The Philippines Becomes a Spanish Colony Discovery and invention of more technologically- advanced

navigational instruments:
Factors that led to Spanish colonization of the Philippines ➢ Mariner’s compass
➢ Astrolabe –device measuring the elevation of the pole
ECONOMIC
star
➢ Accumulation of Capital and Development of Banking
➢ Portolani –sailing charts
in Europe
➢ Quadrant –device measuring altitude
➢ The desire for Spices
➢ Sextant –and instrument for determining latitude and
➢ The search for new routes by Spain and Portugal
longitude.
POLITICAL AND RELIGIOUS CONCERNS

➢ Crusades (1096-1272) originally were a religious OTHER FACTORS

adventure to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims.
➢ Early travels to the East
➢ The Fall of Constantinople (present day Turkiye) 1453
➢ Cape Blanco, Africa –Antonio Gonzalvez
➢ Reconquista (movement to destroy the Muslim power)
➢ Cape Verde Islands –Dennis Fernandez
and the desire to Spread Catholicism
➢ Cape of Good Hope –Bartholomew Diaz
➢ Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 –demarcation line was
➢ America –Cristopher Columbus
drawn 370 leagues west of Cape Verde islands
➢ Calicut, India –Vasco de Gama
(EAST-Portugal; WEST-Spain.
➢ Pacific Ocean (Mar Pacifico) –Balboa
➢ Leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator
➢ Improvements in military and in ship-building
SCIENTIFIC AND SECULAR PURSUITS
technology
Age of Renaissance – it put emphasis on scientific, secular,
and other artistic pursuits rather than the religious (Aristotle’s
theory of the sphericity of the earth) ie. Ptolemy
Excerpt from “Instruction to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi ➢ Due to lack of food and basic provisions, he
from the Royal Audiencia of New Spain” transferred camp to the nearby island of Panay and

Ruy de Villalobos –gave the islands name “Las Phelipinas” in from there, sent the master-of-camp, Martin de Gioti

honor of the Spanish crown prince Phillip II. to explore the northern region of Luzon.

➢ King Philip II
One of the most powerful European monarchs of his time,
Excerpt from the “Relation of Conquest of the Island
decided to relinquish his claims to the Moluccas to Portugal
of Luzon
and colonize the Philippines.
➢ De Goiti found the port and town of Maynilad
Miguel Lopez de Legazpi who lead the expedition that was
located along the mouth of the Pasig River, where he
organized in Mexico (viceroyalty of the Spanish empire).
had peace negotiation with the natives of Maynilad led
by its Muslim chief Raja Soliman.
➢ February 14, 1565 –the expedition reach Samar and
around Visayas.
➢ Legazpi himself transferred to Maynilad in 1571 and
➢ However in Bohol, Legazpi performed the blood
made it the capital of the new colony.
compact with Chief Sikatuna which signified a
friendly relationship.
➢ After negotiations with Raja Matanda and
➢ Eventually Miguel Lopez de Legazpi became the first
Lakandula, adelantado conquered Manila.
governor-general of the Philippines.
➢ On April 27, 1565 Legazpi arrived in Cebu and
➢ June 21, 1574 Manila received the title “ Muy Insigne
defeated the Cebuanos where he established settlements
y Siempre Leal Ciudad” (Eminent and Ever Loyal
there called “Nombre de Jesus” after a wooden image
City) from Spain.
of the Holy child.
Synod of Manila was then established under the Dominican
Fr. Domingo de Salazar, the first bishop of Manila.
➢ It was the assembly of the bishop and his advisers,
composed of both religious and diocesan clergy.
Reduccion
➢ Comes from the Spanish word reducer, meaning
“to resettle”.
➢ It is a “civilizing too l” where native population was
resettled in new settlements where church was
constructed and natives were within the hearing
distance of the church bells (bajo de la campana). ie..
Remontados, cimarrones, ladrones, monteses, or
tulisanes (those refuse to settle).
Plaza complex
A quite novel settlement pattern where the Spaniards attempted
to tame the reluctant Filipinos through Christian indoctrination.
Encomienda System
❖ Comes from the Spanish word encomendar, meaning
to “entrust”.
❖ It was a land grant from the Spanish crown to the
Spaniard to exercise control over a specific place,
including its inhabitants.
❖ Personal tax or Tributo were imposed to the natives
through Royal Decrees.
❖ It was seen as a form of vassalage to the King of Spain.
❖ Diezmos prediales –a tax which consisted of one-tenth
of the produced of the land
❖ Donativo de Zamboanga –a special tax of ½ real or
rice to suppress moro attacks.
❖ Vinta –a kind of tax that was paid by the people of
Luzon; aimed to finance the defence efforts of Spanish
government against the Muslim pirates.
❖ Cedula personal –it was based on the race and social
position of the person which aim is similar to the tribute
and that was to recognize the authority of the King of
Spain.
Polo y Servicios
➢ referred to drafting of laborers (polistas) who were
either Filipino or Chinese male mestizos aged 16 to 60
years.
➢ They were obligated to give a 40-day personal service
to community projects such as construction and repair
of infrastructures (church), building galleons, cutting of
logs.
➢ There had been exemptions to the polo y sercicios, ;
★ Native-ruling elite and their sons
★ Those able to pay the falla [falta – meaning
absence], an amount of 1 ½ real every day for
40 days
★ Persons with disabilities
Causes of Subjugation of Filipinos
➢ Military might of the Spaniards
➢ Policy attraction
➢ Method of Divide and Conquer
➢ Crucial role of Christianity
➢ Lack of unity among Filipinos
➢ Filipino hospitality
➢ Reduccion and plaza complex
➢ The role of the traditional leader
Effects of Spanish Colonization
Religion
➢ Roman Catholicism
➢ Fiestas and religious holidays
➢ Church, convents, and cemeteries
➢ Religious literature and art.
