PHILIPPINE HISTORY:

Spanish Regime in the Philippines

 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

 Successful Colonization  Pacification

- the enormous cost of - starting point of the
the expedition expedition: Mexico
- difficulties in the instead of Spain
returning voyage - Hernan Cortes’ secret
in pacification of Mexico:
Treat the natives with
respect
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

 Reconciling Tribute with  Encomienda System

Justice  System was extension of
pacification
 How to derive revenue
 Grant was not property but
from the conquered of jurisdiction over a definite
without violating territory and its inhabitants
simple idea of justice?  The encomenderos had the
duty of defending the
encomienda; of maintaining
peace and order and
supporting missionaries
 These considerations entitled
him with collected of
tributes; within the means of
the subject
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

 Forming A Christian  Building Church -

Civilization Centered Town
 Reduccion – barangays
 Convincing the
were coaxed and coerced
natives to be into organized towns
Christians around the newly-built
church with resident friar
 Dealing with
 OBJECTIVE: Bring all
Dispersed and indios into Christian
scattered settlement communities ( Bajo de la
Campana)
 The new settlement was
helpful in collecting
proper, complete and
accurate tribute.
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

 Transforming A Feudal  Commercial

Society into a Modern Capitalism and
Nation Common Religion
 How to develop the  Commercialism was
Philippines as a introduced
modern nation?  Catholicism and
 How to unify the Centralized
Philippines? Government
 Spanish Regime 1571 - 1663

o How to build o POLO OR FORCED LABOR

infrastructure when -ships, churches, roads,
there is shortage of other forms of infra-
Spanish manpower
structure
-pay “falla” (exempted)

o How to stimulate agricul-
tural production
o BANDALA
-annual quotas to each
Province for the sale of
products
 Spanish Regime: 1571 - 1663

 Effective  Centralized Authority

 The governor-
Government
general: executive,
How to govern judiciary and
the islands legislative
effectively?  Visita,Residencia,
Archbishop and
subordinate public
officials served as
checks and balances
 King of Spain
CENTRALIZED
AUTHORITY
Governor general

The Governor
Alcalde mayor corregidores
General assumed
the highest alcaldia ayuntamiento corregidor
position in the
land. Vested in Governadorcillo
him the powers of pueblo
executor and
legislator, and at Cabeza de barangay
times the judiciary.

barrio
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

 Dutch Aggression  Spanish Defense

 The Dutch  Used natives in
Military attacked attacking and
the Philippines defending the
islands
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

 Economic  Local Production

Rehabilitation  Exportof products:
after the Dutch wheat from Laguna
War and Batangas and
 Finances were not mining products
stable; economy from Camarines
declined
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

 National Prosperity  Galleon Trade

 How to make the  Chinese goods were
colony independent sent to Europe
through the Manila –
from Mexican aid?
Acapulco trade
 Few men prospered
in the galleon trade
GALLEON TRADE
• During the Spanish era Manila became the leading
commercial center in the region

• Also known as Manila-Acapulco Trade

• Not all could participate in the Galleon trade

• In the 19th century when commercial liberty was

adopted as a European policy the Galeon trade
decline

• Lasted for 2 ½ centuries until its abolition

 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

 Chinese Economic  Exclusion Laws and

Domination Additional Taxation
 The Chinese were  Additional tax
dominating the besides the annual
economy residence tax
 Chinese were known  immigration be
as SANGLEYS which limited
means merchants
 Parian: non-
Christian Chinese
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

 Conflict Between  Development of a

the Regular and Native Secular Clergy
 Natives were
Secular Clergy
permitted to enter
 The Spanish regular
priesthood
clergy were holding the
parishes instead of
Spanish seculars
 Spanish Regime: 1664 - 1763

 Moro Raids  Moro Resistance

 Muslims frequently attack
islands in the Visayas;
killing and pirating goods
from the natives
 Establishment of Pilar
Fort in Zamboanga
 Juramentado in Jolo to
resist the Spaniards in
the place
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

 Rehabilitation of a  Tobacco
Shattered Economy Monopoly
 The Philippines had  The government
been subsidized by implemented laws and
Mexican treasury for policy in order for
designated lands and
decades places to cultivated the
 Independence of growth of tobacco.
Mexico  Forcibly asked the natives
to work in the fields
 TOBACCO MONOPOLY

• Governor General Jose Basco – founder

• To improve the economy of the Philippines
• Strict cultivation of tobacco was enforced in certain
areas such as: Cagayan Valley, Nueva Ecija, Ilocos
and Marinduque
• Lasted from 1781 to 1881
 Material and Social Advancement

• Rise of Banks
– Obras Pias – earliest banks in the
Philippines which gave loan to
merchants
– Rodriguez Bank – the first Filipino bank
established in Manila by Francisco
Rodriguez
– Banco Español- Filipino – first
government bank in the Philippines
founded by Antonio de Urbiztondo
 PHILLIPINE REVOLTS

