INTEGRATION INTO

THE SPANISH EMPIRE

UNIFICATION UNDER SPANISH RULE
 THE COUNTRY WAS UNDER SPAIN FOR 333 YEARS
 IT WAS THE SPAIN THAT GAVE THE COUNTRY ITS IDENTITY (ZAIDE)
 WITH THE USE OF THE CROSS, THE NATIVES WERE PACIFIED (AGONCILLO &
GUERRERO, 1974)
 THE REDUCCION PLAN OF FR. JUAN DE PLASENCIA WAS IMPLEMENTED.
 THOSE WHO REFUSE THE OBEY WERE LABELED AS BANDITS OR TULISANES.
RESULTS OF REDUCCION:
 EASY TO COLLECT TAXES
 FILIPINOS BECAME LAW- ABIDING CITIZENS
 INDEPENDENCE OF BARANGAY WAS LOST
 WITH CATHOLICISM, FILIPINOS WERE TRANSFORMED INTO LITTLE BROWN
SPANIARDS
 SPAIN BEFORE THE 19 TH CENTURY

ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATION
 THE COUNTRY WAS GOVERNED INDIRECTLY BY THE SPANISH
CROWN THROUGH CONSEJO DE LAS INDIAS (COUNCIL OF INIDES)
BUT THE KING OF SPAIN GOVERNED THE COUNTRY DIRECTLY
THROUGH MINISTERIO DE ULTRAMAR OR MINISTRY OF COLONIES.
 THE GOVERNMENT WAS UNITARY AS POLICIES IMPLEMENTED BY THE
COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION FROM LUZON TO MINDANAO
 MANILA WAS THE SEAT OF THE CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
 THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
 GOVERNOR-GENERAL, APPOINTED BY THE SPANISH MONARCH, WAS THE HEAD
OF THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE COUNTRY.
 HE WAS THE VICE ROYAL PATRON OVER RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS AND HE CAN
NOMINATE PRIESTS FOR ACCLESIASTICAL ADMINISTRATION OF THE PARISHES.
 HE WAS ALSO THE COMMANDER IN CHIEF OF THE COLONIAL ARMY

 WAS THE EX-OFFICIO PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL AUNDIENCIA, THE SUPREME

COURT
 HAD LEGISLATIVEPOWERS. CAN LEGISLATIVE LAWS FOR THE COLONY , LAWS
ENACTED WERE CALLED ACTOS ACORDADOS
 HAD POWER OF CUMPLASE, TO DECIDE WHICH LAW OR LOYAL DECREE SHOULD
BE IMPLEMENTED OR DISREGARDED IN THE COLONY.
  LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 BELOW THE NATIONAL GOVERNMENT WERE THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT
UNITS, NAMELY: PROVINCES: TOWNS: CITIES: AND BARRIOS
(AGONCILLO, 1990)
 THE PROVINCES DURING THE SPANISH REGIME WERE CALLED ALCALDIAS
 EACH PROVINCE WAS HEADED BY AN ALCALDE MAYOR OR PROVINCIAL
GOVERNOR.
-WAS THE MOST CORRUPT, OWING TO THE PRIVILEGE TO ENGAGE
IN AND MONOPOLIZE TRADE CALLED INDULTO DE COMMERCIO.
 UNPACIFIED MILITARY ZONES (CORREGIDOR) , SUCH AS MINDORO AND
MARIVELES WERE HEADED BY THE CORREGIDORES OR MILITARY
GOVERNORS.
 THE ALCALDIAS OR PROVINCES WERE DIVIDED INTO TOWNS OR PUEBLOS
 EACH PUEBLO WAS HEADED BY A GOBERNADORCILLO OR TOWN MAYOR
- HIS PRINCIPAL RESPONSIBILITY WAS TAX COLLECTION.
 LOCAL GOVERNMENT
 EACH TOWN WAS DIVIDED INTO BARRIOS OR BARANGAYS
 EACH BARANGAY WAS HEADED BY A CABEZA DE BARANGAY.
 THE CITY GORVERNMENT DURING THE SPANISH ERA WAS CALLED
AYUNTAMIENTO
 IT WAS GOVERNED BY:
A CABILDO OR CITY COUNCIL COMPOSED OF A CITY MAYOR OR
ALCALDE EN ORDINARIO,
COUNSELORS OR REGIDORES,
CHIEF CONSTABLE OR AGWACIL MAYOR,
AND SECRETARY OR ESCRIBANO.
 THE SUPREMACY OF THE FRIARS
 FRAILOCRACIA
 POWERFUL AND MOST INFLUENTIAL PERSON
 THEY DON’T JUST CONTROL THE RELIGIOUS SECTOR BUT THEY ALSO
CONTROL THE POLITICAL SECTOR .