The Philippines Under Spanish Rule
(1600s –1800s)
Philippines: Spain’s Crown Colony
The Spanish government ruled over the Philippines through the
union of the church and the state, introducing in the process new
beliefs, institutions, and practices in the political, economical,
and the religious aspects of people’s lives.
Reasons for Spanish Colonization
➢ King Charles I primarily intended to send the Magellan
expedition to Asia to search for the Moluccas (Spice
Islands).
➢ Magellan’s mission succeeded as they found Tidore,
Moluccas on November 1521.
Spanish Claim to the Philippines: ● In 1863, the Ministry of Overseas Territories placed the
1. Right of discovery - the Philippines was discovered or made Philippines under its jurisdiction.
under Spain’s auspices. The Central Government
Auspices - patronage, direction, or support The Spanish officials adapted features of the government
2. Right of actual occupation - Spain had possession of the
established in Mexico and South America and enforced similar
Philippines, so they had the right to colonize it.
laws such as:
3. Political changes
● Laws of the Indies
● La Novisima Recopilacion
Council of the Indies
● Siete Partidas
● The Council of the Indies/ Spanish Consejo De Indias - the
highest governing body of Spain's colonies in America
The two branches of the government:

(1524–1834).
○ Prepared and issued all legislation governing the colonies in the
king's name
○ Approved all major acts and expenditures by colonial officials
○ Served as a court of last resort in civil suits appealed from colonial
courts.
Ministry of the Colonies
● Ministry of Overseas Territories (Ministerio de Ultramar), was
the ministerial department in charge of the direction of Spanish
territories. It ruled over the Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico, the
Carolinas, the Marianas, and Palaos.
● Executive
● Judicial
The Governor-General
➢ The president or the presiding officer of the Audiencia
➢ Vice Royal patron of the Philippines
➢ Commander-in-chief of the armed forces
➢ The governor-general has the power to issue orders
called the superior decrees, while the King of Spain’s
orders were called royal decrees.He also has the
power to appoint minor officials such as the parish
priests in the government.
 ➢ The King of Spain bestowed upon the Local Government
governor-general, the right of cumplase, the right to ➢ Civil provincial governors called alcalde mayor are
suspend royal decrees or orders relative to the appointed by the governor-general to govern pacified
Philippines if the said decrees would not be beneficial provinces, while the military officers rule over the
for the country’s administration. It has the formula, “I unpacified provinces.
obey but do not comply”. The Alcalde Mayor
➢ Indulto de comercio refers to the right given to alcalde
The Audiencia mayor to engage in trade. It was abolished in 1844
➢ In 1583 the audiencia was established and it exercised because of graft and corruption.
the judicial powers of the government. ➢ In 1886, a provincial-governor abused his power as a
➢ Governor Santiago de Vera was the first president of provincial-judge, so the King had to appoint another
the administration. man to take charge on the administering duties.
➢ It served as the highest court concerning civil and Municipal Government
criminal cases, regulated political and ➢ Composed of barrios and is ruled by the
administrative matters brought by the governor, gobernadorcillo, known today as mayor.
exercised political and administrative powers in the The Gobernadorcillo
absence of the governor, and audited the ➢ elected by thirteen electors (six of whom are former
government’s finances. cabeza de barangays, six cabeza de barangays, and the
➢ It was abolished in 1589, because it became a outgoing captain.
financial burden to the King of Spain. ➢ Had to be approved the friar-curate
➢ Re-established in 1595, but it did not carry out its ➢ Aided in the town administration by tenientes, a chief
function until it was inaugarated in 1598. police, and alguaciles.
The City and Its Government Propagating the Catholic Faith
➢ Cebu and Manila – first two cities during the first Animist religion
century of Spanish rule. It is a relational belief in which the earth and all of its
➢ Six cities of the Philippines during the 17th century – inhabitants, including people, animals, plants, lands, and
Cebu, Manila, Vigan, Nueva Segovia (Lal-o, rivers, are seen as part of a vast linked web of existence.
Cagayan), Arevalo (part of Iloilo), Nuevo Caceres
(Naga) The Friars and Missionaries who spread Catholicism in the
➢ Ayuntamiento – the government in the city, which Philippines
consists of two alcaldes, twelve regidories ➢ Augustinian order – the Augustinian friars who
(councilors), a chief police, a city secretary, and few accompanied Miguel Lopez de Legazpi in his
lesser officials. expedition. They sent missionaries that spread
Catholicism in and around Manila, the Visayas, Ilocos,
Cabeza de barangay Pampanga, and Pangasinan.
➢ Former Maharlikas (datu, gat, lakan) who became ➢ Franciscan Missionaries – In 1577 they arrived and
officials who rule over the barrios of the town spread Catholicism in provinces near Laguna de Bay
➢ Member of the Principalia, together with the town such as Laguna, Batangas, Rizal, and Quezon as well
mayor and other municipal officials. as inCamarines and other part of the Bicol provinces.
➢ Jesuits – In 1581, they arrived and spread Catholicism
in Manila, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, and in
Mindanao.
 ➢ Dominicans – In 1587, they came to the Philippines
and spread the Catholic faith in Manila, Cagayan
region, and Pangasinan.
