CHAPTER 4

INTEGRATION INTO THE SPANISH EMPIRE

 With the conquest of Manila, Spain’s colonization of the Philippines was completed.
 Spanish crown started converting Filipinos into Little Brown Spaniards(name given by Spaniards to Filipinos)

UNIFICATION UNDER SPANISH RULE

 it was Spain that gave the country it’s identity

 The country came to be known as Philippines due to Spain’s three centuries of colonial administration.
 with the use of CROSS, natives were pacified.
 REDUCCION PLAN of FR.JUAN DE PLASENCIA was implemented.
- It required the natives to live in the area near the church.
 Those who refuse to obey were labelled as BANDITS or TULISANES.

ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION

 CONSEJO DE LAS INDIAS (Council of Indies) – through this, Philippines was governed indirectly by the Spanish Crown.
 MINISTERIO DE ULTRAMAR (Ministry of Colonies) – through this, the king of Spain governed the country directly in the 19 th
century.
 GOVERNOR-GENERAL – appointed as the head of the Spanish colonial government in the country.
 AUDIENCIA REAL (Royal Audiencia) – supreme court of the Philippines
 ACTOS ACORDADOS – laws enacted by the governor-general
 SPANISH CORTES – law making body based in Madrid
 LAS LEYES DE INDIA – basic law implemented during Spanish Era

LOCAL GOVERNMENT (provinces, towns, cities and barrios)

 ALCALDIAS – provinces during Spanish regime

- Headed by ALKALDE MAYOR who exercise executive and judicial functions.
 INDULTO DE COMMERCIO – monopolized trade
- Priviledge to engaged and monopolized trade enjoyed by the government and alkaldias.
 ALCALDIAS (Provinces) were divided into PUEBLOS (Towns). Each Pueblos was headed by a GOBERNADORCILLO or TOWN
MAYOR.
 GOBERNADORCILLO – his principal responsibility was TAX COLLECTION.
 BARRIOS (Barangays) – smallest unit of government
- Headed by a CABEZA DE BARANGAY (his function was to maintain the peace and order and the collection of taxes and
tributes in the Barangay)
 AYUNTAMIENTO – city government during Spanish era.
- Governed by a CABILDO (city council) composed of a CITY MAYOR (alcalde en ordinario), COUNSELORS(regidores),
CHIEF CONSTABLE (aguacil mayor), and the SECRETARY (escribano)

SUPREMACY OF THE FRIARS

 A key figure in the local administrative set-up was the Spanish friar.
 FRAILOCRACIA (termed by GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA) – a situation where the friars became so powerful and influential that
even civil authorities feared them.
 WEAKNESS OF SPANISH COLONIAL ADMIN :
- Corrupt and inefficient
- Widespread selling of lower positions to highest bidders.

ECONOMIC INSTITUTION IMPOSED BY SPAIN

1. ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM – a parcel of land, including its inhabitants assigned to loyal Spaniards who had helped in the colonization of
the country.
 ENCOMENDERO – recipient of this parcel of land.
2 TYPES OF ENCOMIENDA
A. ROYAL ENCOMIENDA – comprised of cities, seaports and regions rich in natural wealth and owned by Spanish Crown
B. PRIVATE ENCOMIENDA – under the stewardship of private person, charitable institutions or the Catholic Church.

2. TAXATION – Filipinos started paying tribute in cash to Spain during the days of Legazpi.
- The rate was originally 8 reales but was raised to 10 reales in 1602, then increased to 12 reales in 1851.
- One tribute was equivalent to one family consisting of father, wife and minor children.
- Every unmarried man over 20 years and unmarried woman over 25 years paid half of tribute.
- In 1884 the tribute were abolished
 CEDULA – served as an income tax and personal identification for the Indios.
 BANDALA – compulsory sale by native farmers of their farm products to the government.

3. FORCED LABOR (POLO Y SERVICIO) – this imposition required all Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old to render services for 40
days each year in the building and repair of roads and bridges, cutting of timber and working in foundries and shipyard.
 POLISTAS – those who rendered forced labor.
 FALLA or EXEMPTION FEE – exempted from forced labor if they paid this
 4. GALLEON TRADE – early trade between Manila and Acapulco Mexico.
 GALLEONS – product coming from Manila shipped to Acapulco on trade vessels
- On the return trip, these Galleons carried SILVER COINS or SILVER BULLION that the trader from Manila desired.

CHALLENGES TO SPANISH IMPOSITION OF SOVEREIGNTY

 The Spanish imposition of her sovereignty over the Philippines was not without obstacles.
 In the late 16th century, the Japanese under the Leadership of HIDEYOSHI claimed control of the country.

