THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19th CENTURY

(19th CENTURY FROM 1800 TO 1899)

SPAIN AND THE PHILIPPINES IN RIZAL’S TIME

 SPANISH RULE WAS IMPOSED IN THE PHILIPPINES BY

CONQUEST

 MIGUEL LOPEZ DE LEGAZPI ESTABLISHED THE FIRST SPANISH

SETTLEMENT IN 1565 IN CEBU
(THE FIRST GOVERNOR GENERAL OF THE PHILIPPINES)

 BEFORE THE CONQUEST THE FILIPINOS HAD THEIR OWN

INDIGENOUS CULTURE AND THEIR OWN GOVERNMENT, THE
BARANGAY HEADED BY A NATIVE CHIEFTAIN CALLED “DATU”.

 THE PHILIPPINES BECAME A COLONY OF SPAIN AND SHE

BELONGED TO THE KING OF SPAIN.

THE POLITICAL CONDITION OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE

19TH CENTURY

 THE SPANISH COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE PHILIPPINES

RAN INDIRECTLY THROUGH THE VICEROY OF THE SPAIN IN
MEXICO.

SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
 NATIONAL GOVERNMENT
 THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
 THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT AND THE BARRIO OR THE
BARANGAY GOVERNMENT
RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE GOVERNOR GENERAL

 HE IS THE CHIEF EXECUTIVE IN THE WHOLE ARCHIPELAGO

 HE IS THE HEAD OF STATE AND CHURCH
 HE IS THE COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF THE MILITARY
 HE HAD THE POWER OF CUMPLACE

VISITADOR
 VISITED THE COUNTRY TO CHECK THE ADMINISTRATION OF
THE GOVERNOR

RESIDENCIA
 LIVED IN THE PHILIPPINES TO OBSERVE THE GOVERNOR
GENERAL

PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT
 THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT IS HEADED BY THE ALCALDE
MAYOR.
ALCALDE MAYOR
 IS THE HEAD IN THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL
 HE HAD THE POWER AND RESPONSIBILITIES LIKE THE
GOVERNOR GENERAL BUT ITS POWER WAS LIMITED IN THE
PROVINCE

THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT

 THE MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT IS HEADED BY THE
GOBERNADORCILLIO
 HIS POWER AND RESPONSIBILITIES WAS THE SAME AS THE
GOVERNOR GENERAL HOWEVER HIS POWER WAS LIMITED
ONLY IN THE TOWN OR PUEBLO
  HE ALSO HAD THE POWER OF “INDULTO DE COMERCIO” OR
THE POWER EXCLUSIVELY FOR THE GOBERNADORCILLIO TO
ENGAGE IN TRADING

BARRIO GOVERNMENT
 THE BARRIO GOVERNMENT IS HEADED BY THE CABEZA DE
BARANGAY
 THE FILIPINO WAS ALLOWED TO ASSUME THE POSITION OF
CABEZA DE BARANGAY ONLY AND ONLY GIVEN TO FILIPINO
MALE, 23 YEARS OLD, EDUCATED AND HAD PROPERTY OF 500
PESOS.

THE SUPREMACY OF THE FRIARS OVER THE COLONIAL

GOVERNMENT
 THE DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS ORDERS HAD THE GREAT
CONTRIBUTION IN THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A SPANISH
COLONIAL GOVERNMENT IN THE COUNTRY.

 THE REGULAR PRIESTS OR SPANISH PRIESTS WERE ABLE TO

DOMINATE THE CONTROL IN DIFFERENT PARISHES AND HAD
THE POWER TO GET THE PARISHES FROM THE SECULAR OR
THE FILIPINO PRIESTS.

ABUSES OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

 THE EXCESSIVE POWERS AND PRIVILEGES OF THE GOVERNOR
GENERAL MADE HIM WEAK AND UNDISCIPLINED.

 THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT WHERE THE ALCALDE MAYOR

WAS THE ADMINISTRATOR, JUDGE, MILITARY COMMANDER
WAS THE MOST CORRUPT BRANCH OF THE GOVERNMENT.
CORRUPT SPANISH OFFICIALS
 GENERAL RAFAEL DE ISQUIERDO (1871-1873) – A BOASTFUL
AND RUTHLESS GOVERNOR GENERAL, AROUSED THE ANGER
OF THE FILIPINOS BY EXECUTING THE FATHERS GOMBURZA.

