RPH LESSON 7:THE SPANISH COLONIAL SYSTEM

The Start of Spanish Occupation

● MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI (1502-1572)
- Feb 13, 1565
❖ Miguel Lopez de Legazpi and his fleet arrived
in Samar (or previously known as Cibabao)
❖ They remained there for 7-8 days. However,
during there stay, one of Lopez’ men
(Francisco Gomez), who went to shore to
make blood-compact, was killed by the
natives of Cibabao.
- 2nd day of their departure from Cibabao
❖ Legazpi and his fleet reached Bohol
- April 27, 1565 (Friday)
❖ Legazpi reached the port of Cebu on the same date (although 44
years later) when Magellan was killed in Mactan.
-He became the first Spanish governor of the Philippines and
governed for a year before dying in Manila due to heart failure (1572).
- His remains can be found in the San Agustin Church, Intramuros.

● FRAY ANDRES DE URDANETA (1498-1568)

- was a close friend of Legazpi who attended to
the preparations of the voyage to the Philippines
as he was also an experienced voyager (since
Legazpi back then had no prior experience).

- He initially thought that they were going to

Guam, but Legazpi revealed that he was given a
secret order to find the Philippines.

- Urdaneta was not only a priest under the Order

of St. Augustine; he was also a very skilled adventurer and a good
fighter.

- “As an adventurer, he learned many languages, and has been in

places where few Europeans had ever been before. He was appointed
in the Spanish army. Being there, he saw the maltreatment of ethnic
groups by Spanish soldiers, and deeply abhorred it.”

Role of Urdaneta:
- Although Legazpi was the head of the expedition, he had no prior experience in
voyage. Hence, Urdaneta was given the task directing the expedition of the
voyage.
Contributions:
- One of his striking contributions was his discovery of a return route from the
Philippines to Spain (tornaviaje).
- It must be remembered that all expeditions for the Philippines before Urdaneta
failed.

- “In the area of Anda Circle just outside of Intramuros, there is a bronze
statue erected in the memory of Legaspi together with Urdaneta. The
monument shows Legazpi carrying a sword while Urdaneta at his side
hold up the cross. There, an inscription reads: “he is the unparalleled
cosmographer, pioneer of the Christian and Spanish civilization in the
Philippines”.”

● LEYES DE INDIAS
- First code of Colonial Laws
“One of the most comprehensive codes published for any colonial
empire.”

- However, because of the distance between Spain and Philippines, and

the corruption and decadence of Spanish officials and friars (especially
during the 19th century), these colonial laws were unevenly applied or
failed to benefit the colonies.

AIMS OF THE SPANISH COLONIZATION

● 3Gs:
- First chief aim: propagation of Catholic Christianity
- Second Aim: Desire for gold/European wealth
- Third Aim: Spain’s ambition to be the greatest empire in the world.

SPAIN RETAINS THE PHILIPPINES DESPITE ECONOMIC LOSS

❖ Philippines - colony of Spain
- financial burden to the Spanish treasury
❖ Advisors of King Philip II
- advised the king to give up the colony; King Philip II refused.
❖ 1619, revival of the abandonment of the Philippines argument
- Fray Fernando Moraga, in his old age, travelled from the Philippines to Spain
and knelt in front King Philip III to convince him not to abandon the Philippines
because:
● It was the greatest legacy of his great grandfather, King Charles I
● It was God’s will that Spain discovered the Philippines.
❖ In the end, King Philip III, moved by the priest, decided to continue
supporting the Philippines.
THE PHILIPPINES AS A CROWN COLONY
❖ The Philippines – a crown colony
- She belonged to the Spanish King after
1821
❖ Since the beginning until 1821
- Dependency of Mexico
❖ After Mexico’s separation with Spain on 1821
- Philippines came to be directly ruled
from Madrid until 1898
❖ The King appointed the governor generals and other colonial officers
- Issued royal decrees governing the Philippines

THE COUNCIL OF INDIES

● Created by King Charles I (concurrently Emperor Charles V of Germany)
- Royal Decree of August 1, 1524