➢ The Recollect Missionaries – In 1606, they came and
propagated Catholicism in Manila, Bataan, Zambales,
Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Burias, Cuyo, Romblon,
Negros, and some parts in Mindanao.
➢ 20 years after the Legazpi expedition landed - The
number of converts rose to 250,000
➢ In the mid 1800s - the number of converts rose to
about one million
➢ 1860s - rose to about four million
➢ 1898 - rose up to six and a half million
The Union of Church and State
➢ Governor-general – had the power to appoint priests to
the parishes.
➢ Clergy – had political power and were active in the
government.
➢ Friars – became members of some Central
Government agencies.
➢ Friar-curate - their roles and responsibilities include
census enumerator, health officer, school inspector,
examiner of pupils to enter primary school, censor who
approve or disprove publications, and the auditor of the
local government.
➢ High church official – eligible to take charge the
position of the governor- general in the latter’s absence
or illness.
❖ Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-1721)
❖ Bishop Juan Arrechedera (1745-1750)
❖ Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpleta (1759-1761)
❖ Archbishop Manuel Rojo (1761-1762)
The Church Organization
The Catholic Church was divided into different districts which
represented geographic regions that had different languages or
dialects, and each district was divided into its own parishes and
missions.
➢ 1578 – Manila became a diocese
➢ 1581 – Father Domingo de Salazar was appointed the
first bishop of manila.
 ➢ 1595 – The Bishopric of manila became an
Archbishopric. Father Ignacio Santabanñez as the first
archbishop.
➢ Nueva Caceres and Nueva Segovia – bishoprics of
Cebu which was under the Archbishoprics of Manila.
➢ Ecclesiastical Court or Archbishop’s Court – cases
dealing with the laws of the church were tried in this
court
Ecclesiastical Court
➢ Also known as the Archbishop’s court, it is where
cases dealing with the laws of the church were tried in
this court.
The Inquisition
➢ The Inquisition was an ecclesiastical office whose duty
was to search for heretics. There was no office of the
Inquisitions in the Philippines, only a representative or
commissary of the Mexican Inquisition. Filipinos were
not subject to inquisitorial practice and method. Only
the Spaniards were subject to arrest by the
representative of the Holy Inquisition in Mexico.
The Introduction of Printing
➢ Xylography – was introduced to the Philippines by the
Dominicans due to the slow process of handwriting
religious works.
1593 – the Christian Doctrine in Tagalog and Chinese were the
first books printed through this method.
1602 – Father Francisco de San Jose introduced the movable
printing called typography.
1606 – the Franciscans put up a printing press in Tayabas (now
Quezon Province).
1703 – Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala was published, it was
by Father Domingo de los Santos.
Residencia and the Visita
➢ Due the abuses committed by many Spanish officials
sent in the Philippines, the King and Ministers of Spain
introduced two institutions in their colonies, including
the Philippines.
 ➢ Residencia
was the public investigation and trial of outgoing colonial
officials in order to ascertain if the committed any abuses in the
performance of their duties. But was still abused by the
investigating governor-general.
➢ Visita
was the secret investigation of an official’s conduct as a public
servant.
Governor-General Sebastian Hurtado de Corcuera – was
falsely charged which led to his imprisonment.
The Plaza Complex
The natives’ houses were deliberately situated in plazas or in
the center of the town to bring them closer to the church, the
convent, the municipio, the marketplace, and the cemetery.
This setup allowed the Spaniards to effectively administer and
control the natives plaza.
Economic Changes
The Encomienda
In 1558, the King of Spain rewarded his loyal subjects by
distributing land in the Philippines.
Encomienda – was a favor given by the King of Spain to have
rights to collect taxes from the inhabitants of the area assigned
to the Spaniards.
Encomendero – the man who received the favor from the King
Three types of Encomienda
The Royal Encomienda – belonged to the King.
The Ecclesiastical Encomienda – belonged to the Church.
The Private Encomienda – belonged to private individuals.
There were many abuses committed by the encomenderos that
the King abolished the private encomienda towards the end of
the seventeenth century.
Forced Labor
Although in theory, Spain’s colonial system was the best of all
colonial systems, some conditions were set for forced labor.
·Polo y servicio included the following:
➢ The Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for
their work.
➢ The Filipinos must not be made to work in distant
places where they could not return to their families.
➢ Drafting laborers should not coincide with the planting
and harvest seasons.
➢ Men who are physically incapable should be
overworked.
➢ The forced labor should be resorted only to cases of
absolute necessity.
➢ The number of laborers drafted should be diminished
as soon as laborers from other countries had
volunteered to work.
Although the provisions of the policy on forced labor protected
the Filipino laborers from being exploited, the laws regarding
the forced labor were violated which resulted to thousands of
Filipino laborers dying. This decreased the population of the
Philippines for some years in the 16th and 17th century.
➢ Falla
a fee for laborers who want to be exempted from forced labor.
It was still of no use because of how unreasonably high the
pay is that most laborers could not even afford.
➢ The Tribute
In order to raise enough money to finance the administration
of the colony, especially in the construction of infrastructures,
the Filipinos were compelled to pay a tribute in cash or in
kind, in full or installment basis, to the Spanish colonial
government.
➢ 1570 - Paying tribute was officially introduced, the
amount was still small.
➢ 1589- the tribute was raised due to which a small
portion will go to the church. This was called
sanctorum
➢ 1889 - the King abolished it due to the opposition and
the abuses connected to its collection. The cedula
personal was also introduced, which was the present
equivalent of the residence certificate to class "A".
THE GALLEON TRADE
➢ The galleon Trade declined with the combined
commercial liberty and opening of ports in South
America, and the last galleon sailed from Manila to
Acapulco in 1811.