 WEAKNESSES OF SPANISH COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION

 CORRUPTION WEAKENED THE SPANIARDS
 ABUSE OF POWER OF GOVERNOR GENERAL
 WIDESPREAD OF SELLING LOWER POSITIONS TO HIGHER BIDDERS
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IMPOSED BY SPAIN

 ENCOMIENDA SYSTEM
-LEGAZPI SUBDIVIDED THE COUNTRY INTO ENCOMIENDAS
-AN ENCOMIENDA IS A PARCEL OF LAND, INCLUDING ITS INHABITANTS,
ASSIGNED TO LOYAL SPANIARDS WHO HAD HELPED IN THE COLONIZATION
OF THE COUNTRY.
- THE RECIPIENT OF THIS PARCEL OF LAND IS CALLED AN ENCOMENDERO
TWO TYPES OF ENCOMIENDAS :
 ROYAL ENCOMIENDA
-COMPRISED BY CITIES, SEAPORTS AND REGIONS RICH IN NATURAL
WEALTH AND OWNED BY THE SPANISH CROWN.
 PRIVATE ENCOMIENDA
-WERE UNDER THE STEWARDSHIP OF PRIVATE PERSONS, CHARITABLE
INSTITUTIONS OR THE CATHOLIC CHURCH.
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IMPOSED BY SPAIN
 TAXATION
 FILIPINOS STARTED PAYING TRIBUTE IN CASH TO SPAIN DURING THE
DAYS OF LEGASPI.
- THE RATE WAS ORIGINALLY 8 REALES BUT WAS RAISED TO
10 IN 1602, THEN INCREASE TO 12 IN 1851.
- ONE TRIBUTE WAS EQUIVALENT TO ONE FAMILY CONSISTING OF FATHER,
WIFE AND MINOR CHILDREN.
-EVERY UNMARRIED MAN OVER 20 YEARS AND EVERY UNMARRIED WOMAN
FOR 25 YEARS PAID HALF OF TRIBUTE.
 THE NATIVES DID NOT LIKE THE WAY COLLECTOR COLLECT THE TRIBUTE AND HATED
IT.
 THE ENCOMENDEROS REAPED HUGE PROFITS AND BECAME VERY WEALTHY
THROUGH THE COLLECTION OF TRIBUTE.
 CEDULA (SERVED AS INCOME TAX AND PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION FOR THE INDIOS WAS
ENFORCED) WAS INTRODUCED AFTER THE ABOLITION OF THE TRIBUTE IN 1884
 BANDALA ( THE COMPULSORY SALE BY NATIVE FARMERS OF THEIR FARM PRODUCT TO
GOVERNMENT ) ANOTHER BURDEN IMPOSED ON THE NATIVE FILIPINOS BY THE
COLONIAL AUTHORITIES.
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IMPOSED BY SPAIN

 FORCED LABOR OR THE POLO Y SERVICIO

-THIS IMPOSITION REQUIRED ALL FILIPINO MALES FROM 16 TO 60 YEARS OLD
TO RENDER SERVICES FOR 40 DAYS EACH YEAR IN THE BUILDING AND REPAIR OF
ROADS AND BRIDGES, CUTTING OF TIMBER, AND WORKING IN FOUNDRIES AND
SHIPYARD.
- POLISTAS –THOSE WHO RENDERED FORCED LABOR
-FALLA OR EXEMPTION FEE – NATIVES COULD BE EXEMPTED FROM FORCED
LABOR PROVIDED THEY PAY

