INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL GOVERNMENT
- King Ferdinand VIII (1808-1833) frequent
shift of policies owing to struggle between
Liberalism and Conservativism
- From 1835-1897 there were 50 Governors
General which hampered the political and
economic development of the Philippines
- The political instability in Spain adversely
affected Philippine affairs because it brought
about periodic shifts in colonial policies and
periodic rigon of colonial officials.
- The frequent change in colonial officials
hampered the political and economic
development of the Philippines.
o Dahil sa mabilis na pagpalit ng mga
officials, hindi nagkakaron ng ample
time para magka stable projects kaya
nagkakaron ng instability (periodic
shifts and changes)
- Product of the political instability in Spain
CORRUPT COLONIAL OFFICIALS
- Many colonial officials became rich by illegal
means or by marrying the heiresses of rich
Filipino families.
o Pumunta ng Pilipinas na mahirap and
returned to Spain rich
o Example: Izquerdo – he caused the
Cavite Mutiny and executed the
GOMBURZA
- Governor-General Primo De Rivera operated
casinos and accepted bribes among other
things to obtain a lot of money.
- Friars also used the word of God to collect
and steal the offerings of the people.
PH REPRESENTATION IN SPANISH CORTES
- Periods of Philippine Representation in the
Spanish Cortes:
1. First Period (1810-1813): fruitful with
beneficient results for the welfare of the
colony.
2. Second (1820-1823) and Third Period
(1834-1837): were less fruitful because
the Philippine delegates were not as
energetic and devoted in parliamentary
work as De los Reyes
- The Philippines experienced her first period
of representation in the Cortes from 1810 to
1813.
- History demonstrates that the first Philippine
delegate, Ventura de los Reyes took an active
part in the framing of the Constitution of
1812, Spain’s first democratic constitution,
and was one of its 184 signers.
- Another achievement of Delegate De los
Reyes was the abolition of the galleon trade.
Periods
- The representation of the overseas colonies
(including the Philippines) in the Spanish
Cortes was abolished in 1837 since the
conditions in the Philippines worsened
because there was no means for the Filipino
people to expose the anomalies perpetrated
by the colonial officials.
- The silver-tongued Graciano Lopez-Jaena was
one of the many Filipino patriots who
valiantly pleaded for the Philippine
representation in the Cortes.
- On October 12, 1883, he implored during the
391st anniversary of the discovery of
America by Columbus in Madrid but Spain
ignored the fervent plea of Lopez Jaena and
his compatriots.
- Until the end of Spanish rule in 1898,
Philippine Representation in the Cortes was
never restored.
HUMAN RIGHTS DENIED TO FILIPINOS
- Spaniards guarded their rights deliberately to
prevent Spaniard monarchs to abolish them
- Spanish authorities denied Human Rights and
Constitutional Liberties to Filipinos
- Filipinos were deprived of the following
Freedom:
o Freedom of Speech
o Freedom of Press
o Freedom of Association etc.
 These rights were granted to
Spaniards but not to Filipinos
- Such inconsistency was lamented by
Sinibaldo de Mas - Spanish economist and
diplomat
NO EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW
- Filipinos were abused, brutalized, persecuted,
and slandered
- Spanish missionaries thought that ALL MEN
irrespective of color and race are children of
God and as such they are brothers, equal
 before God and not before the law but not in
practice
o Hindi nasunod
- Leyes de Indias (Laws of Indies) rarely
enforced
- Spanish Civil Code imposed light penalties on
Spaniards but heavier penalties to native
Filipinos.
MALADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
- Justice was costly, partial, and slow.
o Incompetent and corrupt officials
- Poor Filipinos had no access to the courts
because they could not afford the heavy
expenses of ligation. Wealth, social prestige,
and color of skin were preponderant factors
in winning a case in a court.
- Irrespective of the weight of evidence, a rich
man or Spaniard, whose skin was white,
easily achieved victory in any ligation.
o The color of your skin determines
your trial
- The judicial procedure was so slow and
clumsy that it was easy to have justice
delayed. And justice delayed, as the popular
maxim states, "is justice denied."
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
- Spain introduced Christianity’s egalitarian
concept of the BROTHERHOOD OF ALL MEN
under GOD THE FATHER, but Filipinos were
regarded as inferior beings undeserving of
rights enjoyed by the Spaniards.
