REPORTING OUTLINE

GEC105 B1-2

Topic: The Arrival and Settlement of the Spaniards in the Philippines

Group Number: 2

I. Introduction
II. The Coming of the Spaniards
❖ Who is Ferdinand Magellan?
❖ Early Voyages to Asia (1400-1600)
● The Magellan Expedition
→ arrived on March 17, 1521 - lands on Homonhon Islands with three
small ships: Concepcion, Trinidad,Victoria, Santiago, and the San
Antonio
→ made a "blood compact" with Rajah Kulambo, and his brother Si Agu
sealed with their friendship
→ Easter Sunday, March 31, Magellan ordered a Mass to be celebrated led
by Father Pedro de Valderrama and that was the first mass celebrated in
the Philippines. Afterwards, Magellan ordered that a large cross be
panted on the top of the hill overlooking sea.
→ "Islas de San Lazaro" - the name that Ferdinand Magellan gave when
he arrived at Cebu claiming it for Spain - named it "San Lazaro"
because it was Saint Lazarus Day
→

■ The First Baptism

 → On April 15,1521, Mass was celebrated in Cebu. A cross was
erected and Magellan persuaded the Cebuanos to be become
Christians. Some 800 natives became Christians that day, among
them Rajah Humabon, who was given the Christian name Carlos in
honor of King Charles of Spain, and his wife, who was given the
name Juana, in honor of King King
Charles’ mother. To commemorate
this event, Magellan presented Juana
an image of the Infant Jesus where is
now the Patron of Cebu.

→
■ The Battle in Mactan
→ Rajah Sula asked Magellan’s help to defeat his rival, Rajah Si
Lapu-lapu, who according to Sula, refused to recognize the King of
Spain as his sovereign.On the morning of April 27, 1521, Si Lapu-
lapu who refused to listen to Magellan's demand that he pay tribute
to Spain, prepared to fight to end. In the battle that followed,
Magellan was wounded in the leg. Seeing this, the brave people of
Mactan rushed at him and killed him with their spears.

→
● The Villalobos Expedition
→ Reached Mindanao on the February of 1543. The natives of Mindanao
refused to have any dealing with the Spaniards. Faced with starvation,
Villalobos ordered his men to plant corn to feed themselves. But the
crop failed and Villalobos was forced to send one of his mean,
 Bernardo de la Torre, to Tandaya(now Samar) to get some food.
Villabos, in his pleasure, named the islands of Samar and Leyte,
Felipinas in honor of Prince of Spain, who later on became King Philip
II.

→
● Treaty of Zaragoza
→ On April 22,1529, Spain and Portugal signed the Treaty of
Zaragoza, under which Portugal won possession of Moluccas after
paying Spain the sum 350,000 gold ducats. To avoid future
misunderstanding between the two countries, east would belong to
Portugal while the west would belong to Spain.
→ Signed on 22 April 1529 by King John III and the Emperor Charles
V in the Spanish City of Zaragoza.

→
● The Legazpi Expedition
→ On February 13, 1565, Legaspi's expedition landed in Cebu island.
After a short struggle with the natives, he proceeded to Leyte, then
to Camiguin and to Bohol. There Legaspi made a blood compact
with the chieftain, Datu Sikatuna and his wife Si Gala as a sign of
friendship.
 →
III. Settlement of the Spaniards in the Philippines
a) First Settlement in Cebu
→ On April 27, 1565, the expedition returned to Cebu and landed there. Rajah
Tupas challenged the Spaniards, but were overpowered by them. The Spaniards
established a colony, naming the settlements "Villa del Santisimo Nombre de
Jesús" (City of the Most Holy Name of Jesus) after an image of Sto. Niño in one
of the native houses.
→ Policy of Attraction:
1) The Filipinos promised to be loyal to the King of Spain and to the
Spaniards;
2) The Filipinos promised to help the Spaniards in any battle against an
enemy; and in return, the Spaniards promised to protect the Filipinos from
all enemies;
3) A Filipino who had committed a crime against a Spaniard should turn over
to the Spanish authorities, while a Spaniard who had committed a crime
against a Filipino should turned over to the Filipino chieftain;
4) Goods to sold, to either the Spaniards or the Filipinos should not be
moderately priced;
5) An armed Filipino would not be allowed to enter the Spanish settlement.