THE IMPOSITION OF FORCED LABOR RESULTED:

 ABANDONMENT OF FARMLANDS
 SEPARATION FROM FAMILIES
 ILNESS AND DEATH
ECONOMIC INSTITUTIONS IMPOSED BY SPAIN

 THE GALLEON TRADE

- A TRADE BETWEEN MANILA AND ACAPULCO OF THE CHINESE AND
THE SPANIARDS IN MANILA AND IN MEXICO.
- PRODUCTS FROM MANILA WERE SHIPPED TO ACAPULCO ON
TRADE VESSELS CALLED GALLEONS AND SOLD THERE AT LUCRATIVE
PROFIT.
- RESULTED CULTURAL EXCHANGES BUT AGRICULTURE WAS
NEGLECTED AND FORCED LABOR WAS MORE INTENSIFIED.
- THIS TRADE WAS ENDED IN 1815
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH IMPOSITION OF SOVEREIGNITY
 SPANISH IMPOSITION OF HER SOVEREIGNTY OVER THE PHILIPPINES WAS NOT
WITHOUT OBSTACLE. THE SPANISH SOLDIERS HAD TO FIGHT OFF CHINESE PIRATES,
WHO SOMTIMES CAME TO CONTROL MANILA. NOTABLE AMONG WAS LIMAHONG IN
1574, AS WELL AS DUTCH AND PORTUGUESE FORCES AND MUSLIMS. MUSLIMS FROM
MINDANAO AND SULU, IN RETALIATION TO ATTACKS ON THEM BY THE SPANISH
FORCE RAIDED LUZON AND VISAYAS AND OFTEN SOLD THEIR CAPTIVES AS SLAVE. IN
THE LATE 16th CENTURY, THE JAPANESE UNDER THE LEADERSHIP OF HIDEYOSHI,
CLAIMED CONTROL OF THE CENTURY. FOR A TIME, SPAIN PAID TRIBUTE TO SECURE
THEIR TRADING ROUTES AND PROTECT JESUITS MISSIONARIES IN JAPAN.
 THE MOST SERIOUS CHALLENGE TO SPANISH RULE WAS IN 1761, AS A RESULT OF
SPAIN'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE SEVEN YEARS WAR. THE BRITISH INVADED THE
PHILIPPINES AS A RESULTS OF SPAIN'S INVOLVEMENT IN THE AFOREMENTIONED
CONFLICT (1756-1763), WHICH WAS ESSENTIALLY A WAR BETWEEN GREAT BRITAIN AND
FRANCE. WHEN SPAIN SIDES FRANCE IN 1762. BRITAIN INVADED MANILA ON
SEPTEMBER 22 OF THAT YEAR. AT THIS TIME, ARCHBISHOP MANUEL ANTONIO ROJO
WAS THE ACTING GOVERNOR GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES. ADMIRAL SAMUEL
CORNISH AND GENERAL WILLIAM DRAPER PRESENTED THE BRITISH DEMAND FOR THE
SURRENDER OF MANILA. INASMUCH AS ARCHBISHOP ROJO DIN NOT HEED THE CALL
FOR THE SURRENDER, GENERAL DRAPER IMMEDIATELY ORDERED THE ATTACK OF
MANILA. BRITISH TROOPS IMMEDIATELY OCCUPIED THE AREAS OF ERMITA AND
BAGUMBAYAN, WHICH ARE VERY CLOSE TO INTRAMUROS, THE SEAT OF THE SPANISH
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT.
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH IMPOSITION OF SOVEREIGNITY
 WHILE SPANISH OFFICIALS WERE DELIBERATING ON WHAT TO DO, BRITISH
CANNONS DESTROYED THE WALLS OF INTRAMUROS FACING LUNETA ON
OCTOBER 4, 1762.FIERCE FIGHTING BEGAN IN THE WALLED CITY IN THE MORNING
OF OCTOBER 5. IN ORDER TO PREVENT RUTHLESS SACRIFICE OF
LIVES,AREHBISHOP ROJO SURRENDERED AT FORT SANTIAGO ON THE SAME DAY.