● To help the King rule the colonies

● Powerful body
- Handled all matters pertaining to the colonies

● Dismantled by Queen Isabel II in 1863

- Replaced the council with the Ministerio de Ultramar (Ministry of
Colonies)
THE MINISTRY OF COLONIES
 LEYES DE INDIAS
- Compilation of laws governing the colonies of Spain

GOBERNADOR-HENERAL
● Chief executive of the Philippines during the Spanish times
- Official title
● Duty:
- Enforced the King’s royal decrees and other laws from Spain
- Commander-in-chief of the colonial armed forces
- Appointed and removed colonial officials (except those appointed by
the king)
● Until 1861, served as Chief Justice /President of the Royal Audenicia (Supreme
Court)
● King’s representative; vice-royal patron with the power to recommend priests
for appointment as parish priests and to intervene in controversies between
religious authorities.

GOBERNADOR-HENERAL: POWERS
❖ Exercises the power of the Monarch
❖ Could declare war or peace
❖ Appoint and receive ambassadors
❖ Oversees not only the Philippines but also of
the Marianas, Carolines, and Palaus.
❖ Use Veto power (cumplase)
❖ If the Kapitan Heneral had such tremendous
power and authority, is there a way to check
balance his power so that he does not abuse it?
ROYAL AUDENCIA
❖ The supreme court in Spanish times
❖ Served as auditor of the Colony
- Audits annual expenditures of the government
❖ Auto acordados (act agreed upon)
- “promulgate certain laws for the colony” through the agreement
between the Governor General and the Royal Audencia.

EXAMPLE OF LAWS:
➢ Restricting Chinese Immigration
➢ Fixing the prices of prime commodities
➢ Ordering people to comply with their religious duties

RESIDENCIA
❖ Peculiar Judicial Institution
- “trials an outgoing Governor General and other Spanish officials who obliged
to give an accounting of their acts during their term.”
- “the trials are conducting by their successors or by a special judge
appointed for this purpose.”

SAMPLE RESIDENCIAS:
➢ Governor Gudio de Lazevaris (1572-1575)
- 1st spanish governor general to be subjected to the residencia
- It was presided over by Gov. Gen. Francisco de Sande (1575-1580)
➢ Hurtado de Corcuera (1635-1644)
- Sentenced to 5years’ imprisonment and a fine of Php 25,000
➢ Juan de Vargas
- Condemned to stand daily at the doors of the churches, dressed
in a sack cloth of a penitent and with a rope around his neck.
➢ Berenguer de Marquina (1788-1793)
- Fined Php 40, 000

VISITADOR
❖ Investigating officer
- “investigate Philippine conditions and complaints against the Governor
General and other Spanish officials.”

SAMPLE CASES:
➢ 1629: Gov. Gen. Niño de Tabora (1626-1636)
- Under King Philip IV, Fransciso Rojas was sent to investigate the quarrel
between Gov. Gen. Tabora and the Royal Audencia of Manila
➢ 1738: Jose Ignacio Arzadun
- A visitador that was sent by the viceroy of Mexico.
- He discovered the abuses of the Spanish Alcalde mayor in the Cagayan
Province.
 COLONIAL SYSTEMS

THE ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM

❖ A grant of inhabitants living in a particular conquered territory which Spain
gave to a Spanish colonizer as a reward for his services.
❖ It included tribute collected from the inhabitants
- he is not allowed to collect land/natural resources/services of the
inhabitants.

DUTIES OF AN ENCOMIENDERO
1. PROTECT the inhabitants from enemies
2. ASSIST the missionaries in Christianizing them
3. PROMOTE the education of the people

TWO KINDS OF ENCOMIENDAS:

1. Royal
→ Exclusively owned by the King (e.g. cities, seaports, and inhabitants of
regions rich in natural resources.
2. Private
→ owned by private persons or charitable institutions

TRIBUTE
❖ Symbol of vassalage to Spain
- 1 tribute = one family consisting of: husband, wife, minor children
- ½ tribute = unmarried man/woman

❖ 1 Tribute = 8 realses/ 1 pesos (money/kind)

