Economic and Political issues in

the Philippines
CHAPTER 4
Monastic Supremavy in the

Philippines
lESSON 1
monastic supremacy
Is the service to God and to king.
The church’s organization, personnel and

role in society were all defined early in the

colonial era.
The Parish of Nuestra Señora de Gracia in

The Parish of Nuestra

Guadalupe Viejo, Makati City is the lone

Señora de Gracia in

parish being administered by the friars Guadalupe Viejo

MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
1850-1896
Was Philippine revolutionary propagandist and

satirist.
in 1882, he was founded the news paper

"Diariong Tagalog" to propagate democratic

liberal ideas.
in 1899 he succeed Graciano Lopez Jaena as
MARCELO H. DEL

editor of " La Solidaridad" in spain. PILAR

 Did you Know?

"La Soberania Monacal en Filipinas" written and published by Him in

Barcelona, Spain

Marcelo H. d
el

Pilar
'" Plaridel"
Political aspect
Friars controls the country.
Diversity of Language
The privelege to vote is in the hands of

curate.
The personal security of the citizen was

endangered by monastic supremacy.

 ECONOMIC ASPECT

GOVERnMENT MONASTIC SUPREMACY

Lack resources to undertake public
Built grand convents
works. Friar curates has stable place.
Established primary schools in town. The public pay because of return for

Worries about meeting Financial

heavenly promises.
needs. Overflowing with money
Refrains from creating new sources of
Friars invent new forms of devotions.
revenue.
 REligious aspect
Relations of the friars in the

Philippines in Spanish- Filipino church

 Bishops vs. friars
a member of any of

a senior member
certain religious orders of

of the Christian
men, especially the four

clergy, mendicant orders

(Augustinians, Carmelites,

Dominicans, and

bishop domingo salazar

Franciscans).
first bishop in manila
regulars vs. seculars
is a member of
not bound by

the british army monastic rules.

archbishop basilio sancho

desan ta justa y rufins

archbishop of manila who

is in the side of natives and

seculars
laws of civil authority
Raised by Terrero and Quiroga

gen. molto
issued a circular to help the friars
terrero and quiroga
questions?
LESSON 2

TAXATION

DURING THE

SPANISH PERIOD
GIAN FUNTE MARK GORINDING
TAXATION DURING THE SPANISH PERIOD

Taxes in the Spanish Period was compulsory,

all the Spanish Colonies in America and the

Philippines were required to pay taxes for

two reasons:

1. As the recognition of Spain’s

Sovereignty over the Colonies.

2. To defray the expenses of pacification

(the act of forcibly suppressing hostility

within the colonies) and governance,

thereafter.
TAXES IMPOSED BY THE SPANISH GOVENRMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

TRIBUTO
Was a general tax paid by the Filipinos to Spain

which amounted to eight reales. Those who were

required to pay the Tributo are the:

A. 18 to 50 years old males
B. The carpenters, bricklayers, blacksmiths, tailors

and shoemakers
C. Town workers such as those in road construction,

Reales and those who is public in nature

TAXES IMPOSED BY THE SPANISH GOVENRMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

SANCTORUM
Was the tax in the amount of 3 reales.

These were required for the cost of

Christianization, including the

construction of the churches and the

purchase of materials for religious

celebrations
TAXES IMPOSED BY THE SPANISH GOVENRMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

DONATIVO
Was the tax in the amount of half real

for the military campaign of the

government against the Muslims. In

the later years, however, the amount

collected from Donativo was almost

exclusively used for the Spanish Fort

in Zamboanga.
TAXES IMPOSED BY THE SPANISH GOVENRMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

CAJA DE

COMUNIDAD
Was a tax collected in the amount of 1 real

for the incurred expenses of the town in

the construction of roads, repair of bridges,

or the improvement of public buildings

 TAXES IMPOSED BY THE SPANISH GOVENRMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

SERVICIO

PERSONAL
Polo y servicio was a practice employed by Spanish

colonizers for over 250 years that required the

forced labor (sapilitang paggawa) of all Filipino males

from 16 to 60 years old for 40-day periods. The

workers could be placed on any project the Spanish

wanted, despite hazardous or unhealthy conditions.

One could be exempted by paying the falla

(corruption of the Spanish Falta, meaning “absence”),

a daily fine of one and a half real.

REVOLTS AGAINST THE TRIBUTE

Cagayan and Dingras Revolts (1589)

Ilocanos, Ibanags and other Filipinos

revolted against alleged abuses by the

tax collectors, including the collection

of high taxes
REVOLTS AGAINST THE TRIBUTE

Sumuroy’s Revolt

June 1, 1649
Northern Samar
Agustin Sumuroy
The Waray were being sent to the

shipyards of Cavite to do their polo y

servicio, which sparked the revolt.

REVOLTS AGAINST THE TRIBUTE

Maniago’s Revolt
1660
Francisco Maniago
They bore the burden of more tribute,

forced labor, and rice exploitation.