 ONE OF THE INTERESTING EFFECTS OF THIS EVENTS WAS THE EXISTENCE OF THE
THREE GOVERNOR GENERALS CLAIMING TO BE ON TOP OF THE COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES.
CHALLENGES TO SPANISH IMPOSITION OF SOVEREIGNITY
 3 GOVERNOR GENERALS CLAIMING TO BE ON TOP OF THE COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
 DAWSONNE DRAKE- THE FIRST BRITISH GOVERNOR APPOINTED BY THE BRITISH
EAST INDIA COMPANY AFTER THE SURRENDER OF MANILA TO THE BRITISH, WHO
WAS ASSISTED BY THE MANILA COUNCIL, NONETHELESS, ALEXANDER
DALRYMPLE WAS THE LAST BRITISH GOVERNOR.
 ARCHBISHOP ANTONIO MANUEL ROJO- THE ACTING GOVERNOR GENERAL WHO
CONSIDERED HIMSELF THE REAL LEADER OF THE COUNTRY DESPITE HIS
SURRENDERING OF THE COUNTRY TO THE INVADING BRITISH TROOPS.
 SIMON DE ANDA- THE RENEGADE GOVERNOR GENERAL WHO HEADED THE
SPANISH AND FILIPINO ARMY WHO CONTINUED THE STRUGGLE AGAINST THE
BRITISH INVADERS. HE LEFT MANILA AND PROCEEDED TO BACOLOR , PAMPANGA
AND RALLIED FILIPINO IN THE PROVINCES ON THE SIDE OF THE SPANISH
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
 AFTER THE ABOLOTION OF THE MANILA- ACAPULO TRADE, SPAIN INITIATED
PROGRAMS HEARD TOWARDS PROMOTING THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
OF THE PHILIPPINES. THESE PROGRAMS SOUGHT TO MAKE THE COUNTRY
SELF-SUFFICIENT AND FREE SPAIN FROM ITS BURDEN OF SUPPORTING IT. THE
FIRST GOVERNOR-GENERAL TO GIVE PRIORITY TOWARDS IMPROVING THE
ECONOMY OF THE COLONY WAS JOSE BASCO Y VARGAS.
 DEVELOPMENT AGRICULTURE
GOV. BASCO MADE THE COLONY PRODUCE COTTON AND SILK TEXTILES FOR EXPORT
IN EUROPE AND AMERICA AS THESE GOODS WHERE IN GREAT DEMAND IN THOSE AREAS.
HE, THEREFORE, ENCOURAGE THE LARGE- SCALE PRODUCTION OF COTTON AND SILK, AS
WELL AS CINNAMON AND INDIGO. LARGE TRACTS OF LAND IN CAMARINES WERE
DEVOTED TO THE PLANTING TO MULBERRY TREES NEEDED FOR FEEDING SILKWORMS. TO
INCREASE AGRICULTURAL YIELDS, BASCO SAW TO IT THAT THE FARMERS WERE TAUGHT
SCIENTIFIC METHODS OF FARMING.
 ORGANIZATION OF THE ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF FRIENDS OF THE COUNTRY
-THE SOCIEDAD ECONOMICA DE AMIGOS DEL PAIS OR ECONOMIC SOCIETY OF
FRIENDS OF THE COUNTRY WAS ORGANIZED BY GOV. BASCO IN 1781 TO ASSIST HIM IN
THE IMPLEMENTATION OGF HIS ECONOMIC PROGRAM. THIS SOCIETY WAS COMPOSED OF
PEOPLE KNOWLEDGABLE IN AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURING, RURAL DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION AND DOMESTIC FOREIGN TRADE.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
 THE TOBACCO MONOPOLY
-BY VIRTUE OF THE ROYAL DECREE OF 1780 CHARLES III ESTABLISHED TOBACCO