- in 1851, it was changed to: 12 reales / 1 peso and ½

❖ Abolished in 1884
- replaced by Cedula Tax

❖ Filipinos hated the tribute

- Reminds them of their bondage to Spain
- Spawned Spanish abuses
 ❖ According to the law:
- tribute was to be paid in money or kind

❖ Abuses
➢ Demands in certain product
- Collects them from inhabitants in lower appraisals, but sells them with a
higher price in the market
- Does not even give the natives their share of the profit
➢ Tampered Weights
- People (inhabitants) pay more than the actual value

❖ 1859
- The people in Ilocos and Cagayan Valley rose in revolt against the tribute

POLO
❖ Men (16-60 years old)
- Polo (or forced labor) = 40 days
- In 1884, it is reduced to 15 days

❖ Polista
- Are called to people who render forced labor
- Can be exempted by paying the falla (sum of money)

Exemptions: White Spaniards, mestizos, and Chinese

POLISTAS
- are supposed to be given daily wages
and rice ration
- Sadly. Either didn’t receive any, or they
are promised of being given of their
wages/rice ration through staggering
means.
- Sadly, the rice rations/wages they
receive are not the exact amount or are
not given on the agreed date.

ABOLITION OF SLAVERY
- One of the many good things that Spain has done for the people.
- Early missionaries have urged the king to abolish slavery in the Philippines

❖ OCTOBER 17, 1581

- Bishop Domingo Salazar
- Met at the Augustinian convent in Tondo, Manila together with different
religious orders
 ❖ AUGUST 9, 1589
- Pope Gregory XIV
- “Reinforced the king’s decree by promulgating the Papal Bull of April 18,
1591, threatening to excommunicate those who would not liberate their
slaves.”

COLONIAL GOVERNMENT

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
- For administrative purposes, the Philippines was divided into provinces and
special districts.

➢ Provinces
- Were known as Alcaldias, each governed by an alcalde mayor.
➢ Special Districts
- Were known as corregimientos, each under a corregidor (usually
an army officer).

MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
- Provinces were divided into pueblos (towns)
Each pueblo = gobernadorcillo (petty governor)
Popularly called as capitan and his wife, capitana
- First, he was elected annually by all married males of the town
- In 19th century, he was elected by 13 electors headed by the outgoing
gobernadorcillo.
OTHER TOWN OFFICIALS BESIDES THE GOBERNADORCILLO:
❖ Teniente Mayor
→ Chief Lieutenant
❖ Juez de Sementeras
→ Justice of the Fields
❖ Juez de Ganados
→ Justice of the Cattle
❖ Juez de Policia
→ Justice of Police
❖ Directorcillo
→ Municipal Secretary

THE CITIES
- Several large towns in the Philippines were organized into cities
- Among them were:
➢ Manila
➢ Lipa
➢ Jaro
➢ Cebu
➢ Albay
➢ Arevalo
➢ Naga
➢ Vigan

❖ Ayuntamiento
→ city government
❖ Cabildo
→ city council
→ composed of the:
➢ Alcalde (Mayor)
➢ Regidores (Councilors)
➢ Alguacil mayor (Chief Constable)
➢ Escribano (Secretary)

- Alcalde mayor exercised both executive and judicial functions

- Although low salary, his office was lucrative (privilege to engage in trade).
- It was abolished on 1884 (prone to abuses). After abolishing the Alcalde’s roles:
➢ Alcalde Mayor is made simply a judge
➢ Whereas, the Civil Governor is appointed chief executive of the
province.
 RELIGION

MISSIONARIES & SPANISH COLONIZATION

❖ MISSIONARIES
- “Plays a significant role in the colonization of the Philippines”
- “They came with the conquistadores.”
- “Their arms were their crucifix, their rosary, and their virtues.”

❖ FIRST MISSIONARIES
- Under Fr. Andres Urdaneta, OSA (Order of St. Augustine) who came with
Legazpi in 1565.