➢ Early Spanish colonial officials engaged trading with
the East, such as China, Siam, India, Cambodia,
Malacca, etc.They became wealthy due to this.
➢ The cargo from these countries were shipped to
Mexico, and sold for higher prices. This is known as
the Galleon Trade. It was initially a restrctive practice
by the Spanish Elite.
➢ Restrictions started to be put in place due to complaints
of goods being driven out of mexico by merchants
from Spain (specifically Cadiz and Sevilla). The King
did not lift these restructions, however.
The Mexican Subsidy
Also known as the Situado, was a yearly stipend of 250,000
pesos to the island of Philippines from the Mexican
Government. This was due to the economic burden the
Philippine was to the Spanish crown.
However, the subsidy was heavily corrupted, and was stopped
when Mexico gained independence in 1821.
THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY
➢ An effort to implement an economic policy in the
economy, the Economic Society of Friends of the
Country was founded by General Basco.
➢ Spanish traders in Manila gave 960 pesos annually to
the society to help it function.
Under the society, divisions included:
➢ Factories/manufacturing
➢ Industry/popular education
➢ Natural history
➢ Domestic and foreign commerce
➢ Agricultural Rural Economy
The Royal Company
➢ The Royal Company of the Philippines was
established in the Philippines in 1785 to promote the
progress of the Philippines. Investing in industry,
manufacturing and agriculture was heavily
implemented by the royal company.
 ➢ Under the society, economic subjects were discussed by
former government officials, traders and merchants.
➢ Information on the cultivation of indigo, coffee, sugar,
etc. through the means of pamphlets was published and
widely distributed. Agricultural implements were
imported from the United States to improve and
increase agricultural production.
➢ In the same year. The Academy of Drawing in Manila
was founded, granted scholarships to those interested
in the art of dyeing.
GOVERNMENT MONOPOLIES
Basco is remembered for establishing monopolies in the
Spanish-occupied Philippines. In 1780, the King decreed a
tobacco monopoly in the colony. The Philippines complied
two years later.
The Provisions of the Decree
1. Cultivation of tobacco is only allowed in the provinces
selected to grow it
2. Contraband sale of tobacco is prohibited
3. The government had the exclusive right to purchase all
tobacco products, to inspect and classify the tobacco plant, and
to prepare and manufacture cigars and cigarettes
4. The government had the right to prohibit the
exportation/importation of tobacco by any agency not
connected with the government.
1. Spanish officials committed abuses such as seizing lands
from tobacco farmers who failed to produce the quota
2. Farmers were not paid the value of the tobacco crop, being
paid with promissory notes which were never complied
3. Abuse of tobacco farmer’s families under the guise of
searching their homes for contraband tobacco
4. Overall dishonesty of Spanish employees and officials
5. Tobacco farmers could not smoke the tobacco they grow
due to the high price of the cigars manufactured by the
governement.
Provinces such as Cagayan Valley, Nueva Ejica and
Marinduque experienced agricultural improvement due to the
monopoly. As mentioned in the previous slide, there were
downsides to the monopoly, opposition grew of its practice,
and the King eventually ordered its abolition in 1881, the
Philippines following suit in 1882.
The government also had other monopolies, such as
wine/liquor, gunpowder, playing cards, and buyo. However,
they were a burden to Filipinos, and the monopolies eventually
bit the dust.
THE ROYAL COMPANY
Four percent of the net profits were to be invested in
agriculture in the colony. The implementation of the program
were thanks to the King giving the company many privileges,
such as:
➢ Monopoly of the trade between Spain and the
Philippines -
➢ Visitation of ports in China and India (the ban of
Manila merchants with Chinese and Indian merchants
was lifted)
Commercial relations between Europe and the colony
flourished due to the company’s privileges, and revenues
increased.
However, the company failed in its two-fold aims.
1. The Spanish merchants were not accustomed to the ways of
the company and did not fully cooperate
2. The company failed to establish direct commercial
relationships with China, India, and Japan, causing them to go
to middlemen paying higher prices.
3. The company was poorly managed
4. Foreign vessels brought goods to Manila instead of the
company’s own vessels.
As a result of the failure, the company was abolished in 1834.
THE BEGINNING OF PHILIPPINE NATIONALISM BRITISH INVASION AND OCCUPATION
Before the mid-1700s to 1900s, there have been many revolts. The British sent an expedition from India to the Philippines to
However, these uprisings were done to: occupy and seize it from Spain.
1) retake one’s lost kingdom or chiefdom ➢ In 1761 Spain and France entered an alliance.
2) resist forced labor that separated men for long periods from ➢ During the Seven Years’ War in Europe between
their families France and England, Spain was naturally drawn into
3) get rid of the oppressive tribute Europe between France and England.
4) return to their ancient religion (Bathala and anitos) ➢ The British sent an expedition from India to the
Despite reasons and drive, they did not rise against colonial Philippines to occupy and seize it from Spain.
rule. ➢ Archbishop Manuel Rojo was acting
Several events and developments caused a national awakening governor-general when the British, with 6,000 men
of consciousness. including Sepoys from Bombay, bombarded
➢ British Invasion Intramuros, Malate, Ermita, and Bagumbayan (now
➢ Silang and Palaris Revolts Luneta) on September 22, 1762.
➢ Basi Revolt against Basco’s
➢ Monopolies The Spaniards with their Filipino soldiers tried to defend
➢ Opening of foreign ports and Intramuros, but their cannons were no match to the weapons of
➢ Suez Canal the English.
