LESSON

2
STREAMS AND
RIPPLES: THE
19TH CENTURY
PHILIPPINE
GROUP 2
SOCIETY
 What’s with the 19th
century that is so
important?
• It is necessary to speak
THE 19TH about the 19th century
CENTURY because this was when
PHILIPPIN Rizal was born.
ES • 19th century paved the
way to Filipino
nationalism.
 19th Century
Events
Bonifacio founded Rizal’s 1896
Katipunan Execution Philippine
Sparked the Revolution
The Filipinos’
To unite Filipinos Philippine
into one solid Revolution
struggle for
nation independence
The Philippine-
American War
The fighting with Filipino rebels began as a result of
the U.S. refusal to include the Filipino nationalists in
negotiations over the future of the Philippines. The
Philippines were ceded to the United States by Spain
for $20 million by the Treaty of Paris, signed on
December 10, 1898.
 The 19th century Philippines had a
social structure which was
perfectly represented by a Pyramid

Pyramid: where the few on top represented

people who were “TOP TIER” and

The owned most of the properties

during the time and the majority at

Social the bottom tier owned whatever

else of the properties were left or

Structure none at all.

 PYRAMID: THE
SOCIAL
STRUCTURE

TOP MIDDLE LOWER

LEVEL LEVEL
-Mestizos LEVEL
- -Indigents
Peninsulares -Ilustrados
-Insulares -
Principales
 Top Level
Peninsulares Insulares
-Spaniards born -Spaniards
in the Iberian born in the
Peninsula Insula or the
-Made up of colonial
government
officials and the islands.
friars
 Middle
Level
Mestizos Ilustrados Principales
The Mestizos
• Refer to people of different ancestral origins.

• Three types of Mestizos:

- Mestizo de Sangley: those of Chinese Descent

- Mestizo de Espanyol: those of Spanish Blood

- Tornatra: a mix of the two

The
Ilustrados
• Translated as “enlightened”, refer to those who
were educated.

• Also includes a number of insulares.

• Lobbied for changes in fair political and

economic governance.
Principalia • The nobles before the Spaniards came

s • Descendants of datu, rajah, lakan, and other

similar designations.

• Some also held lower positions such as

gobernadorcillo or cabeza de barangay
Lower Level: The
Indios

• Term used to address the natives dwelling in the colonies such as the
Philippines

• Descendants of Indonesians and Malays.

RIZAL’S PLACE IN THE
PYRAMID
-Rizal was a tornatra
• He commonly had a Chinese or mestizo de Sangley origin but he also
had Spanish blood making him a mestizo de Espanyol based on his
mother’s lineage.
-Rizal was also an ilustrado since he was educated.
-The Rizal clan were also renowned principalias.

-Juan Mercado, the grandfather of Rizal registered their family under the
indio category, so Rizal was also considered an indio.
 THE 19TH
CENTURY
PHILIPPINE
POLITICAL
SYSTEM
 19TH CENTURY
PHILIPPINE
POLITICAL SYSTEM
CENTRAL NATIONAL LOCAL
GOVERNMENT GOVERNMENT GOVERNM
1. Captain General/
-Spanish Monarchs
-The Royal and Supreme
Governor-General ENT
1. Provincia/Alcaldia
2. The Suffragan
2. The Archbishop/Bishop of Dioceses
Council Manila 3. The Corregimiento.
-Viceroy of Nueva Espina 3. The Cabo Segundo 4. The Junta Provincial
-Ministerio de Ultramar 4. The Intendent General 5. The Gobernadorcillo
5. The Real Audiencia de 6. The Captain Municipal
Manila 7. The Tribunal
Municipal
8. The Alcaldes
Ordinarios
9. The Cabeza de
 CENTRAL
GOVERNM
The Royal and ENT
Viceroy of Nueva Ministerio de
Spanish Monarchs Supreme Council España Ultramar
Spanish
Monarchs
• A king or queen led the highest civil authority with spiritual authority, like
the first patron of evangelism

• King Philip II, who ruled during Philippine colonization in 1565, has the
Philippines named after him by Villalobos.

• Queen Isabela declared the 1863 Educational Decree.

• King Alfonso XIII ruled when the Philippine independence fight from
Spain began
 The Royal and Supreme
Council
• Established in 1524 by King Carlos V.

• Headed by priests or clerics.

• Active until 1834, when Maria Christina abolished it.

• Comprises of six to ten royal councilors.

• Functioned as Court of Appeals for colonies.

• Formalized decisions and legislations relating to Spain's territories.

 • Ruled the kingdom of Nueva España, including Spanish territorie
Viceroy of Nueva in North America, South America, Asia, and Oceania.

España • Established on August 18, 1521, based in Mexico.

• Oversaw the Philippines from 1565 until Mexico and Central

America declared independence in 1821.

• Francisco Ceinos was a Viceroy during colonization in 1565.