CAUSES :
A) PERSONAL
 Led by datus, maharlikas and babaylan or catalonans
 Lost prestige and power in their communities
 Want to revert to their own culture (babaylans and
catalonans wanted to return to native religions)
 Lakandula, Soliman, Tamblot, Bankaw and Dagohoy
 Dagohoy’s revolt (1744-1829)

 The revolt of Francisco Dagohoy in Bohol. Was the

longest revolt in the Philippines history. It lasted for
85 years. Dagohoy’s brother was killed in a duel w/ a
rebel. The Catholic priest refused to give him a
Christian burial. - Dagohoy got angry and led his
people in a revolt. They killed 2 priests in the island.
 Dagohoy’s revolt (1744-1829)

 Spanish Governor Generals failed to stop this

rebellion. 1827 – Gov. Manuel Ricafort ordered
2,200 FilipinoSpanish troops to attack the Bohol
patriots. But failed. 1828-1829 – another attack was
made. After years of fighting the patriots were finally
defeated. Dagohoy died 2 years before the Filipino
Patriots were defeated. 19,000 survivors were
pardoned and allowed to live in a new villages.
(Batuan, Bililihan, Cabulao, Catigoian, Vilar).
 continuation

B) RELIGIOUS MOTIVES/REASONS
 Led by those who built their own style of syncretic
religions
 Non-acceptance of Spanish popes, bishops and
priests
 Emergence of cults
 Hermano Pule, Francisco Rivera and Tapar
 The Religious Revolt of Hermano Pule
(1840-1841)

 Apolinario de la Cruz (Hermano Pule) - from Barrio

Pandak, Lukban, Tayabas (Quezon) Apolinario
started his own religion in Lucban, it was called the
Cofradia de San Jose (Confraternity of St. Joseph).
But the Spanish officials did not allow any other
religion. So they banned his religion. Thousands of
Filipinos in Tayabas, Laguna, Batangas, and Manila
had already joined it.
 The Religious Revolt of Hermano
Pule (1840-1841)
So the Spanish officials sent troops to break up the group. But
Hermano and his followers took up arms and protect
themselves.  October 1841 – at the Alitao, near Mt. Cristobal
the gov’t troops attacked their camp and killed many
followers including old, women,and children.  November 4,
1841 – Hermano Pule was executed in Tayabas. But this war
not the end of the story. Many Filipino soldiers secretly
planned to take revenge on the hated Spaniards. The loyalist
troops defeated the rebels after a bloody combat. Srg.
Samaniego and 81 followers were shot at the Luneta at sunset
on January 21, 1843.
 continuation

C) RESISTANCE TO SPANISH-IMPOSED
INSTITUTIONS
 Taxation
 Forced labor
 Galleon trade
 Indulto de comercio
 Monopolies (like the tabacco and basi revolts)
 Magalat, Sumuroy, Palaris and Diego Silang
 Revolts again the Tribute/Taxation (1589

 It started in Cagayan and Ilocos . The Filipinos here

revolted because of the abuses of the tribute
collectors. They killed many Spaniards. Gov.
Santiago de Vera – pacified the rebel patriots. - he
pardoned many of them and improve their tax
continuation
system.
 Sumuroy’s Revolt (1649-1650)

 Visayan Alcaldes mayor ordered to sent men to work in the

Cavite naval shipyards. The Visayan men hated this order
because they don’t want to leave their homes and families.
*Sumuroy – a native of Palapag, Samar, led them in an
armed revolt. *June 1, 1649 – he and his men killed their
priest because on those days Spanish priest was really like
the government.
 Sumuroy hated the system of POLO (forced labor).
Sumuroy and his men set up a free government in the
mountains of Samar. *July, 1650 – government troops
attacked Sumuroy’s camp. Sumuroy was caught alive and
executed.
 Silang’s Revolt (1762-1763)

 Diego Silang and his wife Gabriela Silang led this

famous revolt in Ilocos. December 14,1762 – Diego
Silang proclaimed the independence of his people
and made Vigan the capital of free Ilocos. May
28,1763 – D. Silang was killed by an assasin. Miguel
Vicos – the assasin who shoot Silang in his back. D.
Silang died in the arms of his wife Gabriela.
 Gabriela Silang – continued the revolt. - She won
many battles. - She was called “Joan of Arc of the
Ilocos”. - But Gabriela was defeated and executed at
Vigan on September 10, 1763.
 D)PEASANT UNREST

 Fraudelent land surveys which led to land grabbing

 Excessive cost of land rental fees
 Maginoos and principalias of Silang, Cavite, Batangas,
Laguna
 Agrarian Revolt (1745-1746) Filipino landowners in
Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, and Laguna revolted against
Spanish rule. their revolt was due to the land grabbing by
Spaniards who took over their ancestral lands. Lian and
Nasugbu – the first spark of revolt. - The Filipinos in this
towns demanded the return of their land occupied by the
Spanish priest. The Filipinos burned the local churches,
looted the convents, ruined the ranches of the priest.
 continuation

 After some battles, the leaders were shot and exiled.