- Spaniards derisively called brown-skinned
and flat nosed Filipinos “Indios”
o Walang karapatan noon ang mga
babae
- Lack of opportunities for educated young
Filipinos to rise in the service of God and
Country
FRAILOCRACY
- Union of Church and state
o They used to manipulate people
through abusive treatment
- Friars (Augustinians, Dominicans and
Franciscans) – controlled the religious and
educational life of the Philippines and later in
the 19th century they came to acquire
tremendous political power, influence and
riches.
- Friars controlled government from governor
general down to alcaldes mayores;
- Friars exercise priestly duties, supervise
elections, inspector of books and taxes,
arbiter of morals, censor of books and
comedias, superintendent of public works
and guardian of peace and order.
- Rizal, del Pilar, Jaena and other Filipino
reformists blamed frailocracy/friars for
obscurantism, fanaticism, and oppression in
the country.
FORCED LABOR (POLO Y SERVICIO)
- compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish
colonial authorities on adult Filipino males in
the construction of churches, schools,
hospitals, buildings, roads and bridges, ships
etc.
- Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old were
obliged to render forced labor for 40 days a
year
- Wealthy ones were able to evade forced labor
by paying falla, a sum of money.
- Spaniards were not drafted to forced labor,
contrary to law, while the Filipino polistas
received only a part of two pesetas (50
centavos) or worse nothing at all.
- Disturbed the Indios’ work in the farm and
shops and separate them from their families.
HACIENDAS OWNED BY FRIARS
- friars owned the best haciendas and the folks
filling these lands even before the coming of
the Spaniards became tenants resulting in
bloody agrarian upheaval in 1745-1746
- Rizal tried to initiate agrarian reform in 1887
but in vain, ignited the wrath of the
Dominican Friars who retaliated by raising
land rentals
- Rizal in his “Indolence of the Filipinos” in
substance opined that Friars ownership of
best agricultural tract of land contribute to
the stagnation of economy
ABUSIVE GUARDIA CIVIL
- Guardia Civil, a symbol created by the Royal
Decree of Spain during Feb 12, 1852 and was
amended on March 24, 1888. Its “purpose” is
to maintain internal peace and order in the
Philippines.
 o It is the most hated symbol kasi hindi
nila ginagawa ang purpose nila
- It may be good in controlling the bandits in
the provinces; however, it became a hated
symbol as those who control abused their
power and maltreated innocent citizens and
stole their goods and more atrocities.
- Guardia Civil in Spain is well respected,
Officers (Spaniards) and natives were ill-
trained and undisciplined.
- Rizal witnessed these crimes caused by the
Guardia Civil on the Calamba folds, he and his
mother are also victims of the brutalities of
the lieutenants of the Guardia civil.
- He used the Guardia Civil in his novels.
Exposing their tyranny and abuse in his work
Noli me Tangere
- Rizal described the Guardia Civil as ruthless
ruffians that only cause problems and disturb
the peace. He proposed that the military
organization should be made of well-
educated and good men, with good principles,
and be responsible.
SECULARIZATION CONTROVERSY
- There are two kinds of priests that served the
Catholic Church in the Philippines:
1. Regular Priests
o Main task was to spread Christianity.
o Belonged to religious orders such as
Franciscans, Recollects, Dominicans,
and Augustinians
o Dugong Espanyol
o Did not want to vacate their positions
due to power and prestige
2. Secular priests
o Did not belong to any religious order
o Not bound of monastic vows
o Ordained as priests in the diocese.
Their role is to administer parishes
- Conflict began between the bishops and
regular priests (Gusto ng mga secular priests
na bigyan din sila ng Karapatan)
- In 1774, Archbishop Basilio Santa Justa
accepted the resignation letter of the regular
priest.
- He assigned secular priests to take their place.
Since there were not enough seculars to fill
all the vacancies the Archbishop hastened the
ordination of Filipino seculars.
- A royal decree was also issued on November
9, 1774, which provided for the
secularization of all parishes or the transfer
of parochial administration from the regular
friars to the secular priests.
- Secularization was implemented in the
Philippines under Governor-general Simon
de Anda through a royal cedula in 1774.