❖ OTHER MISSIONARIES
➢ 1577 → Franciscans

➢ 1581 → Jesuits

➢ 1587 → Dominicans

➢ 1606 → Recollects

➢ 1895 → Benedictines

ECCLESIASTICAL ORGANIZATION
- Parallel to and intimately associated with the Civil Government

➢ Archbishop of Manila
- Top of the organization
- Appointed by the Pope upon the recommendation of the King
➢ Bishops
- Heads of dioceses (Bishoprics)
➢ Parish Priest
- Administered the parishes
➢ Archbishop’s Court
- Church-owned court which tried cases involving the Canon Law
and cases concerning the clergy
➢ Bishopric of Manila
- Established by Pope Gregory XII on 1578
➢ Rev. Domingo de Salazar
- 1st bishop of manila

UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE

● There was a political union between the Church and the State
● Official religion of the Philippines: Catholic Christianity
● Both civil and ecclesiastical authorities served God and the King.
❖ Parish Priest
- “The real power in the town”
- “Represented the majesty in Spain”
- Supervised local elections, education, charities, morals, and taxation
❖ 1762
- Bishops and Archbishops acted as governor generals in cases of
vacancy in the gubernatorial office.

example:
➢ Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta (1719-1721)

➢ Bishop Juan de Arrechederra (1745-1750)

➢ Bishop Lino de Espeleta (1759-1761)

➢ Archbishop Manuel Antonio Rojo (1761-1762)

RPH LESSON 9:FILIPINO NATIONALISM AND THE CAVITE
MUNITY

NATIONALISM
- Loyalty and devotion to one’s country and the advocacy to national unity and
independence
- This is a belief that people who share common language, history, and culture
should constitute an independent nation, free from foreign domination.

Thoughts to ponder:
● By looking at the timeline, we could see a huge gap of widespread “uprisings”
prior to the late 19th century (1850s).
● Uprisings and propaganda are the result of the ideals and beliefs that the
Filipinos had for independence and nationalism.
● But with the lack of uprisings and propaganda during the early 19th century,
would it be safe to assume that Filipinos’ sense of nationalism are “late”?
Did we not realize the need for independence? Or do we not know how to forward such objectives in the first place?

PHILIPPINES
- Had been under the rule of Spain for about three centuries, three decades,
and three years (333 years). It was after these years that the Filipino
nationalism finally harvested the fruit of its toil: Independence.

LATE DEVELOPMENT OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

➢ Geography
➢ Mode of transportation
➢ Language
GEOGRAPHY
- The Philippines is far from the source of nationalism, which is EUROPE
- So, if there were any brilliant ideas and beliefs that are happening in Europe,
Philippines (although a province of Spain) is likely to hear it the last.

MODE OF TRANSPORTATION
- Another problem is transportation going to the Philippines. Before the
invention of steel ships and easier routes to reach Asia from Europe, travelers
need to travel a long way in going to the Philippines, usually occurring around
more than 3 months.

BIRTH OF NATIONALISM

Factors that Led to the Birth of Filipino Nationalism

1. Influx of liberalism

2. Opening of the Suez Canal

3. Campaign for secularization

4. Cavite Mutiny

5. Execution of the fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora

POURING OF LIBERAL IDEAS - THE FRENCH

REVOLUTION
- The French Revolution began in 1789
and lasted until 1794. King Louis XVI
needed more money, but had failed to
raise more taxes when he had called a
meeting of the Estates General. This
instead turned into a protest about
conditions in France.

FRENCH REVOLUTION
● On July 14, 1789 the Paris mob, hungry due to a lack of food from poor
harvests, upset at the conditions of their lives and annoyed with their King and
Government, stormed the Bastille fortress (a prison). This turned out to be
more symbolic than anything else as only four or five prisoners were found.

● In October 1789, King Louis and his family were moved from Versailles (the
Royal palace) to Paris. He tried to flee in 1791, but was stopped and forced to
agree to a new form of government. Replacing the power of the King, a
‘legislative assembly’ governed from October 1791 to September 1792, and was
then replaced by the ‘National Convention’.
 ● The Republic of France was declared, and soon the King was put on trial. The
Revolution became more and more radical and violent. King Louis XVI was
executed on January 21, 1793. In the six weeks that followed some 1,400 people
who were considered potential enemies to the Republic were executed in
Paris.