 ADMIRAL JOSE MALCAMPO (1874-1877) - A GOOD MORE

FIGHTER BUT WAS INEPT AND WEAK ADMINISTRATOR.

 GENERAL FERNANDO PRIMO DE RIVERA – A GOVERNOR

GENERAL FOR TWO TERMS (1880-1883) AND (1897-1898),
ENRICHED HIMSELF BY ACCEPTING BRIBES FROM GAMBLING
CASINOS IN MANILA WHICH HE SCANDALOUSLY PERMITTED
TO OPERATE.

 GENERAL VALERIANO WEYLER (1888 – 1891) – A CRUEL AND

CORRUPT GOVERNOR GENERAL OF HISPANIC-GERMAN
ANCESTRY, ARRIVED IN MANILA. A POOR MAN AND
RETURNED TO SPAIN A MILLIONAIRE.

 GENERAL CAMILO DE POLAVIEJA (1896-1897) – AN ABLE

MILITARIST BUT HEARTLESS GOVERNOR GENERAL, WAS
WIDELY DETESTED BY THE FILIPINO PEOPLE FOR EXECUTING
DR. JOSE RIZAL.

THE PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN THE SPANISH CORTES

 THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE PHILIPPINE REPRESENTATION IN
THE SPANISH CORTES (1810-1813) WAS FRUITFUL WITH
BENEFICENT RESULTS FOR THE WELFARE OF THE COLONY.
HOWEVER, THE SECOND PERIOD OF REPRESENTATION (1820-
1823) AND THE THIRD PERIOD (1834-1837) WERE LESS
FRUITFUL IN PARLIAMENTARY WORK.
  THE REPRESENTATION OF THE OVERSEAS COLONIES
INCLUDING THE PHILIPPINES IN THE SPANISH CORTES WAS
ABOLISHED IN 1837. SINCE THEN, THE PHILIPPINE CONDITION
WORSEN.

THE SOCIAL CULTURAL CONDITION

 THE SPANIARDS IMPOSED NEW SOCIAL STRATIFICATION
WHICH DISCRIMINATE THE NATIVES IN THEIR OWN LAND.

PENINSULARES

INSULARES

CREOLES

INDIOS

PENINSULARES – THE HIGHEST CLASS, SPANISH BORN IN SPAIN

AND LIVE IN THE PHILIPPINES.

INSULARES – SPANISH BORN IN THE PHILIPPINES

CREOLES – THE THIRD CLASS, THEY ARE THE MIX BLOOD OR

COMBINATION OF SPANISH AND FILIPINO
ILLUSTRADO – THE WELL EDUCATED FILIPINO
PRINCIPALIA – THE LAND OWNERS

INDIOS – THE LAST CLASS, THE UNFORTUNATE AND

DISCRIMINATED CLASS IN THE SOCIETY.
THE FRAILOCRACY OR SECULARIZATION OF THE FILIPINO PRIESTS

 FRAILOCRACY – THE SPANISH POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY OF

UNION OF CHURCH AND STATE

 THE FRIARS, AUGUSTINIANS DOMINICANS AND FRANCISCANS

CONTROL THE RELIGIOUS AND EDUCATIONAL LIFE OF THE
PHILIPPINES AND LATER IN THE 19th CENTURY, THEY CAME TO
ACQUIRE TREMENDOUS POLITICAL POWER, INFLUENCES AND
RICHES.

THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM DURING THE SPANISH REGIME

 THE RELIGION IS STILL THE CENTER OF THE EDUCATIONAL

SYSTEM IMPOSED BY THE SPANIARDS.

 GIRLS AND BOYS HAVE SEPARATE SCHOOLS AND THEY ALSO

HAVE DIFFERENT CURRICULUMS.