➢ Secularization movement Archbishop Rojo surrendered Manila and Cavite while
Simon Anda, a magistrate of the Audiencia escaped to
Pampanga to continue the resistance.
 ➢ The British took over the reins of government and
guaranteed the safety of Spanish officials, the
community, and property.
SILANG AND PALARIS REVOLTS
The Spaniards defeat in the hands of the British opened the
eyes of the Filipinos to the impermanence of Spanish rule in
the country and to the fact that it could be challenged by force
of arms.
1762 revolt of Diego Silang
➢ Demanded the expulsion of Spaniards and Spanish
mestizos from Ilocos
➢ Was successful at first and was able to expel the
Spanish from Vigan
➢ Declared himself “King of the Ilocos”
➢ The British tried to win him over to their side
➢ Accepted their offer but the alliance ended when he
was killed by an assassin
➢ His wife, Gabriela Silang, took over the leadership
but she was later captured and hanged, along with 100
followers.
1762 Pangasinan Revolt Juan Palaris
Juan Dela Cruz Palaris led a widespread revolt in Pangasinan.
➢ Demanding for the end to the payment of tributes
and countless abuses by the Spanish officials
➢ The revolt, started in Binalatongan and spread to the
towns of Bayambang, Paniqui, Dagupan, Calasiao,
Santa Barbara, Mangaldan, San Jacinto, and Malasiki.
➢ He ignored the friar-curates province
➢ Upon the conclusion of the war with France and Spain,
the British left in 1764
➢ Spain sent 3,000 Ilocano troops to Pangasinan to quell
the revolt
➢ Palaris was defeated and died in battle
BASCO’S ECONOMIC PLANS
Reforms in the economy were introduced
Not long after, reforms, especially in the economy, were
introduced. However, the economy developed slowly for
several reasons, such as:
• The incompetence of Spanish officials;
• Graft and greed of the merchants and religious corporations
engaged in the galleon trade;
• Restrictive economic policies which closed some parts of the
country to other foreign countries;
• The constant quarrels between the civil and ecclesiastical
authorities assigned in the colony.
1778 ECONOMIC REFORMS JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS
➢ Jose Basco y Vargas who was appointed
governor-general of the Philippines, wasn't satisfied
with the economic condition of the colony
➢ He found the galleon trade unproductive for the
government
➢ The rich agricultural potentials and other industries in
the colony were neglected by officials
➢ Governor Basco encouraged the cultivation of crops
for export like indigo, coffee, cocoa, sugar, hemp,
mulberry trees, spices and cotton.
➢ Also encouraged the development of mines that
produce gold, tin, and copper
➢ Offered prizes to those excelled in the manufacture of
silk and fabrics of cotton and flax
1781 ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE
COUNTRY
➢ For the effective implementation of the economic plans,
Governor Basco founded the Economic Society of
Friends of the Country in 1781 and established the
Royal Company in 1785.
➢ Failed in its purposes to improve foreign trade between
the colony and Spain because of mismanagement and
lack of cooperation of the Manila merchants
1807 BASI REVOLT AGAINST MONOPOLY
➢ Basco’s government monopolies in 1782 apparently
negated most of his positive economic projects.
➢ The monopolization of tobacco and wine only
benefited the government, as it was prohibited to
produce wine outside of the selected provinces.
➢ Only the government had the exclusive right to
purchase, classify, and sell these products locally and
export them abroad.
➢ In 1807, some 10,000 rebels in Ilocos revolted against
the government monopoly of a locallyproduced wine
from sugarcane called basi.
 ➢ The Basi revolt as it was called was among the
bloodiest uprisings ever recorded during this time.
LAISSEZ FAIRE AND OPENING OF PORTS
➢ Laissez-faire or “let alone policy” in commercial and
trading ventures by the Europeans.
➢ This policy gave full freedom to private individuals and
firms to engage in economic activities without much
interference from the government.
➢ In 1834, Manila opened to foreign traders.
➢ In 1842, Manila could boast of two American, one
French, one Danish, and eight British commercial
firms.
➢ By 1859, the number of foreign firms increased to
fifteen.
➢ In 1855, the ports of Iloilo, Zamboanga, and Sual (in
Pangasinan) were opened to foreign trade.
➢ Batangas produces coffee; Camarines Norte, Camarines
Sur.
➢ Sorsogon and Albay produces hemp
➢ Ilocos and Cagayan Valley produced indigo and
tobacco.
➢ Sugar cane was produced in Negros and Iloilo in the
Visayas and Pampanga, Laguna and Batangas in Luzon.
➢ Nicholas Loney, a British vice consul in Iloilo,
introduces the first modern machinery that converted
sugar cane intorefined sugar.
RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
Mestizos, particularly the Spanish and Chinese mestizos,
benefitted in the development of trade and commerce. Along
with Inquilinos or the tenants in the haciendas and their
families began to accumulate wealth due to the increase of
exports in agriculture.
Together, they constituted the middle class—a group below the
aristocratic Spanish officials, families, and religious orders but
higher or above the masses (the poor, uneducated Indios).
Classification of Class
Peninsulares
- Spaniards born in Spain, working or residing in the
country or the New World.
Insulares
- Spaniards born in the Philippines.
Ilustrados
- The middle class in Philippine colonial society under
Spain. They are wealthy and highly educated Filipinos
of the time.
Mestizos and Indios
1838 TAGALOG PUBLICATION OF FLORANTE AT
LAURA
“Sa loob at bayan kong sawi, kaliluha’y siyang nangyayari
hari Kaugalinga’t bait ay nalulugami ininis bukay ng dusa’t
pighati”
1841 REVOLT OF APOLINARIO DELA CRUZ
Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) is called as King of the
Tagalogs who established Confradia de San Jose (Kapatiran
ng San Jose) in 1832 as a reaction against the discrimination
of the Catholic church in the Philippines against its own
people.