They were made to work for eight

months under unfair conditions and

were not paid for their labor and for

the rice purchased from them.

 REVOLTS AGAINST THE TRIBUTE

Malong's Revolt

Andres Malong
Governing with use of

force and cruelty.

King of Pangasinan.
THE TAX REFORM OF 1884

THE TAX

REFORM OF 1884
1. Abolition of the hated Tribute and

its replacement of Cedula Tax

2. Reduction of the 40-day annual

forced labor (polo) to 15 days.

QUESTIONS?
Rizal Technological University READINGS IN THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY

AGRARIAN REFORM

FROM SPANISH

COLONIAL

PHILIPPINES TO THE

PRESENT
Presented by:
Maeca Ella Nala Romeo Coronacion
Agrarian

Reform
Provides proper documentations for land

owners.
Gives an equal division and distribution of

lands to our agricultural workers/ farmers.

Rights of the Owner

1. Right to possess
2. Right to use and enjoy
3. Right to the fruits
4. Right to dispose
5. Right to vindicate and recover
 Answer Key #1

Agrarian Reform
Gives an equal division and distribution of

lands to our agricultural workers/ farmer

Qualifications
Beneficiaries must be least 15 years old, be a

resident of the barangay where the land

holding is located, and own no more than 3

hectares of agricultural land.

Let us go back from the past.,.
Pre-Spanish Period
"This land is Ours God gave this

land to us"
Everyone had access to the fruits

of the soil
 Datu

Maharlika
Freemen

Aliping Mamamahay
Serfs

Slaves Aliping Saguiguilid

Spanish Period
1521-1896

"United we stand, divided we

fall"
The concept of encomienda

(Royal Land Grants) was

introduced.
This system grants that

Encomienderos must defend

his encomienda
Agrarian Uprising
1745-1746

As a revolt staged in the present-day

CALABARZON (specifically in

Batangas, Laguna, and Cavite) and in

Bulacan, with its roots in Lian and

Nasugbu in Batangas. Filipino

landowners rose in arms and demanded

that Spanish friars return the ancestral

lands they had taken.

First Philippine

Republic
"The yoke has finally broken"
established in 1899
Emilio- Aguinaldo
Friar Lands
Never implemented
 American Period
1898-1935
“Long live America”
Significant legislation enacted during the American Period:

Philippine Bill of 1902 – Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private individuals and

corporations may acquire.

Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) – Provided for a comprehensive

registration of land titles under the Torrens system.

Public Land Act of 1903 – introduced the homestead system in the Philippines.
Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) – regulated relationships between

landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.

 #4

Commonwealth Period
1935-1942

“Government for the Filipinos”

President Manuel L. Quezon

espoused the "Social Justice"

program
1935 Constitution – "The

promotion of social justice to

ensure the well-being and economic

security of all people should be the

concern of the State"

 Commonwealth Act No. 178, Nov.

13, 1936 – Provided for certain controls

in the landlord-tenant relationships

National Rice and Corn Corporation

(NARIC), 1936 – Established the price

of rice and corn.

Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 – Specified reasons for the dismissal of tenants and

only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice.

Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 – Provided the purchase and

lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.

Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939 – Created the National

Settlement Administration.

 #5

Japanese Occupation
“The Era of Hukbalahap”
(Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).

Landlords who supported the

Japanese lost their lands to

peasants while those who

supported the Huks earned fixed

rentals in favor of the tenants.

The Rise of New Republic
 #6

President Manuel A. Roxas

(1946-1948)

Republic Act No. 34

Republic Act No. 55

Elpidio R. Quirino
(1948-1953)

IExecutive Order No. 355 issued on

October 23, 1950 -- Replaced the National

Land Settlement Administration with Land

Settlement Development Corporation

(LASEDECO).
 Answer Key #7

Ramon Magsaysay
(1953-1957)

Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished

the LASEDECO and established the National

Resettlement and Rehabilitation

Administration (NARRA).

Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural

Tenancy Act of 1954) -- governed the

relationship between landowners and tenant

farmers by organizing share-tenancy and

leasehold system.
Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform

Act of 1955) -- Created the Land Tenure

Administration (LTA)

Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of

Agricultural Credit Cooperative

Financing Administration) -- Provided

small farmers and share tenants loans

with low interest rates of six to eight

percent.

President Carlos P. Continued the program of

President Ramon Magsaysay.

Garcia (1957-1961) No new legislation passed.

President Diosdado

P. Macapagal
(1961-1965)

Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963

(Agricultural Land Reform Code) -

- Abolished share tenancy, institutionalized

leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares,

invested rights of preemption and

redemption for tenant farmers.

.
President Ferdinand E.

Marcos
(1965-1986)

Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian

Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971

Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26,

1972 -- Declared the country under land

reform program.
Presidential Decree No. 27, October 21,

1972 -- Restricted land reform scope to

tenanted rice and corn lands and set the

retention limit at 7 hectares

President Corazon C. Aquino
(1986-1992)

Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law

became effective on June 15, 1988.

Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 – Declared full

ownership to qualified farmer

Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 – Provided mechanism

for the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform

Program (CARP).
Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 – Instituted the CARP as a

major program of the government.

President Corazon C. Aquino
(1986-1992)
Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 – streamlined and

expanded the power and operations of the DAR.

Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive

Agrarian Reform Law)

Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 – Vested in the Land

Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to determine land

valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP.

Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 – Accelerated the

acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands.

President Fidel V. Ramos
(1992-1998)

Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 – Amended

certain provisions of RA 6657

Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 – Strengthened

the implementation of the CARP.

Executive Order No. 363, 1997 – Limits the

type of lands that may be converted

Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and

Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA)

Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform

Fund Bill)
President Joseph E. Estrada
(1998-2000)

Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999

(Farmer’s Trust Fund)

President Gloria Macapacal-

Arroyo
(2000-2010)

Land Tenure Improvement

Provision of Support Services
Infrastructure Projects
KALAHI ARZone
Agrarian Justice
President Benigno Aquino

III
(2010-2016)

Agrarian Reform Community

Connectivity and Economic Support

Services (ARCCESS)
Agrarian Production Credit Program

(APCP)
The legal case monitoring system

(LCMS)
Executive Order No. 26, Series of 2011
President Rodrigo Roa

Duterte
(2016 –2022)

DAR to launch the 2nd phase of

agrarian reform
Plans to place almost all public lands

under agrarian reform

Placed 400 hectares of agricultural

lands in Boracay under CARP.

DAR created an anti-corruption task

force
“Oplan Zero Backlog”
R
Questions?

Thank you!
 THE PHILIPPINE

CONSTITUTIONS
LESSON 4

PRESENTED BY:

KYLA MONTE MARK JOSHUA MARCELINO

THE PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTIONS

Constitution
framework of the

government ; set of

fundamentals/supreme

principles, policies, and

laws which are mandated

by the government and

followed by the people.

 THE 1897

CONSTITUTION OF
BIAK - NA - BATO
The 1897 Constitution of Biak na Bato

The constitution of Biak-na-Bato was the

provisionary Constitution of the Philippine Republic

during the Philippine Revolution, and was

promulgated by the Philippine Revolutionary

Government on November 1, 1897.

The constitution, borrowed from Cuba, was written

by Isabelo Artacho and Felix Ferrer in Spanish, and

later on, translated into Tagalog

Was signed as a truce between Governor Fernando

Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo

 THE ORGANS OF THE GOVERNMENT UNDER THE CONSTITUTION

WERE:

The Supreme
The Code
The Asemblea de

Council Gracia Y Justice Representantes

" Supreme Council of
" Assembly of

which was voted with

Representatives"
Grace and Justice "
the power of the
which was to be convened

which was given the

Republic, headed by
after the revolution to create

authority to make

the president and four

a new Constitutions and to

decisions and affirm or

department secretaries
elect a new Council of

disprove the sentences

the interior, foreign

Government and

rendered by other courts

affairs, treasury, and

Representatives of the

and to dictate miles for the

war. people.
administrations of justice

The Constitution of Biak na Bato was never fully implemented, since a truce, the

Pact of Biak-na Bato was signed between the Spanish and the Philippines

Revolutionary Army.
THE 1898 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

May 1, 1898
June 12, 1898
"The Political Constitution of

1899"
Kartilya
Sanggunian-Hukuman
tydings mcduffle

act of 1934
Tydings-Mcduffie Act
Also known as the Philippine Independence Act.
Approved on March 24, 1934 by U.S. Pres. Franklin D.

Roosevelt.
It provided for the drafting and guidelines of a constitution for

a 10-year
Authority from the US President will be given to a High

Commissioner instead of a Governor-General.

In spite of the granting of self-government and eventual

independence, there were other provisions in the law that may

recognize the Philippines as an independent country

THE 1935 PHILIPPINE

CONSTITUTION
THE 1935 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION

President is to be elected to a four-year

term
together with the Vice-President
February 8, 1935
Manuel L. Quezon
Pres. Roosevelt in Washington D.C
Manuel L. Quezon
 the 1943

constitution
 the 1943 constitution
1943- 145
Japanese sponsored Second republic of the Philippines
Jose P. Laurel
Republican states
 THE 1986

FREEDOM

CONSTITUTION
 The 1987 Constitution established a

representative democracy with power

divided among three separate and

independent branches of government:

 THREE BRANCES OF THE GOVERNMENT
Executive Legislative Judicial

headed by the
vested in a exercises the

President and his

Congress which is
judicial power of

appointed Cabinet divided into two

government and it

Houses; Senate
is made up of a

and house of
Supreme Court

representative and lower courts

created by law.
 three

independent

Constitutional

Commissions
 three independent constitutional comissions

Civil Service The Commission on

Commission on

Commission Elections Audit

examines all funds,

acts as a central
administers all election
transactions, and property

agency in charge of
laws and regulations to
accounts of the

government
ensure that they are free
government and its

personnel and fair for all involved. agencies

QUESTIONS?