 FOR MALE AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

1. COLEGIO MAXIMO DE SAN IGNACIO FOUNDED IN 1589
2. COLLEGE OF SAN DIEGO FOUNDED IN 1599
3. ATENEO DE MUNICIPAL FOUNDED IN 1817

 THE CURRICULUM FOR MALES INCLUDES:

1. SPANISH HISTORY
2. LATIN PHILOSOPHY
3. CANON
4. CIVIL LAW
5. RHETORIC
 FOR FEMALE IN SECONDARY EDUCATION:
1. COLLEGIOS OF SANTA POTENCIANA IN 1591
2. SANTA ISABEL IN 1632
3. SANTA CATALINA DE SANA IN 1696
4. SANTA RITA COLLEGE IN 1719
5. COLEGIO DE IMMACULADA CONCEPTION CONCORDIA IN 1868

 THE CURRICULUM FOR FEMALES INCLUDES:

1. RULES OF COURTESY
2. VOCAL MUSIC
3. LANGUAGE
4. SEWING

 THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IS ALSO USED TO PACIFY THE

FILIPINOS AND TRAIN THEM IN CATHOLICISM AND TO FOLLOW
LAWS IMPOSED BY THE SPANIARDS.

 THE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION DURING THE SPANISH

COULD NOT ALSO PROVIDE ENOUGH BOOKS AND OTHER
INSTRUCTIONAL MATERIALS NEEDED FOR THE QUALITY
EDUCATION.

 THE PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS WERE ESTABLISHED WITH THE

SPANISH MISSIONARIES AS THE TEACHERS

 STUDENTS WERE TAUGHT IN NATIVE DIALECTS ALTHOUGH

THERE WAS A LOT REQUIRING THE CHILDREN TO BE TAUGHT
IN SPANISH

 RELIGION WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT SUBJECT.

  AT THE END OF THE SPANISH PERIOD THE, UNIVERSITY OF
SANTO TOMAS WAS THE ONLY INSTITUTION OF UNIVERSITY
LEVEL IN MANILA. IT WAS ESTABLISHED IN 1611 SOLELY FOR
THE SPANIARDS AND MESTIZOS.

EDUCATIONAL DECREE OF 1863

(DECEMBER 28, 1863)
 EACH MAJOR TOWN IN THE PHILIPPINES ESTABLISH AT LEAST
ONE PRIMARY SCHOOL, FOR BOYS AND ANOTHER FOR GIRLS
AND THE MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION IS SPANISH.

THE MORET DECREE OF 1870

 INTENDED TO SECULARIZE HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE
COLONY BUT THE FRIARS OPPOSE THE IDEA OF THE
GOVERNMENT'S CONTROL OVER EDUCATION.

THE ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE PHILIPPINES DURING THE

19th CENTURY
 TO SOLVE THE ISSUE OF GOVERNANCE. MIGUEL LOPEZ DE
LEGASPI CONVERTED THE LAND OF THE INDIOS INTO THE
ENCOMIENDA.

 THE ENCOMIENDA IS A GRANT OF INHABITANTS LIVING IN A

PARTICULAR CONQUERED TERRITORY WHICH SPAIN GAVE TO
SPAN SPANISH COLONIZER AS A REWARD FOR HIS SERVICES.

THREE TYPES OF ENCOMIENDA

 ROYAL – THE TAXES WILL GO TO THE KING OF SPAIN
 ECCLESIASTICAL – THE TAXES WILL GO TO THE CHURCH
  PRIVADO – THE ENCOMIENDA GIVEN TO THE FRIEND OF THE
KING WHO HAD CONTRIBUTION FOR THE COLONIZATION

THE DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF ENCOMIENDERO

1. THE RIGHT TO COLLECT TAXES
2. THE RIGHT TO MONITOR THE PEACE AND ORDER
3. GOVERN THE PARCEL OF LAND GIVEN TO HIM

HACHENDA'S OWNED BY THE FRIARS AND SPANISH OFFICIALS

 THE SPANISH FRIARS BELONG TO DIFFERENT RELIGIOUS
ORDERS WHERE THE RICHEST LANDLORDS FOR THEY OWN
THE BEST HACIENDAS SPECIFICALLY AGRICULTURAL LANDS IN
THE PHILIPPINES.

 THE RURAL FOLKS OR THE HUMAN NATIVES WHO HAD BEEN

LIVING IN THESE HACIENDAS AND NAG EFFORT NA I-
CULTIVATING THEM FROM GENERATION AFTER GENERATION
BECAME TENANTS.