THE GOVERNORS-GENERAL CLAIMING TO BE ON TOP OF THE COLONIAL GOV’T OF THE PHILIPPINES

1. DAWSOME DRAKE – British governor appointed by the British East India company after the surrender of Manila to the British.
o ALEXANDER DALRYMPLE – last British governor
2. ARCHBISHOP ANTONIO MANUEL ROJO – acting governor-general who considered himself the real leader of the country despite
his surrendering the country to the invading British troops.
3. SIMON DE ANDA – renegade governor general who headed the Spanish and Filipino army which continued the struggle against the
British invaders.

TREATYOF PARIS (1763) – ended the war

- This treaty restored Manila to Span in 1764.

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS

 DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE – Gov. Elasco made the colony produce COTTON AND SILK TEXTILES for export to Europe
and America as these goods were in general demand in those areas.
- As well as cinnamon and indigo.
- Large tracts of land in Camarines were devoted to the planting of mulberry trees needed for feeding silkworms.
 ORGANIZATION OF THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE COUNTRY
 SOCIEDAD ECONOMICA DE AMIGOS DEL PAIS – organized n=by Gov. Basco in 1781 to assist him in the implementation of his
economic program.
- Helped the colonial government in encouraging increased production by giving incentives to outstanding producers.
 TOBACCO MONOPOLY (by the virtue of the royal decree 1780)
- Colonial government controlled every aspect of Tobacco in the Philippines.
- The government determined the plantation site, set a quota on the quantity to be planted and harvested by the farmers and the
amount to be paid to them.
- Owing to the abuses associated with the tobacco monopoly, Governor-General PRIMO DE VERA abolished it in 1882.
 THE ROYAL COMPANY OF THE PHILIPPINES
- Established by the virtue of Royal Decree of March 10, 1785.
- The company was required to set aside four percent of its profit for agriculture in the colony. It was given exclusive control of the
trade between the Philippines and Spain.
- Products from Philippines were exported to Spain TAX FREE
-
THE OPENING OF MANILA TO FOREIGN TRADE
GOV,-GEN FELIX BERENGUER DE MARQUINA (Basco’s successor)
- Encourage foreign merchant to come and invest in the Philippines
- By the middle of 19th century, there were already a number of English, American, German, French and Swiss trading companies
in the Philippines.
- As a result, trade and commerce increased greatly and the Philippines began to experience a period of economic prosperity.

SOCIAL, CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS

SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION
1. CONVERSION OF THE FILIPINO TO CATHOLICISM
- Considered a the greatest legacy of Spain to the Philippines was Catholicism. If Spain had not succeed in colonizing the country,
then we would have been a Muslim nation now.
2. BEGINNING OF FEUDALISTIC SOCIETY
- Filipinos were treated not as human beings but as slaves.

 DOCTRINE OF LIMPIEZA DE SANGRE (purity of blood)

- Implemented pyramidal social structure.
a. PENINSULARES – the apex of social pyramid
- Spaniards born in Spain
b. INSULARES – Spaniards born in Philippines
c. MESTIZOS – Spanish and Chinese
d. PRINCIPALIA – ruling class of native elite composed of the gobernadorcillo, cabeza de barangay, landowners, merchants and
wealthy families.
e. INDIOS – the masses
- Bottom of the social pyramid

3. HISPANIZATION OF FILIPINO SURNAMES

- By the virtue of Gobernatorial Decree of 1894, GOVERNOR-GENERAL NARCISO CLAVERIA ordered all Filipino
families to adopt Spanish surnames from a roster sent to all provinces in the archipelago.
4. METAMORPHOSIS OF BAHAY KUBO INTO BAHAY NA BATO
- With Spains introduction of the use of stone in building construction, the bahay-kubo was transformed into Bahay na Bato, with a
wide AZOTEA or BALCONY.
 5.INDIGENIZATION OF SPANISH AND CHINESE CUISINE
- Spanish and Chinese cuisines were mixed with Filipino dishes.
- NOTABLE INDIGENIZED SPANISH DISHES : adobo, menudo, mechado and puchero
- Even chinese noodles were filipinized into PANCIT MALABON and PANCIT LUGLOG
6. CHANGE IN THE FILIPINO MODE OF DRESSING
- Men started wearing western coat and trousers or American, which replaced their traditional jacket and bahag.
- Women started using saya and camisa, replacing their traditional sarong.
- Both male and female started wearing slippers and shoes instead of going around barefoot.
7. INTRODUCTION TO SPANISH LANGUAGE
- Spanish colonizers introduced the Spanish language but did not deliberately propagate it to the natives. Only wealthy Filipinos
then learned the language.
- Nonetheless, a number of words in our language today are of Spanish origin, like naranja, silla, mesa, maestro, sibuyas, pader and
iskwela.
8. CELEBRATION OF RELIGIOUS FEAST HONORING PATRON SAINTS
- This feast day of the town’s patron saint is celebrated, extravagantly as it is an occasion wherein families have to prepare foods
and delicacies to be serve to friends and relatives who join them in this affair.
CULTURAL TRANSFORMATION
1. INTRODUCTION OF THE LATIN ALPHABET
2. INTRODUCTION OF THE ART OF PRINTING
3. APPEARANCE OF THEOCRATIC LITERATURE
4. PERSISTENCE OF FOLK AND COLONIAL ART
5. INTRODUCTION OF HISPANIC MUSIC AND WESTERN MUSICAL INSTRUMENT