Others were pardoned after they surrendered. King
Philip IV ordered the priest to return the stolen land
to the Filipinos. But the Spanish priest appealed the
case and later won. During American Era –
American authorities bought the friar lands owned
by religious orders. The land were subdivided and
sold to Filipino farmers.
 The Basi Revolt (1807)

 This was the most unusual revolt in the Philippine

history. It was all about the love for a homemade
wine from sugarcane called basi.
 1786 – the Spanish gov’t took over the mnaking and
sale of wine. They banned people from making
wines. The Filipinos hated this order.
 September 28, 1807 – the rebels were defeated by
Superior Spanish power. Many lives were
unfortunately lost, all because of the love for
drinking wine.
 Why Philippine Revolts failed

A) INSULAR MAKE-UP OF THE PHILIPPINES

-no sense of national unity because of communication
gap; many ethn0-linguistic groups with their dialects
but no lingua franca
B) IDEA OF NATIONALISM CAME ONLY DURING
THE 19TH CENTURY
C) DIVIDE ET IMPERA
-Spaniards used natives to fight other natives
-co-optation and collaboration of some datus and
maharlikas with the Spaniards
 continuation

D) SUPERIOR MILITARY TECHNOLOGY AND

STRATEGY OF THE SPANIARDS
-Mexican horses
-better firing projectile weapons (culverins, cannons,
muskets, or guns)
-network of spies
E) INTERFERENCE OF FRIARS
 continuation

F) ABSENCE OF GOOD LEADERS WHO KNEW

MILITARY STRATEGY
G) “PAPELETAS DE PERMISO” AND “CARTAS DE
RADIO”
-official travel permits and safe-conduct passes
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

 Collapsed of  Free Trade

Galleon Trade  Opening of different
 Source of income and
ports in the
livelihood Philippines through
 Progress after the suggestion of
economic stagnation Sinibaldo de Mas
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

 Censorship
 Spread of Liberal
 Noli Me Tangere and
Ideas other propaganda
 Carlos Maria de la publication were banned
Torre by the government
 Liberalism from
Europe
 Spanish Regime: 1764 - 1897

 Father Burgos
 Secularization of
the parishes believed in the
secularization
 Equality of the
 Execution of
Regular and
Secular Clergy Gomburza
 FACTORS FOR THE RISE OF FILIPINO
NATIONALISM

A) SPREAD OF LIBERALISM
-when Spain opened the Philippines to world trade,
liberal ideas filtered in
-liberal political filtered in from Europe (ideas of
Montesquieu, Rousseau, Voltaire, Locke and
Jefferson)
-transformation of the Philippine economy into a raw
material market for Europe increased their contact
with the intellectual tradition of the west
 continuation

B) Rise of the Clase Media (middle class) or

Principales
-middle class composed of Asian and Eurasian
mestizos emerged from the economic boom derived
from expanded agriculture and commerce
-Spanish opening of the Philippine ports (1834) to free
trade, commericialization of agriculture and economic
expansion greatly benefited the “principalia” who were
able to send their children to schools here and abroad,
exposing them to more libertarian ideals.
 continuation

C) Sentiments against the principales

-masses were dissatisfied with the principales as
intermediaries of the Spanish government
D) Racial Prejudice
-Spaniards regarded Filipino natives as belonging to
an “inferior race”; called them “indios”
-Spanish pre-conceived notion that natives could not
rise beyond their “limited intelligence”
 continuation

E) Cultural changes
-Educational Reforms of 1863 dramatically improved
the standards of education in the primary level
-Filipinos were able to pursue higher education
-young men from prosperous families were able to take
up law, medicine and pharmacy
-were able to see the repressive colonial policies of
Spain
-new breed of Filipinos, the “Ilustrados”
 continuation

F) Secularization controversy
-can be traced back from the year 1567
-in 1768, parishes were given to unprepared native
seculars (Filipino priests who do not belong to a
religious order)
-by 1859, parishes were desecularized and were given
back to regular priests (Spanish priests belonging to
religious orders
-Filipino priests opposed Spanish friar abuses and
agitated for reforms
 continuation

G) Cavite Mutiny of 1872

-Sgt. La Madrid led this mutiny due to the suspension
of the privileges formerly enjoyed by arsenal workers
and engineer corps of the Cavite Naval Shipyard
-this mutiny was used by the Spaniards to implicate
the liberal critics of the government including Filipino
priests who fought for Secularization
-the execution of GOM-BUR-ZA eventually hastened
the growth of Filipino nationalism