• The Confradia has about 4,500 - 5,000 members from
Tayabas, Laguna and Batangas in its prime.
• On November 1, 1841, the Confradia was crushed by the
force of the colonial military.
EDUCATIONS OF SOME FILIPINOS
The Spaniards in the Philippines created various colleges for
men and women.
COLLEGE FOR MEN AND WOMEN INCLUDED:
Colegio de San Juan De Letrán
(founded in 1620)
• Colegio de San Jose (now San Jose
Major Seminary in Ateneo de Manila
University)
• Universidad de San Felipe de Austria
(First public university created by the
Spanish government in the
Philippines. It closed in 1643)
SCHOOL FOR WOMEN:
➢ College of Santa Potenciana (first school for girls
established in 1589 in the Philippines)
➢ Santa Isabela College (founded on October 24, 1632)
➢ Santa Rosa College (founded on August 40, 1750)
OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL 1869
➢ The Suez Canal is connected to the Red Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea.
➢ Allowed a shorter route and travel time (4/5 months > 1
month) between Spain and the Philippines.
INFLUX OF LIBERAL IDEAS
-ideas filtered to the Philippines with the opening of the Suez
Canal in 1869” (Agoncillo, 2012).
Individuals who promoted freedom and liberty migrated to the
Philippines.
Progressive books and periodicals, books on American
independence and the French revolution were admitted.
MAIL (1864) TELEGRAPH (1873) MANILA-DAGUPAN
RAILWAY (1890)
The introduction of these technologies accelerated the
communication of ideas and awareness between urban and
rural areas.
LIBERALISM IN THE PHILIPPINES
The triumph of the Spanish revolutionists, who fought for
popular suffrage and freedom of speech, the press, and of
religion, brought to the country some liberal and progressive
Spaniards.
1869 Adminastration & Arrival of DELA TORRE
Governor-General Carlos Maria de la Torre arrived in Manila
in 1869. He put into practice liberal principles of the
revolutionists in Spain.
De la Torre’s administration was of significance as it:
➢ 1) abolished the censorship of the press
➢ 2) abolished flogging as punishment
➢ 3) solved agrarian unrest in Cavite
1870 RETURN OF AUTOCRACY
The administration of De la Torre was cut short as The
Republic of Spain ended in 1870 (1868- 1870) when the
monarchy was restored, and a new king assumed the Spanish
throne.
Rafael de Izquierdo was appointed governor-general in
1871 to replace De la Torre.
Izquierdo immediately reversed De la Torre’s reforms.
Disapproved establishment of a school of arts and trades in
Manila
Censorship of press and restrictions on freedom of speech
were restored
Suspected and spied upon De la Torre’s supporters
CAMPAIGN FOR SECULARIZATION
Two classes of Priesthood
Regular Priest
- Thier mission is to convert non christian people to
christianity.
Secular Priest
- Not member of any religious orders
➢ Friar-curates occupied and administered the parishes
because there were very few secular ones during the
first century of Spanish rule.
➢ Because of the increase of regular priests in the
Philippines, the church faced the problem in the
deployment of these priests.
Government replaced secular priests with regular priests and
this action pushed the Filipinos to create a Secularization
movement.
Led by Father Pedro Pablo Pelaez (1812-1663) Succeeded by
Father Jose A. Burgos, another Spanish mestizo.
Other secular priests involved in the secularization movement
who were either Spanish mestizo, Chinese mestizo, or Indios
included Father Jacinto Zamora, Mariano Gomez, Toribio Del
Pilar, Mariano Sevilla, Pedro Dandan, Jose Guevara, and many
more.
EVENTS OF 1872
1872- JANUARY 20 (CAVITY MUTINY)
The Cavite mutiny occurred on January 20, 1872, involving
several workers and some marine detachments led by a military
sergeant named La Madrid.
CAVITY MUTINY DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF
SPANISH AND FILIPINO PEOPLES (FILIPINO
VERSION)
➢ Written by Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de
Tavera
➢ Simple mutiny by the Filipino soldiers and laborers of
the Cavite Arsenal
➢ Dissatisfied by the draconian policies of Izquierdo
➢ Abolition of privileges
➢ Prohibitions of the founding of the school of arts and
trades for Filipinos
➢ Uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe on
January 20, 1872
➢ Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose in the belief that
it would elevate to a national uprising
➢ Cavite Mutiny was unsuccessful
CAVITY MUTINY DIFFERENT PERSPECTIVES OF
SPANISH AND FILIPINO PEOPLES SPANISH
VERSION
➢ Written by Jose Montero y Vida
➢ Mutiny was premeditated, a big conspiracy
➢ among educated leaders, mestizos, lawyers, and
➢ residents of Manila and Cavite
➢ Allegedly plan to liquidate high-ranking Spanish
➢ officers then kill friars
1872 GOMBURZA
Prominent Filipino priests charged with treason and Sedition
➢ The priests, Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora were jailed in
Fort Santiago.
➢ Governor-general failed to present documents to prove
that the GOMBURZA are connected to the January
Mutiny.
➢ February 17, 1872, the three priests marched from Fort
Santiago to Bagumbayan Field (now Luneta).
 ➢ They were being executed one by one (Zamora, Gomez,
then Burgos).