- The regulars resented the move because they
considered the Filipinos unfit for the
priesthood. Among other reasons they cited
the Filipinos’ brown skin, lack of education,
and inadequate experience.
o Nagkakaron ng discrimination
- Monsignor Pedro Pelaez, ecclesiastical
governor of the Church, sided with the
Filipinos. Unfortunately, he died in an
earthquake that destroyed the Manila
Cathedral in 1863. After his death, other
priests took his place in fighting for the
secularization movement.
GOMBURZA
- Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos and
Jacinto Zamora were the heads of the
secularization movement
- Pinaglaban nila na dapat secular priests ang
naga handle ng parishes hindi ang regular
- Advocated the right of the Filipino secular
clergy over the assignment of parishes rather
than giving them to newly arrived Spanish
friars in the country.
- Filipino priests who were executed on
February 17, 1872 by Spanish colonial
authorities on trumped-up charges of
subversion arising from the 1872 Cavite
mutiny.
- The uprising by workers in Cavite Naval Yard
was the pretext needed by the authorities to
redress a perceived humiliation from the
principal objective. Father Jose Burgos
threatened the established order.
- Governor and Captain-General Carlos Maria
de la Torre arrived from Spain to assume his
duties, he invited Father Burgos to sit beside
him in his carriage during the inaugural
procession, a place traditionally reserved for
 the Archbishop and who, as expected, was a
Peninsular Spaniard.
- The arrival of liberal governor de la Torre was
not welcomed by the ruling minority of friars,
regular priests who belonged to an order and
their minions in civil government, but
mistakenly embraced by the secular priests,
majority of these Mestizos and natives or
Indios assigned to parishes and far-flung
communities, who believed the reforms the
equality they sought with Peninsular
Spaniards were at hand.
- De la Torre was replaced by Governor-
General Izquierdo who turned out to be a
pliant tool of the friars.
- The so-called Cavite Mutiny of workers in the
arsenal in the naval shipyard over pay
reduction owing to increased taxation
produced a willing witness to implicate the
three priests, who were summarily tried and
sentenced to death by “garrote”.
- The unjust execution enraged and left a
profound and bitter effect on many Filipinos,
especially Jose Rizal, the national hero, who,
himself, was to suffer a mock trial leading to
his execution.
- It was a period when a pall of hopelessness
enveloped the country, steeling the resolve
and patriotism of a sentient minority, giving
rise to a new generation of heroes of whom
the Rizal family was to become the standard
bearer.
CAVITE MUTINY
FILIPINO VERSION
- The Cavite Mutiny was a simple mutiny by
the Native Filipino soldiers and laborers of
Cavite Arsenal who turned out to be
dissatisfied with the abolition of their
privileges.
- Uprising of military personnel of Fort San
Felipe (the Spanish arsenal in Cavite,
Philippines) on January 20, 1872.
- Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in
the belief that it would elevate to a national
uprising. The mutiny was unsuccessful, and
government soldiers executed many of the
participants.
o Nag-alsa ang mga pilipinong sundalo
at manggagawa laban sa arsenal ( ang
pagawaan o imbakan ng mga armas)
sa Cavite. Sila ay na nadissatisfy sa
draconian policies of izquierdo (ang
gobernor general ng pilipinas noon;
ang gobernor general ang namumuno
noon since walang presidente)
o Nung dumating si izquierdo sa
pilipinas meron syang mga
inintroduce na mga polisiya at
programa at isa na dito ang abolition
ng pribilehiyo na ineenjoy ng mga
filipino soldiers and laborers sa
arsenal. Ang mga prebilehiyo na ito ay:
 Exempted ang mga sundalo at
mga manggagawa sa arsenal sa
pagbabayad ng tribute o tax
 Exempted from forced labor o
polos y servicios (ang mga
lalaki na nasa legal na edad ay
forced na magtrabaho whether
they like it or not)
SPANISH VERSION
- The Cavite Mutiny was an attempt of the
Indios to overthrow the Spanish government
in the Philippines.
- On January 20, 1872, The District of
Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin
Loreto. Came with it were some fireworks
display. The Cavitenos mistook this as the
signal to commence with the attack.
- 200 men was led by Sergeant Lamadrid
attacked Spanish officers at sight and seized
the arsenal.
- Izquierdo, upon learning the attack, ordered
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite
to quell the revolt.