● Many historians now regard the French Revolution as a turning point in the
history of Europe, but also in North America where many of the same ideas
influenced the Declaration of Independence and the American Revolution.

● The famous slogan ‘Liberty, Equality and Fraternity’ called for every person’s
right to freedom and equal treatment. Across France and the rest of Europe
the consequences of the Revolution were huge.

● There were many new developments including the fall of the monarchy,
changes in society with the rise of the middle class, and the growth of
nationalism.

POURING OF LIBERAL IDEAS

- Liberal ideas were spread throughout Europe
- Filipinos were influenced; They were drawn to the constitution which provided
their natural and civil rights.
- Reign of Governor General Carlos Maria de la Torre contributed to the
development of Filipino nationalism
- Nationalism of some European countries, like Germany, has also been a
stirring rod of the birth of Filipino Nationalism

OPENING OF SUEZ CANAL

- opening of the Philippines to WORLD
TRADE
➢ New goods
➢ New ideas
➢ New technology/methods

-Participation in trade and

improvement in agriculture
➢ Raised their standards of living
➢ Rise of middle-class Filipinos
➢ Powerful became leaders in
educational and financial matters.
CAMPAIGN FOR SECULARIZATION
- Fought for the rights of Filipino priests
- They were being denied the right to head and
govern a parish because they are indios and are
deemed to be lower than that of the Caucasians
(Spaniards/Europeans).
- His fight for secular rights garnered Fr. Burgos hate
from other European priests, which resulted to his
death in 1872.

CAVITE MUNITY
- Jan 20, 1872: the Cavite Mutiny broke out under the leadership of Sgt. Fernando La
Madrid and some workers/soldiers in the Cavite Arsenal
- Carlos Maria de la Torre VS Rafael Izquierdo
- deduction of tribute and falla in their salary
- execution of fathers GomBurZa

CAVITE MUTINY: THE TWO FACES OF THE 1872 CAVITE MUTINY

● Two major events happened in 1872:
➢ First was the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
➢ Martyrdom of the 3 martyr priests (Fr. Mariano Gomes, Jose
Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora or GOMBURZA)
● However, not all of us knew that there were different accounts in reference to
the said event.
● All Filipinos must know the different sides of the story—since this event led to
another tragic yet meaningful part of our history—the execution of GOMBURZA
which in effect a major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the
Filipinos.

SPANISH PERSPECTIVE
❖ Jose Montero y Vidal
- a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as
an attempt of the Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the
Philippines.

❖ Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo

- official report magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the
native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization.

- Two accounts complimented and corroborated with one another, only that the
general’s report was more spiteful.
- Scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite
arsenal such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from force labor
were the main reasons of the “revolution” (as how they called it);
- Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular throne;
- Dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press;
 - Democratic, liberal, and republican books and pamphlets reaching the
Philippines
- Presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish friars

NATIVE CLERGY
- “conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of Spain
- Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish Press for “stockpiling” malicious
propagandas grasped by the Filipinos

HEAVENLY PROMISES
- The general even added that the native clergy enticed other participants by giving
them charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail because God is with them
coupled with handsome promises of rewards such as employment, wealth, and
ranks in the army.

- Izquierdo, in his report lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed an innate
propensity for stealing.

THE EVENT
- According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January 1872, the district of Sampaloc
celebrated the feast of the Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately, participants to the feast
celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks displays.
- Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just
like what was agreed upon, the 200-men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid
launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.
 REACTION FROM THE SPANIARDS
● When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo,
he readily ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces in
Cavite to quell the revolt.
● The “revolution” was easily crushed when the expected
reinforcement from Manila did not come ashore.
● Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were
killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried by a
court-martial and were sentenced to die by strangulation.

● Patriots like Joaquin Padro de

Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor, Jose
and Pio Basa and other abogadillos
were suspended by the Audencia
(High Court) from the practice of
law, arrested and were sentenced
with life imprisonment at the
Marianas Island.
● Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native regiments of artillery and
ordered the creation of artillery force to be composed exclusively of the
Peninsulares.