➢ Filipinos began to feel the necessity for unity
➢ Rizal who was eleven years old at that time would later
dedicate his second book El Filibusterismo to the
memory of the three martyred priests
Nationalism
History of Nationalism
It started in France
Why in France?
In 16th century the monarch find it right to impose heavy taxes
to cope up with their expenses
Depletion of the monarch’s treasury
Due to excessive expenses, France’s treasury was near its
depletion
- Due to excessive expenses, France’s treasury was near
its depletion
High taxes
- The idea of having a government of the people, by the
people, and for the people
Age of Enlightenment
➢ The Enlightenment was a political movement that
originated in France during the mid-1700s
➢ It focused mainly on politics and society and involved
ideas that challenged the concept of absolute
monarchy.
John Locke
Believed that people are basically moral and reasonable.
They want to do the right thing.
All people are born free & equal with three natural rights- life,
liberty, and property
If the government fails to protect these rights, the people may
change or replace the government.
Jean Jacques Rousseau
➢ Believed that people were naturally good, but were
corrupted by society
➢ Stressed the importance of the general will- the will of
the people as a whole
➢ Believed the good of the community should be placed
above individual interests- common good
Baron de Montesquieu
Believed having 3 branches in government would prevent
tyranny
Executive (enforces laws)
Legislative (makes the laws)
Judicial (applies laws)
Having a separation of powers would prevent any one branch
from gaining too much power over the other two.
 ● Voltaire STATE
Fought for civil liberties- rights/freedoms of citizens ➢ A description of the state normally includes 4 elements:
➢ Freedom of Speech people, territory, and government.
➢ Freedom of Religion ➢ States have laws, taxation, government, and
➢ Separation of Church and State bureaucracy.

The French Society SENTIMENT

ESTATES-GENERAL ➢ A feeling of affection or love for one’s country
➢ FIRST ESTATE PATRIOTISM
The Clergy ➢ Act or gesture of loyalty or commitment to the
➢ SECOND ESTATE nation-state
The Nobility PHILOSOPY
➢ THIRD ESTATE ➢ View of what a nation is, should be, and ought to be
The Common People
Theory of Nationalism
NATION
➢ A nation exist when there is a union of people based on 1. Nationalism is the ideology of the nation-state.
similarities in language, ethnicity, culture, history, or - People are asked to commit to an idea, to a
even simple geographic proximity. tradition, to a history, to a notion of fraternity.
➢ The term nation symbolizes the social unity of a people.
2. Nationalism is exclusivist.
NATION-STATE - Nationalism focuses on the national group as the
➢ When a nation of people manage to create a state of principal political unit and it demands that the
their own. national group be served by a state – a
➢ The nation-state has become a focal point around which nation-state.
people unify and through which they identify - It demands that each individual give loyalty to
themselves and assess political events. only one nation-state.
 3. Nationalism is power.
- It gives the individual an identity and extend
that identity into something greater than self.
- Nationalism can unify people, but it can also
divide people from other group.
4. Nationalism is philosophy of power.
- It requires nation-state to cultivate strategies,
methods and processes of building, developing
and nourishing the state to amass power.
- A nation-state must be strong because without
strength it is nothing.
5. Nationalism is a product of a peoples’ experience.
- Nationalism cannot be understood apart from its
historical antecedents. In Asia, nationalism has
been a response to and defense against
imperialism.
6. Nationalism is a dynamic concept.
- Nationalism is dynamic since a nation-state is
ever changing. The degree of solidarity and
group identification shifts according to time and
circumstances.
Acts of Nationalism
“Ask not what your country can do for you – ask what you can
do for your country,”
“My country, right or wrong…”
What is your basis for claiming a Filipino identity?
➢ What matters is not so much being “Filipino by blood”
but being “Filipino at heart.”
➢ For Rizal, a true Filipino is a good man, and therefore a
citizen of the world.
Campaign for Reforms
The Propaganda Movement
➢ The Reform Movement in the Philippines, also known
as the Propaganda Movement, was a period of
Philippine history in the late 19th century that aimed to
bring about political and social reforms in the country.
➢ The movement was led by a group of educated
Filipinos, including Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez Jaena,
Marcelo H. del Pilar, and others, who had been exposed
toWestern ideas and education.
The Social Classes of Spanish Period
➢ PENINSULARES
➢ INSULARES
➢ INDIOS
The Role of Middle Class
➢ Providing intellectual leadership
➢ Organizing and mobilizing
➢ Lobbying for reforms
➢ Spreading Ideas
Nature of the Reform Movement
➢ Characterized by its advocacy for nationalism, reforms,
use of written media, appeal to reason, and non- violent
methods. The movement played a significant role in the
development of Philippine nationalism and identity and
contributed to the eventual attainment of Philippine
independence.
The Great Reformist and La Solidaridad
Ten years after the execution of Gomez, Burgos and Zamora
➢ It was a peaceful period on the surface because the
Filipinos were cowed into silence by the Spanish
authorities.
➢ There were threats of persecution for those who would
oppose or criticize Spanish rule.
Reform Movement
➢ also called Propaganda Movement.
➢ It began in 1882 and lasted up to the early months of
1892.
Important Filipino reformists
➢ Graciano Lopez Jaena
➢ Jose Rizal
➢ Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Graciano Lopez Jaena
➢ HE WAS THE GREAT ORATOR
➢ Author of the Fray Botod - a tale that deals with the
ignorance, abuses, and immortality of a certain friar
named botod.