MONOPOLY IN THE PHILIPPINES UPON THE RECOMMENDATION OF GOV. BASCO.
-THIS DECREE TOOK EFFECT TWO YEARS LATER.
-THE COLONIAL GOVERNMENT CONTROLLED EVERY ASPECT OF TOBACCO IN
THE PHILIPPINES.
-THE TOBACCO MONOPOLY GENERATED REVENUES FOR THE COLONIAL
GOVERNMENT
-BY THE MIDDLE 19 TH CENTURY, ABOUT 25,000 FILIPINOS WORKED IN THE
TOBACCO FACTORIES
-SOME SPANISH OFFICIALS ABUSED THEIR AUTHORITY. THEY OFTEN CHEATED
THE ABUSED THE FARMERS IN THE PRICING AND PAYMENT OF THE PRODUCTS.
-AS A RESULT, MANY FARMERS WERE FORCED TO CHEAT THE GOVERNMENT
AND PRODUCED MORE THAN THE REQUIRED QOUTA.
-OWING TO THE ABUSES ASSOCIATED WITH THE TOBACCO MONOPOLY,
GOVERNOR-GENERAL PRIMO DE RIVERA ABOLISHED IT IN 1882
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
 THE ROYAL COMPANY OF THE PHILIPPINES
-THE REAL COMPANIA DE FILIPINAR OR ROYAL COMPANY OF THE
PHILIPPINES WAS ESTABLISHED BY VIRTUE OF THE ROYAL DECREE OF MARCH 10, 1785
- TO DEVELOP AND PROMOTE DIRECT TRADE BETWEEN SPAIN AND THE
COLONY AND TO DEVELOP THE NATURAL RESOURCES OF THE COUNTRY.
-THE COMPANY WAS REQUIRED TO SET ASIDE FOUR PERCENT OF ITS PROFIT
FOR AGRICULTURE IN THE COLONY.
-PRODUCTS FROM THE PHILIPPINES WERE EXPORTED TO SPAIN TAX-FREE.
- THE COMPANY DID NOT ACHIEVE THE OBEJCTIVES FOR WHICH IT WAS
CREATED DUE TO ITS INCOMPETENT OFFICERS AND POOR MANAGEMENT.
-IT INCURRED BIG MONETARY LOSSES
- MANY SPANISH LEADERS IN MANILA WHO HAD BEEN USED TO EARNING
BIG PROFITS IN THE OLD GALLEON TRADE DID NOT COOPERATE WITH OFFICERS
OF THE COMPANY.
-THE COMPANY WAS FINALLY ABOLISHED IN 1834.
-ALTHOUGH THE ROYAL COMPANY WAS A FAILURE, IT HELPED IN THE
FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE IN THE PHILIPPINES PARTICULARLY THE
PRODUCTION OF COLONIAL EXPORTS LIKE INDIGO, SUGAR AND SPICES.
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMS
 THE OPENING OF MANILA TO FOREIGN TRADE
-WHEN THE ECONOMIC DOCTRINE OF THE US LAISSEZ FAIRE OR LET ALONE POLICY
ADVOCATED BY ADAM SMITH WAS ACCEPTED BY MANY EUROPEAN COUNTRIES.
- SPAIN ALSO ADOPTED THIS DOCTRINE AND ABANDONED MERCANTILIST POLICY
IN THE COUNTRY. THIS LED TO THE OPENING OF MANILA TO FOREIGN TRADE IN 1789.
- GOVERNOR GENERAL FELIX BERENGUER DE MARQUINA, BASCO’S SUCCESSOR,
ENCOURAGE FOREIGN MERCHANTS TO COME AND INVEST IN THE PHILIPPINES.
- BY THE MIDDLE OF THE 19 TH CENTURY THERE WERE ALREADY A NUMBER OF
ENGLISH, AMERICAN, GERMAN, FRENCH, AND SWISS TRADING COMPANIES IN THE
PHILIPPINES.
- AS A RESULT, TRADE AND COMMERCE INCREASED GREATLY AND THE
PHILIPPINES BEGAN TO EXPERIENCE A PERIOD OF ECONOMIC PROSPERITY.