- The revolution was easily crushed, when
Manileños who were expected to aid the
Caviteños did not arrive.
GOMBURZA
- They were prominent Filipino priests
charged with treason (betray ng country) and
sedition (rebellion)
- The Spanish clergy connected the priests to
the mutiny as part of a conspiracy to stifle the
movement of secular priests who desired to
 have their own parishes instead of being
assistants to the regular friars.
- On February 17, 1872, the GOMBURZA were
executed by garrote in public to serve as a
threat to Filipinos to never attempt to fight
the Spaniards again
o Sa sobrang active ng mga paring
ito sa pag push ng Secularization
Movement ito yung naging rason
kung bakit sila ay nadawit ng
Spanish government na sila ang
mastermind ng cavite mutiny.
Dahil dito they were sentenced
and put into trial. Sila ay ginarrote
(killing someone by strangulation
typically with an iron wire or cord;
hindi pinuputol ang ulo pero
sinasakal para hindi na makahinga)
ACCORDING TO SCHUMACER
- Cavite Mutiny is not just a reaction sa pag
tanggal ng priviliges
- 3 people behind the mutiny: Inocencio, De
los Reyes, and Paraiso
o They want to separate from Spain
o Dahil mason din sila parehas kay
Izquerdo – instead of death
sentences, they were exiled.
o Nadamay lang ang Gomburza
because they are using their
reforms
OUR PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE CAN BE
TRACED BACK FROM THE CAVITE MUTINY
- The death of the GOMBURZA fathers
during the Cavite Mutiny was witnessed
by Jose Rizal who then wrote his novels
attacking the abuse and injustices in the
Philippine society during that time
specifically in his novel El Filibustersimo
(Alam natin na ang El Filibusterismo ay
dinedicate ni Rizal sa GOMBURZA fathers).
Naimpluwensyahan ng mga novels ni
Rizal ang mga kaisipan ng mga Pilipino at
isa na dito si Andres Bonifacio. Bonifacio
also embraced the ideas and values of
Rizal and put them into action. He
continued the Filipino revolution which
then resulted in the Philippine
Independence. NATIONAL SENTIMENT
FRIAR LANDS AND AGRARIAN REFORM
HISTORY OF FRIAR LANDS
̵ The existence of friar lands started when
Spaniards set foot in the Philippines or what
we call “Spanish Conquistadors.” The
Spanish Conquistadors were awarded lands
for their loyalty to the Spanish crown called,
“hacienda.”
̵ Sitio De Ganado Mayor is approximately 120
spaniards were granted with large tract of
land.
̵ Caballerias approximately 120 spaniards
were granted with smaller tracts of land.
SPANISH HACIENDEROS DID NOT SUCCEED.
1. When the Spanish population grew and
penetrated the Philippines.
2. The sale product in the hacienda has
remained low since the Spanish Colonial
Period.
3. Galleon Trade based in Manila;
Spaniards are obsessed to go to Manila
to take product and sell.
̵ There was a lack of interest to develop their
land; they left it in the hands of the Religious
group.
̵ Due to the incident, the religious group
investigated and prove that they had no title
to the lands but they ignored it.
̵ Religious estates in Tagalog regions continue
to grow by the 19th century they constituted
approximately 40% of the provinces of
Bulacan, Tondo and Cavite.
16TH TO 17TH CENTURY
̵ The administrations in charge of this
hacienda have decided that there will be a
charge to the farmer to grow and beautify
the hacienda.
MID 18TH CENTURY
̵ There was a large-scale profits.
19TH CENTURY
̵ The farmers produced good products in the
hacienda. There was an “Inquilino System”
where the tenants had to pay share croppers
 or partners. This system requires payment of
annual rent or “canon”
The farmers rejects the Inquilino system.
̵ The farmer denied because of high charges.
̵ The farmer formed an action.
̵ They proved that the system is abusive to
farmers.
̵ As a result, the farmers were punished for
what they done. This resulted to:
Law on agrarian disputes was enacted
which proves the need and obligation of
the hacienderos or guardians of the land
and the farmers with the corresponding
payment not against their will; it should
be based on their working and adequate
payment of their income.
