Nation-state

• Nation is a large group of people linked by similar culture,

language and history.
• State is a political unit that has sovereignty over a particular
piece of land (James Garner: people, territory, government &
sovereignty)
• Nation – state is a state that rules over a single nation.
 Nationalism
• Nationalism is a feeling of oneness by a group of people
who believe that they posses common characteristics such
as common culture, common racial origin and common
ideals or goals. People become patriotic, develop pride in
their country and serve it if they become aware that they are
different from other groups.

Independence from Great Britain for the Americans and the

overthrowing of absolutism and feudal privileges for the
French were to inspire many in other parts of the world
 THE RISE OF THE EUROPEAN NATION-STATE
TIME FRAME MAJOR EVENTS

Pre-1500s Most people lived in small villages; they paid tithes to feudal land-lords, did not travel, and cared little for anything beyond the village.

1485 HENRY VII wins the War of the Roses in England, begins the Tudor Dynasty, and starts the development of the English nation-state.

1492 Spanish monarchs FERDINAND and ISABELLA finish taking back all of Spain from the Muslims; the era of Spain as a global power begins.

1547 - 1584 IVAN, The Terrible rules Russia; unifies the government and creates the first Russian nation-state.

1638 - 1715 LOUIS XIV of France creates an absolute monarchy; France emerges as the dominant power of Europe.

1648 PEACE OF WESTPHALIA cements the legal status of the nation-state as sovereign.

1789 The FRENCH REVOLUTION begins; it creates the modern day French nation-state and sparks nationalism in Europe.

1871 Unification of Italy and Germany

1919 TREATY OF VERSAILLES ends World War I; it breaks up several multinational empires and creates many nation-states

1945 The United Nations forms

Seeds of Filipino nationalism
• PRE – HISPANIC
• Common territory
• Common racial origin
• Common culture

• HISPANIC
• Common government
• Common religion
• Common name
• Common sufferings
• Common aspirations
 Early Resistance against Spain
Resistance- a secret organization in a conquered or enemy
occupied territory; and of opposing the authorities

•Lakan Dula, Tondo

•Tondo Conspiracy, Tondo (Magat Salamat)
•The Revolt of Magalat, Cagayan
•Ladia’s Conspiracy, Bulacan
•Francisco Maniago,Pampanga
•Andres Malong, Pangasinan
•Sumuroy Revolt, Samar
•Diego and Gabriela Silang, Ilocos Sur
•Sultan Kudarat, Maguindanao
•At iba pa
 Reasons for the general failure

• Lack of military weapons, strategy & natives were

employed as mercenary soldiers
• The giving of positions of power and privileges to the
chieftains and their families
• Lack of unity
 TRAIN OF EVENTS
that Accelerated the Growth & Development
of Filipino Nationalism in the 19th century
1. The Short-lived British invasion of Manila in 1762

The Anglo-Spanish War was fought between Britain and Spain

as part of the Seven Years' War.

The British took Manila, which meant the loss of the capital of
Spanish East Indies, a serious blow and loss in prestige for
Spain.

In the 1763 Treaty of Paris the Spanish regained Cuba and the
Philippines.

The humiliating defeat of the Spaniards in the hands of the

British disenchanted many Filipinos and thus exposed the
myth of Spanish invincibility
The humiliating defeat of the Spaniards in the hands of the
British disenchanted many Filipinos and thus exposed
the myth of Spanish invincibility
2. Reopening of the Philippine Ports to World Trade

• The opening of several ports in the Philippines between

1834 & 1873 stimulated commercial cultivation of certain
export crops for the world market. The application of
increased capital- including British & American- & scientific
techniques to agricultural production & the increasing
demand for these products brought economic prosperity
mostly to Spanish & Chinese mestizos and principalia

• Progress in agriculture & commerce led to improvement

in transportation & communication facilities. Filipinos
became closer to one another which gave them the
opportunities to realize their universal plight under Spanish
rule
3. The Opening of Suez Canal

• The opening of Suez Canal in 1869 further stimulated

Philippine progress. The Suez Canal shortened the
distance of travel between Europe & Asia. More
people came to the country. Spanish & European
liberals came to the Philippines & they helped in the
dissemination of liberal ideas

• Ferdinand de Lesseps, a French engineer, obtained a

concession from the Viceroy of Egypt to construct a
canal which is open to all nations. The excavation took
some 10years using forced labour of Egyptian workers.
• The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in
Egypt, connecting the Mediterranean Sea and the Red
Sea. Opened on November 1869, it allows water
transportation between Europe and Asia without
navigating around Africa. The northern terminus is
Port Said and the southern terminus is Port Tawfik at the
city of Suez.

• The canal is 192 km (119 mi) long

4. The Influx of Liberal Ideas

• New political ideas, products of intense intellectual

ferment, humanitarianism & cosmopolitanism in
Europe during the 17th & 18th centuries, trickled into the
archipelago.

• Books & magazines containing the ideas of the French &

American revolutions, the political thoughts of liberal
thinkers like Jean Jacques Rousseau(Social Contract),
John Locke(Two Treatises of Government), Thomas
Paine(Common Sense) entered the country
5. The Birth of the Middle Class

• The Filipinos who participated in agricultural production

& commerce following the opening of the Philippines to
world trade acquired not only wealthy and prosperity
but also improved their social status. They sent
their children to educational institutions which before
were closed to them and when possible even to
colleges in Spain.