➢ 1880- he secretly left for spain because he found
himself object to manhunt
➢ Feb 15,1889 - becamme an editor at the first circulation
of La Solidaridad
➢ Jan 20, 1896- died of tuberculosis
Demands of the Filipino Reformists
(1) representation in the Spanish Cortes;
(2) the right to vote;
(3) freedom of speech, of assembly, and of the press;
(4) freedom of commerce;
(5) the removal of the friars from the Philippines because they
were an obstacle to progress
6) the education of the people;
(7) reforms in the jails of the country; and
(8) the abolition of the diezmos prediales or
the tithe consisting of one-tenth of the produce of the land.
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
➢ "greatest journalist produced by the purely Filipino
raise"
➢ born in the barrio of Capital Cupang , Bulacan, Bulacan
on August 30, 1850.
 ➢ 1880 - he began to campaign at the plazas, cockpits,
small tiendas preaching the gospel of work, self respect
and dignity.
➢ In 1882, he founded that the Tagalog-Spanish
newspaper, Diariong Tagalog, which, although
short-lived, published suggestions on how to improve
the administration of the country. It also published mild
criticisms of the Spaniards-
➢ 1888- he wrote a pamphlet "Kaiingat Kayo" in defense
of Rizal and his Noli me Tangere
➢ In 1888, the Spanish friars of Bulacan persuaded the
Spanish officials of the province to arrest Del Pilar; but
his admirers warned him about the order forhis arrest
and so he secretly left for Spain. A year after his arrival
in Spain, he became the editor of La Solidaridad.
➢ He died on July 4, 1896.
BOOKS:
➢ La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas (Monastic
Sovereignty in the Philippines)
➢ La Frailocracia Filipina (Frailocracy in the Philippines)
JOSE RIZAL
➢ most brilliant of the Filipinos during his time
➢ born in Calamba, Laguna on June 19, 1861.
➢ studied at the Ateneo Municipal and later at the
University of Santo Tomas. He went to Europe to
continue his medical studies.
➢ 1882 - he went to Spain to study medicine and several
languages.
➢ He finished Noli me Tangere at the age of 26 - gained
➢ popularity - prohibited its reading.
➢ 1889- published La Vision de Fr. Rodriguez -
ignorance.
➢ Rodriguez wrote a pamphlet "Caingat Cayo" which
warned the Filipinos against reading Noli.
➢ July 1892 - his banishment to Dapitan was announced
officially He was placed under arrest before the ship
could dock in Barcelona in his way to Cuba.
➢ 1891- finished El Filibusterismo. Returned to the
Philippines in 1887 and in 1892 for the second time.
➢ died on December 30, 1896.
RE-TAILING THE LA SOLIDARIDAD
La Solidaridad
A newspaper that rises as an answer to the needs of bringing to
the attention of the Peninsular Spaniards the so-called
Philippine problem
Feb 15 1889 - the first number came out in Barcelona with
Lopez Jaena as Editor.
M.H del Pilar took over the editorship.
Aims of La Solidaridad
- To fight reaction
 - To stop all steps tending to make the Philippines a
backward country
- To extol liberal ideas
- To defend progress
Pen names used by the Reformist
➢ Rizal as Dimas Alang and Laong Laan
➢ Mariano Ponce as Tikbalang, Naning, Kalipulako
➢ M.H del Pilar as Plaridel
➢ Panganiban as Jomapa
Pro-Filipino Societies
➢ CIRCULO HISPANO-FILIPINO
➢ Established in 1882 by a group of Filipino students in
Madrid, Spain Led by Juan AtaydePublished the
"Reviste del Circulo “Hispano-Filipino
➢ Its goal is to bring to the Spanish authorities the
condition of its colony and to introduce reforms.
➢ Some notable members: Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo del
Pilar, Juan Luna, Graciano Lopez Jaena
ASOSACION HISPANO-FILIPINA
➢ Founded on June 12, 1889
➢ Its goal is to abolish diezmos prediales and sanctorum,
the compulsory teaching of Spanish in all schools,
radical reforms in UST, establishment of agricultural
banks and so on.
➢ Members: Dr. Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar, Juan Luna,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Marciano Ponce,
Miguel Morayta
➢ (Spanish)
➢ Lasted longer than Circulo but it never realized its goals
FREEMASONRY
➢ Freemasonry is popular in Europe
➢ Around 1856 when it first introduced in the Philippines
➢ Filipino reformists joined Mansory because of its
antifriar character
➢ Graciano Lopez Jaena founded the first lodge named
Revolucion “ in 1889
➢ When revolucion was dissolved "La Solidaridad" was
formed
➢ Around 1891 when "Nilad" the first lodge in the
➢ Philippines was formed
➢ Freemasonry paved way for the methods of the
➢ Organization "Katipunan”
La Liga Filipina
July 3, 1892
Rizal and a group of patriotic Filipinos, including Andres
Bonifacio, founded this society.
AIMS
1.to unite the whole archipelago into one strong body;
2.to give mutual reputation of all members in case of necessity;
3.to encourage agriculture, commerce, and education;
4.to defend members against any kind of violence and
injustice;
5.to study and apply reforms.

PURPOSES
1.to support a member or his son without financial means but
with enough ability and industry;
2.to support the poor against the rich and powerful;
3.to give financial help to any member who suffered losses;
4.to open stores and shops which would sell goods to member
at low prices;
5.to introduce machines in order to promote industries.

The Failure of the Reform Movement

➢ The Spanish high officials were too busy with their own
problems to listen to the collective voice of the
reformists.
➢ The Reformist in Spain and in the Philippines did not
have the necessary financial means to which to make
their campaign effective.
➢ The Reformist themselves were not united.
➢ The friars in the Philippines gad influential friends and
supporters in Spain