b) The Settlement in Panay

 → In 1569, due to scarcity of food provisions in Cebu, Legazpi transferred to
Panay where they were peacefully welcomed by the people in the Kedatuan of
Madja-as and they founded a second settlement on the bank of the Panay River.
Also the Spanish missionaries, the Augustinian friars, converted some natives to
Christianity.
c) The First Spanish Voyage to Manila
→ In 1570, having heard of the rich resources in Luzon, Legazpi dispatched Martín
de Goiti to explore the northern region. Landing in Batangas with a force of 120
Spaniards and 600 Visayans from Cebu and Panay islands, de Goiti explored the
Pansipit River, which drains Taal Lake.
→ On May 8, they arrived in Manila Bay. There, they were welcomed by the
natives. Goiti's soldiers camped there for a few weeks, while forming an alliance
with the Muslim leader, Rajah Sulayman, who was a vassal under the Sultan of
Brunei. Legazpi wanted to use Manila's harbor as a base for trade with China,
but Sulayman refused.
d) The Founding of Manila
→ On June 24,1571, Legazpi made Manila the capital of the Philippines. King
Philip II later called Manila, “Dostinguished and Ever Loyal City”. on the same
day that Legazpi decleared Manila as the capital of the archipelago, a city
government or ayuntamiento was organized. He appointed two alcaldes or
magistrates, an alguacil mayor or chief constable, 12 regidores or legislative
council members, and one escribano or court clerk. With the founding of Manila
as the capital of the Philippines, the foundation of the Spanish colonial empire in
Asia had been laid.
IV. The Philippines Under Spanish Rule (1600-1800)
a) Reasons for Spanish Colonization
1. GOD - conversion of natives to Christianity.
2. GOLD - accumulation of gold and wealth.
3. GLORY - supremacy of Spain over Portugal
❖ The Spanish claim to the archipelago was sealed based on two reasons:
1. First, since the “discovery” of the Philippines was made under the
auspices of Spain, the Philippines, therefore was rightfully owned by
Spain.
 2. Second, since Spain, being in actual possession of the Philippines, it
had the right of colonize it. In other words, Spain claimed the
Philippines by “right of discovery” and by “right of actual possession”
or conquest. The Philippines was a possession or property of the King
of Spain and, therefore, a crown colony.
b) Political Changes