THE FILIPINO VERSION

❖ Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera
- Filipino scholar
- Wrote the Filipino version of the bloody incident in
Cavite.
- In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny
by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the
abolition of their privileges.
-Indirectly, Tavera blamed Gov. Izquierdo’s
cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of
privileges of the workers and native army members
of the arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of school of arts and
trades for the Filipinos, which the general believed as a cover-up for
the organization of a political club.

THE EVENT: TAVERA ACCOUNT

● On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the
arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms
and assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight.
● The insurgents were expecting support from the bulk of the army
unfortunately, that didn’t happen.
 ● The news about the mutiny reached authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo
immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two
days, the mutiny was officially declared subdued.

TAVERA’S UNDERSTANDING
● Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny
as a powerful lever by magnifying it as a full-blown conspiracy involving not
only the native army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and
more importantly the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in
the Philippines.

● It is noteworthy that during the time, the Central Government in Madrid

announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in
matters of civil government and the direction and management of
educational institutions.

● This turnout of events was believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do

something drastic in their desire to maintain power in the Philippines.

● The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the
past, took advantage of the incident and presented it to the Spanish
Government as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with
the object of destroying Spanish sovereignty.

● Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that the
scheme was true without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of
the alleged “revolution” reported by Izquierdo and the friars.

● Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life
imprisonment while members of the native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA
were tried and executed by garrote.

● This episode leads to the awakening of nationalism and eventually to the

outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896.

● The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s account complimented Tavera’s

account by confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of the
arsenal workers and soldiers in Cavite fort.

● The Frenchman, however, dwelt more on the execution of the three martyr
priests which he actually witnessed.

UNRAVELLING THE TRUTH

Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that
remained to be unvarying:
 ➢ First, there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the
members of the native army after their privileges were drawn back by Gen.
Izquierdo;
➢ Second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the
Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish government out of disgust;
➢ Third, the Central Government failed to conduct an investigation on what truly
transpired but relied on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of
the public;
➢ Fourth, the happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the
Central Government in Spain decided to deprive them of the power to
intervene in government affairs as well as in the direction and management of
schools prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend their stay and
power;
➢ Fifth, the Filipino clergy members actively participated in the secularization
movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the
country making them prey to the rage of the friars;
➢ Sixth, Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to
what they deemed as injustices;
➢ The execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish
government, for the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the
event inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and eventually
independence.

GOMBURZA EXECUTION
- Guilty of treason for inciting the Cavite Mutiny
- Feb 17, 1872

❖ EXECUTION OF THE GOMBURZA

- On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and
Frailocracia to instill fear among the Filipinos so that they may never
commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed. This
event was tragic but served as one of the moving forces that shaped
Filipino nationalism.
GOALS OF THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
1. That the Filipinos and the Spaniards have equality before the laws
2. That the Philippine representation in the Spanish Cortes (legislative body) be
restored
3. That the Philippines be assimilated as a regular province of Spain
4. That the Friars be expelled from the Philippine parishes.
5. That the Filipinos enjoy human rights (including freedom of speech and
freedom of the press)

LA SOLIDARIDAD
- Mass Media’s role is relevant not only in the present but also in the past.
- Created the La Solidaridad as a means of propagating the movements’
objectives.
- Founded by Graciano Lopez Jaena on Feb 15, 1889.

AIMS OF THE LA SOLIDARIDAD

1. To portray vividly the deplorable condition of the Philippines,
2. To work peacefully for the political and social reforms,
3. To combat the evil forces of medievalism and reaction,
4. To advocate liberal ideas and progress,
5. To champion the legitimate aspirations of the Filipino people for democracy
and happiness.

● G.L JAENA - died of tuberculosis (JAN. 20, 1896)

● M.H DEL PILAR - died of tuberculosis (JULY 4, 1896)
● J.P RIZAL - died by firing squad (DEC. 30, 1896)
● The Propaganda Movement failed.

