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The Philippines is the third largest English speaking country in the world. It has a rich history combining
Asian, European, and American influences. It is situated in the western Pacific Ocean, and consists of
about 7,640 islands, that are broadly categorized under three main geographical divisions from north to
south: Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao. Prior to Spanish colonization in 1521, the Filipinos had a rich
culture and were trading with the Chinese and the Japanese. In 1898, after 350 years and 300 rebellions,
the Filipinos, with leaders like Jose Rizal and Emilio Aguinaldo, succeeded in winning their
independence.

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The history of colonization of Philippines began in 1543, when Ruy López de Villalobos arrived at the
islands of Leyte and Samar in Philippines and named them Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain,
who leaded Spain to height of her influence and power, sometimes called the Spanish Golden Age, and
ruled territories in every continent then known to Europeans. Philip became King of Spain on January
16, 1556, when his father, Charles I of Spain, abdicated the Spanish throne. Philip was in Brussels at the
time and his return to Spain was delayed until 1559 because of European politics and wars in northern
Europe. Shortly after his return to Spain, Philip ordered an expedition mounted to the Spice Islands,
stating that its purpose was "to discover the islands of the west". In reality its task was to conquer the
Philippines for Spain. The population of Luzon and the Visayas at the time of the first Spanish missions is
estimated in between 1 and 1.5 million, overall density being low.

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On November 19 or 20, 1564 a Spanish expedition of about 500 men led by Miguel López de Legazpi
departed Barra de Navidad, New Spain, arriving off Cebu on February 13, in 1565, conquering it despite
Cebuano opposition.  Spanish policy towards the colonization of the Philippines was that it should be a
peaceful conversion rather than a military conquest, a product of internal Spanish debates following the
violence of their conquest of the New World, and of Philip II's personal convictions. The reality on the
ground was different, as hardship for the colonizing soldiers contributed to looting and enslavement,
despite the entreaties of representatives of the church who accompanied them. In 1568, the crown
permitted the establishment of the encomienda system that it was abolishing in the New World,
effectively legalizing a more oppressive conquest. Although slavery had been abolished in the Spanish
Empire, it was allowed to continue in some forms the Philippines due to its already present use on the
islands.
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In 1570, Martín de Goiti, having been dispatched by Legazpi to Luzon, conquered the Kingdom of
Maynila. Legazpi followed with a larger fleet including both Spanish forces and some Visayan allies, 
taking a month to bring these forces to bear due to slow speed of local ships. This large force caused the
surrender of neighboring Tondo. An attempt by some local leaders to defeat the Spanish was repelled.
Legazpi renamed Manila Nueva Castilla, and declared it the capital of the Philippines,  and thus of the
entire Spanish East Indies, which also encompassed Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific. Legazpi
became the country's first governor-general.

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In time, the Spanish successfully took over the different local states one by one. Under Spanish rule,
disparate barangays were deliberately consolidated into towns, where Catholic missionaries were more
easily able to convert the inhabitants to Christianity. Under Spanish rule, Catholic missionaries
converted most of the lowland inhabitants to Christianity. They also founded schools, a university,
hospitals, and churches. To defend their settlements, the Spaniards constructed and manned a network
of military fortresses across the archipelago. Slavery was also abolished. As a result of these policies the
Philippine population increased exponentially.

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Revolutionary sentiments were stoked in 1872 after three activist Catholic priests were executed on
weak pretences. This would inspire a propaganda movement in Spain, organized by Marcelo H. del Pilar,
José Rizal, and Mariano Ponce, lobbying for political reforms in the Philippines. The mass deportation of
nationalists to the Marianas and Europe in 1872 led to a Filipino expatriate community of reformers in
Europe. The community grew with the next generation of Ilustrados studying in European universities.
During this time, Spain institutionalized the business of human zoos against Filipinos, adding flame to
the call of revolution as indigenous Filipinos were taken by the Spanish and displayed as animals for
white audiences. And after execution of Jose Rizal. Many who had previously been loyal to Spain were
radicalized. As attempts at reform met with resistance, in 1892, Radical members of the La Liga Filipina,
which included Bonifacio and Deodato Arellano, founded the Katipunan, which had the objective of the
Philippines seceding from the Spanish Empire.

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By 1896, the Katipunan had a membership by the thousands. That same year, the existence of the
Katipunan was discovered by the colonial authorities. In late August, Katipuneros gathered in Caloocan
and declared the start of the revolution. The event is now known as the Cry of Balintawak or the Cry of
Pugad Lawin, due to conflicting historical traditions and official government positions.

And by December 1897, the revolution had resulted to a stalemate between the colonial government
and rebels. Pedro Paterno mediated between the two sides for the signing of the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.
The conditions of the armistice included the self-exile of Aguinaldo and his officers in exchange for
800,000 of Mexican peso to be paid by the colonial government. Aguinaldo then sailed to Hong Kong for
self-exile.

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