THE ABUSES OF GUARDIA CIVIL CHURCH OFFICIALS AND

POLITICAL LEADERS
 GUARDIA CIVIL – THE LAST HATED SYMBOL OF SPANISH
TYRANNY WHICH WAS CREATED BY THE ROYAL DECREE OF
FEBRUARY 12 1852.

 IT WAS AMENDED BY ANOTHER ROYAL DECREE ON MARCH 24

1888, FOR THE PURPOSE OF MAINTAINING INTERNAL PEACE
AND ORDER IN THE PHILIPPINES.

 IT WAS PATTERNED AFTER THE FAMOUS AND WELL

DISCIPLINED GUARDIA CIVIL IN SPAIN.
THE DIFFERENT SOCIAL ECONOMIC POLICIES IMPOSED BY THE
SPANIARDS

1. REDUCCION – THIS POLICY WAS IMPLEMENTED SO THAT THE

GOVERNMENT AND PARISH PRIESTS COULD EASILY MONITOR
THE NATIVES AND FOR THE EASY CONVERSION TO
CATHOLICISM.

2. BANDALA – THE NATIVES ARE OBLIGED TO SELL THEIR

PRODUCTS TO THE SPANIARDS.

3. POLO y SERVICIOUS
 THE FORCED LABOR OF ALL FILIPINO MALES FROM 16 TO 60
YEARS OLD FOR 40 DAY PERIODS.

 THE WORD POLO REFERS TO COMMUNITY WORK AND THE

LABORER WAS CALLED POLISTA.

 THE ONLY WAY TO AVOID BEING FORCED TO DO POLO y

SERVICIO WAS TO PAY FALLA

 IN 1884 THE 40 DAYS OF FOREST LABOR WAS REDUCED TO 15

DAYS

THE EFFECTS OF POLO y SERVICIOUS

 DECREASE IN THE PRODUCTION IN AGRICULTURE
 DECREASE IN THE POPULATION
 4. TAXATION

A. CEDULA – MALE AND FEMALE 18 YEARS OLD AND ABOVE WILL

PAY EVERY YEAR FOR CEDULA.

B. SANTORIUM – TAX FOR THE CHURCH

C. DONATIVO de ZAMBOANGA – A TAX SPECIFICALLY USED FOR

THE CONQUEST OF JOLO

D. TRIBUTE – IT MAY BE PAID IN CASH OR IN KIND

E. THE TRIBUTE (BUWIS) OR TRIBUTO

 MIGUEL LOPEZ de LEGAZPI WAS FIRST TO ORDER THE
PAYMENT OF TRIBUTE. HIS SUCCESSORS FOLLOWED THE
PRACTICE.
 THE TRIBUTE OR BUWIS WAS COLLECTED FROM THE NATIVES
BOTH IN CASH AND IN KIND.
 THE KING OF SPAIN PREFERRED THE PAYMENT OF GOLD BUT
THE NATIVES PAID LARGELY IN KIND.

GALLEON TRADE
 THIS TRADING POLICY CHANGED THE SYSTEM OF FREE
TRADING IN THE PHILIPPINES WHERE IN THE OTHER
NATIONALITIES LIKE THE CHINESE ARE FREE TO EXCHANGE
THEIR GOODS WITH THE FILIPINOS WHO HAD EXTRA GOODS.

BOLETAS – THE TICKET FOR THE GALLEON TRADE

THE EFFECTS OF THE GALLEON TRADE

1. THE DECREASE IN THE PRODUCTIVE OF THE NATIVE INDUSTRY

BECAUSE THE ALCALDE MAYORS WHO WERE PART OF THE
TRADING IMPOSED THE PLANTING OF COCONUT AND ABBA
FIBERS THE FARMERS WHO COULD NOT MEET THE IMPOSED
QUOTA WILL NEED TO PAY A HEAVY FINE.

2. THE LOSS OF PROFIT OF THE LOCAL INDUSTRY.

3. THE INTERCULTURAL EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE PHILIPPINES

AND MEXICO. THE PRODUCTS OF MEXICO LIKE COCOA,
SAYOTE, BEANS, ETC.

4. THE COUNTRY WHILE THE MANGO OF THE PHILIPPINES, RICE

AND TEXTILES WERE ABLE TO REACH MEXICO