ANTI-FRIAR MOVEMENT
❖ Mariano Ponce
- University student in Barcelona
- Was sent political letters by Del Pilar
- Attacked the political powers of the friars in the Philippines
- Against deportation system
- Defended Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere

HISPANO-FILIPINO ASSOCIATION
Purpose: to secure reforms for the
Philippines
- political, literary, and recreation
- they had meetings where they
formulate resolutions: REFORMS
LA LIGA FILIPINA
- a civic league of Filipinos founded by Rizal
(July 3, 1892)
- discussed provisions of the Constitution of the
La Liga Filipina which he wrote in Hong Kong and
was helped by Jose M. Basa
- Aimed to unite the whole Philippine
archipelago into a body with mutual protection
in every want and able to defened against injustice and violence.
- Also aimed to encourage commerce, agriculture, and education as well as the
study and application of the long wished reforms.
- LA LIGA FILIPINA MOTTO: Unus Instar Omnium (one like all)

KATIPUNAN
- The society was founded after the
Filipino patriots learned that Dr. Jose
Rizal was captured and sentenced to
death in Dapitan. Not a mere doctor,
Rizal is an author of two prominent
novels detailing the dark aspects of
Spain’s colonial rule in the Philippines.

- His novels made Filipinos hunger for more. While Rizal only campaigned for
equal treatment of Filipinos, not everyone was on the same page as him.
- The society was founded after the Filipino patriots learned that Dr. Jose Rizal
was captured and sentenced to death in Dapitan. Not a mere doctor, Rizal is
an author of two prominent novels detailing the dark aspects of Spain’s
colonial rule in the Philippines.
- His novels made Filipinos hunger for more. While Rizal only campaigned for
equal treatment of Filipinos, not everyone was on the same page as him.
- Thus, Katipunan was founded. It filled the void that was not satiated by the call
for peaceful reforms which was left unheard, unfortunately.
- Katipunan is also known as KKK or “kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang,
Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan”. In English, it means Supreme and
Venerable Society of the Children of the Nation.
- Established on July 7, 1892, in Manila, it is a Philippines’ revolutionary society
whose aim was to free the nation from the Spanish regime through revolution.
- The members of the society were called Katipuneros. An aspiring Katipunero
has to go through a rigorous initiation process before becoming an official
member of the society. In the beginning, only males were allowed to enter the
society but, later on, females were welcomed as well.
PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
Source: 1898 Declaration of Independence
Penned by Amrbosio Rianzares Bautista

BACKGROUND
● Spanish-American War → Treaty of Paris

ROMAN CATHOLICISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

● Magellan's Arrival to the islands of the Philippines mark the first attempt to
convert the Filipinos to Christianity. This conversion was received by mixed
responses.

● Most of the Filipinos received the conversion with open arms, and were happily
converted to Christianity. Some did not like the conversion, such as Lapu-Lapu.

● He did not believe that the Filipinos needed to change, so he killed Magellan,
making him the first ever Philippine hero.

● That’s not to say that Christianity should not have been spread to our country,
because if not, the Philippines would mostly be a Muslim country

● After Magellan, the Spanish sent Miguel Lopez de Legaspi to the Philippines,
and he conquered the Muslim settlement in Manila during 1570.

● The religion slowly spread throughout the Philippines, evident in present

Filipinos, most of whom are Christians.

SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY IN THE PHILIPPINES

❖ Mass Baptism
- Baptizing the Filipinos is very large groups at once. It is said that the
Filipinos interpreted Baptism as healing, which relies on the presence of
Holy Water.
❖ Reduccion Policy
- Moving small groups of Filipino settlements into one, large town. This
was to regulate the Filipinos, and teach them the basics of Christianity.

- Early Attitude of the Spanish Clergy - early on, the Spanish clergy was forced
to learn the Filipinos' native language if they want to teach them. Without
Spanish schools, the priests were forced to say Mass in the Filipinos' native
languages.
- Adaptation of Christianity to the local culture - The Filipinos believed in spirits,
which were responsible for the good, and bad.
- They had statues and altars, all of which were destroyed by the Spaniards.
- They replaced them with Christian adaptations of their early beliefs, and used
theatrical presentations of Bible stories to appeal the Filipinos.