King Of Viceroy of Nueva Philippines

Spain España
 Ministerio de
independence.
Ultramar
• Provided mandates for Spain's territories post-

• Administration under the Ministry of the Navy.

• Abolished on April 20, 1899.

• Don Antonio Maura established the Maura Law,

promoting local government's autonomy and effectiveness
 Captain General/Governor-
King Of
General
• The governor-general is a member of the Viceroyalty Spain
responsible for overseeing threats to colonization or
unpacified colonies.
• General of the Philippines was under the governance of the
Viceroyalty of Mexico, serving as Spain's center of Governor-General
administration in the Spanish East Indies.
• Appointed by the King, the governor-general held
executive, legislative, judicial, and ecclesiastical powers. Philippines
• Notable Governors-General include El Adelantado Miguel
Lopez de Legazpi, Rafael Maria de Aguilar y Ponce de
Leon, Carlos Maria de la Torre, Narciso Claveria y Żaldua,
Rafael de Izquierdo, Fernando Primo de Rivera, Emilio
Terrero, Eulogio Despujol, Ramon Blanco, Camilo Garcia de
Polavieja, and Basilio Augustin.
 • The Archbishop/Bishop of Manila held the highest
authority in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Manila
from 1579 to 1595.
• During the conquest, bishops were subjected to the
King, with most appointed to their dioceses.
The • The Bishop held significant political influence,
Archbishop/Bishop acting as the colony's Vice General and full spiritual
authority over the army and navy.
of Manila • The Dominican Archbishop of Manila, Bernardino
Nozaleda y Villa, overthrew Governor-General
Ramon Blanco, leading to four Bishops/Archbishops
becoming acting Governor-General.
• These included Archbishop Francisco de la Cuesta,
Bishop Miguel Lino de Ezpeleta, and Archbishop
Manuel Rojo del Rio.
 The Cabo
Segundo
• Initiated in 1762 amid controversy over Archbishop Manuel de Rojo del
Rio's surrender and Lieutenant Governor Simon de Anda y Salazar.
• Cabo Segundo automatically assumed the Governor General position in cas
of death.

Intendant General in
• Holded by theSpain
Bourbon of Spain during the Bourbon
Dynasty
.
• Drafted after France, emerged from Bourbon Reforms.
• Directly appointed by the King or Queen.
 The Real Audiencia de
Manila
• Established in 1583 as the Supreme Court of the colony.

• Initially comprised of 4 Huwes kun Oidores, 1 Attorney-

General or Fiscal, and 1 Constable.

• Over time, the number of Oidores and fiscal systems

increased.
• Held government in case of the death of the governor or
mayor.
• Governor-General was the highest judge.
• Notable officials from the Real Audiencia became
Governor General, including Cristobal Tellez de Almanza
and Simon de Anda.
 KING OF
SPAIN
The Colonial Government
THE JUDICICAL BRANCH
The ExecutiveBranch
Governor-General
LOCAL Royal Audencia, Residencia, Lower
GOVERNMENT Courts, Governor-General

MUNICIPAL
GOVERNMENT CITY
PROVINCIAL Corregimiento GOVERNMENT
GOVERNMENT (Corregidor) AYUTAMIENT
ALCALDIA CAPTAIN MUNICIPAL O
(ALCALDE MAYOR) CABILDO
(CABILDO)
-JUNTRA MUNICIPAL TRIBUNAL CITY COUNCIL
PROVINCAL -Captain Municipal & Assistants, Lieutenant -Alcalde de Primer Voto
PEUBLOS( OR Mayor, the Teniente de Policia, the Teniente de -Alcalde de Segundo
TOWN Sementeras, and the Teniente de Ganados Voto
(Gobernadorcillo) BARRIOS
PROVINCIA/ALCALDIA
• Ruled by Provincia Mayor or Alcalde Mayor

• Held executive and judiciary powers.

• Appointed as tax collector.

•Received "indulto para komersyo." until the

mid-19th century.
 THE SUFFRAGAN
DIOCESES
• Established to assist the Archdiocese.

• Dioceses of Nueva Caceres, Nueva Segovia, Cebu.

• Bishops held political influence.

THE
CORREGIMI • Ruled provincial districts before
ENTO colonization.

• Managing conflicts under Corregidor.

• Under alcalde mayor as administrator

and judge.
 THE JUNTA
PROVINCIAL

• This was the provincial council whose task was to help

the alcalde mayor as a public prosecutor and financial
adviser.
 THE
GOBERNADORCILLO
Captain Municipal in the Philippines
• Replaced the title gobernadorcillo based on Maura Law.
• Provides broader authority than gobernadorcillo due to infrastructure building without Manila
approval.
• German ethnologist Feodor Jagor suggests Captain Municipal with majority votes from 13
voters consisting of 6 Cabeza de barangay, six former gobernadorcillo, and current
gobernadorcillo
• Assists Provincia Mayor and Kura Paroko.
• Advising and suspending officials, collecting taxes, and serving as territory judge.
• Ruler of the municipal tribunal.
 THE CAPTAIN
MUNICIPAL