• The Spaniards & the old aristocratic families looked

down on the emergent bourgeoisie with open contempt
& scornfully labelled them “bestias cargadas de oro” or
beast loaded with gold.
From the ranks of the middle class sprang brave
young men, educated in Manila & Europe or
Ilustrados. The ilustrados formed the vanguard
of the Propaganda Movement
Filipino Ilustrados (Jose Rizal, Marcelo Del
Pilar and Mariano Ponce)
 6. The Spanish Revolution of 1868

• In 1868, a liberal democratic revolution led by Generals

Francisco Serrano & Juan Prim successfully ousted
Queen Isabela II from the Spanish throne. The
revolutionists established the First Spanish Republic
in 1873
 Gen. Francisco Serrano
Leader of the Glorious Revolution
Isabella II, Queen of Spain
Isabella was induced to abdicate in
Paris on 25 June 1870, in favour of
her son, Alfonso XII
7. The Coming of Spanish Governor General
Carlos Maria Dela Torre

• When Spanish Governor General Carlos Maria Dela

Torre arrived in the Philippines in 1869, he put into
practice his liberal & democratic ways by avoiding
luxury and living a simple life. He encouraged freedom of
speech and abolished flogging as a form of punishment
for military desertion. He implemented the Educational
Decree of 1870 & Moret Decree. He openly encouraged
talks on freedom & democracy & the secularization of
parishes.
• The Spanish conservatives, reactionaries & friars
resented the liberalism of Dela Torre but they remained
quiet.
8. Secularization Controversy

• Since the time of Legaspi, the religious orders

(Augustinians, Recollects, Dominicans, Franciscans &
Jesuits) administered the parishes in line with their
mission of converting the natives to Christianity. This
was a violation of the Council of Trent(1545-1563) which
decreed that parishes were to be administered by
secular priests. But there were few secular priests that
time. By 19th century, however, many Filipinos had
become secular priests but the friar-curates or regular
did not want to relinquish their parishes to the native
priests.
Jose Burgos(30), Jacinto Zamora(35) and
Mariano Gomez(75) were the leaders of
Secularization Movement
• The Filipino priests, encouraged by Spanish liberals,
resented when the friar-curates opposed their
opportunities to become one. The native priests
struggled for equality or the Secularization Movement.
This gradually became a racial then into a national
conflict with the Spanish regulars

• The Filipino clergy found an ally during the brief

administration of Governor General Dela Torre
9. The Cavite Mutiny

• On January 20, 1872, about 200 Filipino soldiers &

workers in the Cavite arsenal mutinied. Their leader
was Sergeant La Madrid. This mutiny was caused by
the abolition by Spanish Governor General Rafael
Izquierdo of the exemption of Filipino workers to
render forced labor and pay tributes.
• Many of Cavite plotters, including La Madrid were killed.
Others were arrested, shot to death or banished.
• The mutiny gave the opportunity to the reactionary
government to persecute the leaders of the
Secularization Movement
10. The Execution of GOMBURZA
• The simple mutiny at Cavite was magnified by the
Spaniards as a full blown conspiracy directed against the
Spanish authority allegedly instigated by Fathers Mariano
Gomez(75), Jose Burgos(30) & Jacinto Zamora(35)
• The three priests were implicated through the false
testimony of Francisco Zaldua, a soldier
• The mock trial of the three priests found them guilty and
they were sentence to die by garrote on February 17, 1872
at Bagumbayan (Luneta)
• The liberal Archbishop of Manila Meliton Martinez refused
to unfrock the priests before execution. He ordered the
continuous tolling of bells during the execution
• Without 1872, there would have been no Plaridel, Jaena
or Sanciongco; nor would the brave and generous
Filipino colonies in Europe have existed. Without 1872,
Rizal would now have been a Jesuit and instead of
writing "Noli Me Tangere," would have written the
opposite. Observing those injustices and cruelties fired
my young imagination and I pledge to dedicate myself
and to avenge some day those victims. With this idea, I
have studied and this can be discerned in all my works
and writings. God will give me the opportunity someday
to keep my vow.

• Jose Rizal in a letter to the staff of La Solidaridad in

Paris
Garrote Fr. Jose Burgos
 Jose Basa was on of those exiled after the
execution of GOMBURZA; he became resident
in Hongkong & helped Rizal in propaganda
work
• Propaganda Movement

The Propaganda Movement was a literary and

cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino
émigrés who had settled in Europe. Composed of
Filipino liberals exiled in 1872 and students attending
Europe's universities, the organization aimed to
increase Spanish awareness of the needs of its colony,
the Philippines and to propagate a closer relationship
between the colony and Spain.
• Specifically, the Propagandists aims were:
1.Representation of the Philippines in the
Cortes Generales, the Spanish parliament;
2.Secularization of the clergy;
3.Legalization of Spanish and Filipino equality;
4. Creation of a public school system independent of
the friars;
5. Abolition of the polo (labor service) and vandala
(forced sale of local products to the government);
6. Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and association;
7. Equal opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to enter
government service
 
Filipino Ilustrados in Spain
It's prominent members included José Rizal, author of Noli
Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, Graciano Lopez Jaena,
publisher of La Solidaridad, the Propaganda Movement's
principal organ, Mariano Ponce, the organization's secretary
and Marcelo H. del Pilar.
• The Founding of KKK or Katipunan
• The Arrest, trial & Execution of Jose
Rizal
• The Outbreak of Philippine Revolution