EDUCATIONAL TRANSFORMATION
 Schools were under the control of the friars
 UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS (UST) – existing higher education institution in the country
- Founded by the Dominicans in 1611
- Only tertiary school which offered courses in medicine, pharmacy, theology, philosophy, as well as canon and civil law.
 Secondary schools for boys were also opened during this period: Colegio de San Juan de Letran, Colegio de Santo Tomas
 PUBLIC EDUCATION for INDIOS began in the 19th century.
 EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863 – required the establishment of one elementary school for boys and one for girls in each town in the
country.

CHAPTER 5
THE BIRTH OF FILIPINO NATIONALISM

EARLY RESISTANCE TO SPANISH RULE

 The integration of the Philippines into the Spanish empire resulted into the Implementation of oppressive taxation policies, forced labor, galleon trade,
indulto de commercio, and government monopolies.
 Discontent with Spanish rule was first expressed in the regional revolts that broke out in the archipelago from 1574 to 1843. These revolts were brought
about by the following reasons:
THE DESIRE TO REGAIN LOST FREEDOM, RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED INSTITUTIONS, DESIRE TO REVERT TO THEIR NATIVE
RELIGION AND AGRARIAN UNREST.

1. REVOLTS CAUSED BY THE DESIRE TO REGAIN LOST FREEDOM

REVOLT IMMEDIATE CAUSE

REVOLT OF LAKANDULA AND SULAYMAN (1574) Lavesari’s disregard of Legaspi’s promise that Spain would recognize
the patrimonial lands of the kings of Tondo and Maynilad.
FIRST PAMPANGA REVOLT (1585) Dissatisfaction with the abuses of the encomenderos
TONDO CONSPIRACY (1587-1588) Discovery of the plot mastermind by Agustin de Legazpi to overthrow
Spanish rule.

2. REVOLTS CAUSED BY RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED INSTITUTIONS

REVOLT IMMEDIATE CAUSE

MAGALAT’S REVOLT (1596) Magalat’s encouragement of the people of Cagayan to rebel against the
Spanish government
REVOLT OF THE IRRAYAS (1621) Execution of oppressive encomenderos and officials
SUMUROY’S REBELLION (1649-1650) Government’s enforcement of the order to send people of Palapag,
Samar, to work in the shipyards of Cavite
MANIAGO’S REVOLT (1660) Hatred of bandala and resentment of the frequent recruitment of
Pampanguenos to cut timber for the construction of Spanish galleons.
MALONG’S REBELLION (1660-1661) Hatred of Spanish oppression and the killing of Spanish officials in
Lingayen
DIEGO SILANG’S REVOLT (1762-1763) Silang’s resentment of his imprisonment due to his request for the
abolition of the hated tribute in Vigan.
GABRIELA SILANG’S REVOLT Assassination of her husband, Diego Silang

PALARIS REVOLT (1762-1765) Hatred of the excessive tribute and abusive officials from Binalatongan
which inspired him to rally the people against Spain.
BASI REVOLT ()1807 Prohibition of the drinking of home-made wine in Pidding, Ilocos
Norte, owing to wine monopoly.

3. REVOLTS CAUSED BY THE PEOPLE’S DESIRE TO REVERT TO THEIR NATIVE FAITH

REVOLT IMMEDIATE CAUSE

Tamblot’s Revolt (1621-1622) Tamblot’s exhortation that people of Bohol return to their old faith.
Bankaw’s Revolt (1621) Bankaw’s encouragement of the people of Limasawa to defend their
traditional religion.
Tapar’s Revolt (1663) The killing of followers of Tapar’s religious cult by the friar of Oton,
Panay.
Dagohoy’s Revolt (1774-1829) The liquidation of Fr. Giuseppe Lamberti and othe Spanish priest
triggered by the refusal of the Church to give Christian burial to
Francisco Dagohoy’s brother.
Revolt of Hermano Pule (1840-1841) Persecution of the followers of the Cofradia de San Jose founded by
Apolinario dela Cruz of Lukban

4. UPRISING CAUSED BY AGRARIAN UNREST

 Brought about by the desire of the natives to recover the lands grabbed from them by the friars.
 Agrarian revolts broke out in the provinces of Batangas, Laguna, Cavite, Pampanga, and Bulacan from 1745-1865.