• Composed of Captain Municipal and Assistants: Lieutenant Mayor,

Teniente de Policia(Police Lieutenant , Teniente de
Sementeras(Lieutenant of the fields, Teniente de Ganados(Lieutenant
of the livestock)
 THE TRIBUNAL
MUNICIPAL
Alcaldes Ordinarios:
• Alcalde de Primer Voto (Mayor) and Alcalde de Primer Voto (Vice-
Mayor)

•served as the judge and administrators Judges and administrator of

Ayuntamiento/Cabildo (City council)
 THE
ALCALDES
ORDINARIOS • Alcalde de Primer Voto (Mayor) and Alcalde de
Primer Voto (Vice-Mayor)

• Served as the judge and administrators Judges

and administrator of Ayuntamiento/Cabildo (City
council)
THE CABEZA
DE BARANGAY
• Administrators of 40-50 families.
• Collect tribute.
• Initially held by principalia members.
• Elective in 1786.
• Gobernadorcillo and Cabeza select Governor
General's appointed person.
• Qualified for Captain Municipal after a 3-year term.
Centralized Machine:
Weaknesses and
Abuses in the Politics
and Economy
 The governance of the Spanish
colonial government was marred by
Centralized weaknesses and prone to abuse due to
Machine: the following:
Weaknesses and • Centralized Political System
Abuses in the
Politics and • Encomienda System
Economy
Centralized Political
System
• The sole reason of which the administration was weak because officials
from higher levels down to local leaders were appointed rather than
elected base on favoritism. The conflict between the officials.
 Encomienda
System
• This is one of the greatest abuses of the Spanish
colonial era, granted individuals or groups the
right to claim tribute and labor from acquired
territories.
OBSOLETE AND
REPRESSIVE?
THE
EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM
COLONIAL EDUCATION
SYSTEM IN THE
PHILIPPINES
• Colonial Spanish government’s political structure led to internal issues
in the educational system.

• Church members held high authority and were often more powerful
than civil official .

• Education was primarily for converting natives into Catholics,with

friars as the first teachers.
THE 1863
-The Education Reform Decree in 1863 established the public school system in the
philippines, providing free elementary Education to children aged 7-13.

-Discrimination persisted in education with free education limited to elementary levels.

-The ducation system was primarily controlled by friars, despite liberal Governor General
Carlos Maria De la Torre and overseas minister Segismundo Moret’s Moret Decree aiing
for sercularization
• Maladministration and abuse due to personal
favoritism and protocol adherence led to
economic abuse,tribute system burdens, and
forced labor system
Ripples: World Events and
Their Effects in the
Colonial Society

What transpired in world history in the 19th

century, which has something to do with the
Philippines directly and indirectly, were as
follows;
INDUSTRIALIZ
ATION
• First Industrial Revolution: England built the largest factory using a carbon-fueled steam engine in 1807.

• Second Industrial Revolution: In 1870, mass production and mechanical inventions led to unprecedented
progress.
• 19th Century: Wider use of steam engines, increased use of steamships for transportation and commerce,
and globalization of human relations.
• Suez Canal: Opened in 1869, facilitated faster and broader transactions and relations.

• Urban Development: Widespread use of trains and telegraphs, and modern sewerage system.

• These revolutionary changes and improvements significantly improved the human condition.
POLITICAL
UPHEAVAL
•Napoleon Bonaparte granted French Revolution aspirations to his
constituents, leading to the return of monarchy.

•Irish Rebellions in 1803 and 1804 saw the fight for liberty.

•Serbs were granted autonomy from the Ottoman empire in 1804.

•Haiti declared independence from France in 1803.

•Spain lost control over American colonies in Venezuela, Bolivia, and

Colombia in 1808.
•England called for universal suffrage in 1819.

•Spanish liberals uprising in 1820.

•Revolts in Italy in 1831 against papal states.

•Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels published The

Communist Manifesto in 1848.

•Calls for Europe and America to end slavery were

prevalent.
THE GRADUAL LOSS OF INFLUENCED OF THE
CATHOLIC CHURCH

• Emperor Constantine declared Christianity as the official religion of the

Roman Empire in 325, leading to significant influence over politics.
• The church's influence persisted until the Ottoman Empire's downfall in
1453.
• Territorial donation by Pepin the Short to the papacy, or Papal States, was
a significant factor.
• The church's support for the divine rights of kings, the basis of monarchy,
led bishops to appoint kings as bishops.
• The papacy often claimed superiority over emperors and kings, as seen
during the Crusades.
•Questions about papal supremacy were raised by King Henry VIII in 1534 and the Gallicans
of France in 1682.

•Despite the French Revolution in 1879, the church remained influential over European
kingdoms.

•Bonaparte merged the Papal States with the French Empire, but the liberty and equity aimed
by the French Revolution were short-lived.

•The Papal States were abolished in 1870 due to the Unification of Italy.
Thank You!