→
→ THE POLITICAL STRUCTURE
⮚ Spain established a centralized colonial government in the Philippines that
was composed of a NATIONAL GOVERNMENT and the LOCAL
GOVERNMENTS
■ NATIONAL GOVERNMENT:
⮚ maintained peace and order
⮚ collected taxes
⮚ built schools and other public works
■ LOCAL GOVERNMENT:
● Administered
⮚ Provinces
⮚ Cities
⮚ Towns
⮚ Municipalities
■ The Governor General
→ King's representative and the highestranking official.
→ it saw to it that royal decrees and laws emanating from Spain were
implemented
→ had the power to appoint and dismiss public officials, except those
personally chosen by the King.
→ supervised all government offices and the collection of taxes.
→ exercised certain legislative powers.
 → issued proclamations to facilitate the implementation of laws
→ The Governor General and other government officials had so much power
that it was commonly abused,
To investigate the abuses, there were bodies created:
● THE RESIDENCIA
❖ This was a special judicial court that investigates the
performance of a Governor General who was about to be
replaced.
❖ The Residencia, of which the incoming Governor General
was usually a member, submitted a report of its findings to
the King.
● THE VISITA
❖ The Council of the Indies in Spain sent a government
official called the VISITADOR GENERAL to observe
conditions in the colony.
❖ The Visitador General reported his findings directly to the
King.
● THE ROYAL AUDENCIA
❖ Served as an advisory body to the Governor General
❖ Had the power to check and report on his abuses
❖ The Audiencia also audited the expenditures of the
colonial government
❖ The highest court in the land
❖ Sent a yearly report to Spain
❖ The Archbishop and other government officials could also
report the abuses of the colonial government.
■ The Provincial Government
→ The Spaniards created Local Government Units (LGU) for the provinces
There were two types of local government units:
● ALCALDIA: Alcalde Mayor
● CORRIGIMIENTO: Corregidor
✧ Alcadia
→ led by the alcalde mayor
→ governed the provinces that had been fully subjugated.
 ✧ Corregimiento
→ headed by Corregidor
→ governed the provinces that were not yet entirely under Spanish control
✧ “indulto de comercio” - privileges enjoyed by the alcalde mayor wherein
they have the right to participate in the galleon trade.
■ The Municipal Government : each province was divided into several towns or
pueblos headed by:
Gobernadordcillos - main concerns were efficient governance and tax collection
Four lieutenants aided the Governardorcillo:
→ Teniente Mayor (chief lieutenant)
→ Teniente de Policia (police lieutenant)
→ Teniente de Sementeras(lieutenant of the fields)
→ Teniente de Ganados (lieutenant of the livestock)
CABEZA DE BARANGAY OR (Barrio Administrator or Barangay Captain)
→ Responsible for the peace and order of the barrio
→ Recruited men for public works
■ The City and Its Government
Larger towns became cities called: AYUNTAMIENTO.It became the center of trade
and industry.
The ayuntamiento had a city council called the CABILDO
CABILDO is composed of:
ALCALDE (MAYOR)
REGIDORES (COUNCILLORS)
ALGUACIL MAYOR (POLICE CHIEF)
ESCRIBANDO (SECRETARY)
■ Propagating The Catholic Faith
— The King decided that the entire Philippines should be converted to the Catholic
faith. Missionaries were sent to the colony after the death of Legazpi. The
missionaries spread Catholicism in and around the Manila, the Visayas, The
Ilocos, Pampanga, and Pangasinan.
— In 1577, the Franciscan missionaries arrived and spread the Catholic faith in
Manila, in the provinces near and around the Laguna de Bay such as such as the
present provinces of Laguna, Batngas, Rizal, Quezon, Camarines, and some
parts of Bicol provinces.
 — The Jesuits on 1581, arrived in the Philippines and spread Catholicism in
Manila, Leyte, Cebu, Bohol, Samar, and later, in Mindanao.
— The Dominican missionaries came to Manila in 1587 to spread the Catholic faith
in Manila, the Cagayan region, and Pangasinan
— The Recollect missionaries came in 1606 and propagated the faith in Manila,
Bataan, Zambales, Mindoro, Masbate, Ticao, Burias, Cuyo, Romblon, Negros,
and some parts of Mindanao.
c) Economic Changes
→ The Encomienda System
⮚ Spain owed the colonization of the Philippines to Miguel Lopez de Legazpi,
who valiantly and loyally served the Spanish crown. To hasten the
subjugation of the country, King Philip II instructed Legazpi to divide the
Philippines into large territories called encomiendas, to be left to the
management of designated encomenderos.
→ Forced Labor
The conditions set for forced labor, called polo y servicio:
1. That the Filipinos to be drafted for work must be paid for their work;
2. That the Filipino laborers should not be made to work in distant places
where they could not return to their families;
3. That the drafting of laborers should not coincide with the planting and
harvest seasons;
4. That men who are physically incapable should not be overworked;
5. That forced labor should be resorted to only in cases of absolute
necessity; and
6. That the number of laborers drafted should be diminished as soon as
laborers from other countries (probably referring to the Chinese) had
volunteered to work.
→ The Tribute
⮚ The tribute was a form of recognition of the Filipino’s loyalty to the King of
Spain, it can be payed either in cash or kind, in full or installment basis to
finance the administration of the colony. Later the King abolished it in 1884
and the cedula personal was introduced. This is the present equivalent of the
residence certificate class “A”.
 ⮚
→ Taxes
⮚ Aside from the tribute, the Filipinos also paid other taxes, they included the
diezmos prediales, the donativo de Zamboanga, and the vinta.
— Diezmos prediales - tax which consisted of one-tenth of the produce
land
— Donativo de Zamboanga - tax specifically used for the conquest for
Jolo
— Vinta - tax paid by the people of some provinces along the coast of
western Luzon for the defense of the coasts from Muslim pirates.
→ The Galleon Trade
d) Social Life p. 86
→ Amusement
→ Changes in Clothing
→ The Position of Women
e) Cultural Changes p.93
IV. The Filipino Responses