FAILURE OF THE EARLY RESISTANCE TO SPAIN’S COLONIAL RULE

REASONS WHY SPANISH RULE FAILED ;

 SECTIONAL JEALOUSIES
 LACK OF COMMUNICATION IN THE PROVINCES
 ABSENCE OF NATIONAL LEADERSHIP

THE EMERGENCE OF THE FILIPINO SENSE OF NATIONHOOD

FACTORS OF DEVELOPMENT;

1. OPENING OF THE PHILIPPINES TO WORLD COMMERCE

- The significant of this development was the influx of liberal ideas into the country,
- Filipino intellectuals came to learn the revolutionary ideas of JOHN LOCKE AND JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAU.
- Filipino intellectuals learned Locke’s theory of revolution and Roisseau’s Social Contract Theory.
- People could overthrow a government that is not working for their good of governed
(Locke’s theory of revolution)
- Government is an agreement between the ruler and the ruled to govern for the welfare of the ruled (Rousseau’s Social Contract Theory)

Other liberal ideas that Filipino learned included the following;

 Equality before the law

 Freedom of Speech
 Freedom of Religion
 Freedom of Assembly
 Protection of Human Rights
 Representation in the Legislature
 Sovereignty of the People

2. THE RISE OF THE CLASE MEDIA (MIDDLE CLASS)

- The rise of clase media can be traced to be prosperity of a relatively small class of mestizos and the principalia or the ruling elite who benefited from the
opening of the country to foreign commerce and trade.
- Families which prospered during this time were able to send their sons for an education in Europe. Being educated in Europe, these sons of prosperous
families were able to see the basic difference between European and Filipino society.

3. LIBERAL REGIME OF CARLOS MA. DELA TORRE

CARLOS MA. DELA TORRE – appointed governor-general after the fall of Queen Isabella and the triumph of Spain in 1869

- During his term of office, freedom of speech and of the press as guaranteed by the Spanish Constitution was recognize.
 - With the restoration of the Spanish monarchy in 1870and the return of conservatism in Spain, Dela Torre was removed from office and replaced by the
reactionary RAFAEL DE IZQUIERDO, who boasted that he came to the Philippines with a cross on one hand and a sword on the other.

4. RACIAL DISCRIMINATION

- The Spaniards considered Filipinos an inferior race and sarcastically labelled the INDIOS.

TANDANG BASYONG MACUNAT – a pamphlet by Fray Miguel de Bustamante portrayed the Filipino individual with low mental ability, incapable of
acquiring European Education, and fitted only to work in the field and tend a carabao.

5. SECULARIZATON CONTROVERSY

- The secularization of the parishes was the transfer of the ministries established by the regular parish clergy to the Filipino seculars.
- The issue later on became a racial controversy between the Spanish friars and the Filipino secular clergy, as the friars demanded that the latter were
unqualified to administer the parishes.

FR. PEDRO PELAEZ – an insulares who rose to the position of vicar capitular of Manila in 1861.
- He led the fight against royal decrees turning secular parishes over to the friars.
FR JOSE BURGOS – he continued the struggle after the death of Pelaez in 1863.
- He exerted all the efforts to defend the Filipino clergy from all attacks by the Spanish regulars. He asserted that the Filipino priest were qualified to
administer the parishes.

 The secularization controversy led to the unification of the Filipino clergy, which in effect, strengthened their sense of identity.

6. CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872

JANUARY 20, 1872 – a mutiny (rebellion of soldiers to their officers) broke out among Filipino soldiers in the arsenal in Cavite under the leadership of Sgt.
La Madrid.
- This mutiny was brought about by Izquerdo’s abolition of their exemption from tributes and forced labor previously enjoyed by Filipino soldiers and
workers in the arsenal of Fort San Felipe.

GOMBURZA (FR. JOSE BURGOS, MARIANO GOMEZ, AND JACINTO ZAMORA)

- Three Filipino priest executed by garrotte for alleged complicity in the rebellion.
- True martyrs of the Fatherland.
- Their martyrdom was a turning point in Philippine History. It ushered in an era of peaceful campaign for reforms to counter the evils of the Spanish Regime,
known in our history as the PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT.