampanga- Anda organized a vigorous
resistance
 Dawsonne Drake made a proclamation
 Paranaque- pledged their allegiance to
Spain; stood fast with Catholic religion
 Captain Thomas Backhouse- british officer
who had the most success in reconciling
Filipinos; established an outpost in Pasig
(paid for what he bought, protected who
acknowledged british rule)
 Ilocanos (North Luzon)- for them the
defeat of the Spaniards was their
opportunity to shake off the Spanish yoke
and set up their own government
 Diego Silang
- leader of Ilocanos, spread the revolt to
Pangasinan and Cagayan valley on his own
initiative
- dedicated himself George III (king of
Britain)
- still wished to maintain their parish priest
and live as Christians and catholics
 Miguel Vicos, Spanish mestizo- shot silang
 Philippines was restored to Spain- April
Fool’s day
 Galleon trade was reconsidered and
eventually stopped
  local production
  Charles III- implemented reforms in
Colonial Economic policy to prioritize
Social change
agriculture and manufacturing
 Rights
 Jose Basco y Vargas- liberal governor  Improvement on education- teaching of
general who led the establishment of the Spanish
Economic Society  Fight against frailocracy- fiars:
representation of Spanish political power
 Royal Philippine Company  Lack of national sentiment
- Exclusive authority to buy raw materials
and sell them
- Failed- not profitable Migration from southeast asia  barangays 
 Philippines opened to world trade Magellan arrived in Samar  Villalobos named
 Commercialization of agriculture the islands Las Phelipinas  Philp II decided to
 Helped connect pueblos together colonize the country  Miguel lopez de lagazpi
 Rise of principalia class- native middle class (Mexico to cebu/samar to bohol to panay to
 Access to education Luzon)  made manila the capital, gave title
 1863- decree that provided ciudad  encomienda system was established
establishment of schools  domingo Salazar was appointed as bishop 
synod of manila was established  encomienda
Propaganda Movement- Philippine reformist and
system abolished  dutch occupation  revolts
assimilationist movement
 British attacks  ended the galleon trade 
 La Solidaridad- official mouthpiece of local production  Royal Ph Company  Ph
Propaganda movement, the voice of opened to world trade  commercialization of
Filipinos in Spain agriculture  rise of principalia class 
 Graciano Lopez Jaena- first editor education  propaganda
 Marcelo Del Pilar and Mariano Ponce-
moving force behind the newspapers
 Graciano Lopez Jaena (Philippines in
Distress)
- Wrote Fray botod
- Studied medicine in Spain, turned to
journalism and politics
- Gained fame as an orator
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Monastic Supremacy
in the Philippines)
- Famously known as plaridel
- Lawyer and propagandist
 Jose Rizal (on the indolence of the
Filipinos)
-organized la liga filipina