AGRARIAN RELATIONS
̵ In the agrarian relations, the form of land
property became its basis as primary means
of agriculture production. Therefore, to
determine its nature, land ownership, and
land tenure will be determined through the
comparison of Hacienda De Calamba and
Negros Haciendas. The two modes export-
oriented sugar hacienda production in the
19th century Spanish Philippines.
̵ Hacienda De Calamba and Negros Hacienda
were completely different. The former being
under a religious entity while the latter not
under a friar administration.
HACIENDA DE CALAMBA
̵ Originally owned by a Spaniard who donated
the land to Jesuit friars.
̵ Went to possession to the Spanish Colonial
Government.
̵ In 1803, it was sold to Don Clemente de
Azansa. Eventually sold to Dominicans
̵ The lands of Hacienda de Calamba were
classified into three for the purpose of
determining rents and each land has its own
product being produced:
1. Tierras Palayeras – the land
produces palay.
2. Tierras Cañadulzales – the land
produces sugar cane.
3. Tierras Catijanes – this includes
fishing ground and garden plots.
̵ This land further classified into first class,
second class, and third class. The
productivity is based on the land; the third
class being the least productive. However,
the commodities planted in Hacienda de
Calamba are rice and sugar.
̵ In terms of ownership, the Inquilinos are the
one who rented the land and entered into
sharecropping arrangement with a “kasama”
or the sharecroppers. The Inquilinos were
more dependent on the sugarcane making.
Hacienda de Calamba is the most significant
sugar producers along with other two large
monastic estates in Laguna under Dominican
state.
NEGROS HACIENDA
̵ By the early 1850’s they were already small
haciendas in Iloilo on Panay Island but main
production in the expansive are of Iloilo are
rice, thus, new sugar haciendas were
founded in Negros.
̵ However, despite the sugar haciendas
founded, there were particular small towns
in Negros continued to produce food crops
either or corn.
̵ In the towns of Negros, the small town
focuses mainly on the rice farming while the
large farms focus on sugarcane. In terms of
ownership, haciendas are hiring their own
tenants or employing overseers.
̵ Since Negros are focusing on enhancing
profits invested in machinery thus making
Negros as producers of higher-quality sugar
than Luzon and surpassing the sugar crisis
which affected the Hacienda de Calamba.
̵ In terms of management-labor relations, the
Hacienda had observed the three-tiered
structure which consist of:
 Hacienda management or friars of the
land also known as landlords.
 During the two-tiered system, the
hacienda management provided tenants
with loan in the form of tools, carabao,
and rice as well as the cash to pay hired
laborers.
 However, in three-tiered system this role
was assumed by the leaseholder, the
new inquilino, who developed
cultivation to several kasama.
  In the middle part of structure are
tenants’ leaseholders or the new
inquilino who are laborers that are
indebted to the landlords allowing him
to form a farm in parts of his property
and who in exchange works without pay
for the landlord.
 The bottom structure is kasama or the
sharecropper; one inquilino would have
several kasama. Friar Hacienda
management merely collected rent from
the leaseholders and thus removed from
its former role of provisioning peasants.
 Within this structure, there exists rental
payments which have become the root of
aggression.
̵ In particular instance, if for any reason the
annual rent couldn’t be paid, the rent for the
following year will be doubled.
̵ Negros Hacienda, their management, a
degree of autonomy is observed as such that
sugar hacienderos directly hire their own
tenants while others employed overseers
who supervise the tenantry.
̵ With this autonomy, schemes on acquiring
land in Negros ranged from outright;
purchase to leasing, land grabbing
(usurpation), and opening new land.
̵ In connection to these happenings, Rizal’s
family became one of the principal
Inquilinos of the hacienda. They rented one
of the largest leased parcels of land
measuring approximately 380 hectares.
Since the main crop was sugar cane; it was
the most in demand in the world market.
̵ The Rizal family got their income mainly
from the land ownership in the center
arouse in the 1883, the family evidently
suffer and that was the beginning of the
sufferings in the family of Rizal since the
ownership of Hacienda de Calamba are out
of their hands.
THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS:
ASCENDANCE OF THE CHINESE MESTIZOS
̵ From the beginning of the Spanish Colonial
Period until 1740, the inhabitants of the
Philippines were classified into three:
1. SPANIARDS
2. INDIOS
3. CHINESE
̵ However, as the Chinese Mestizo population
grew, questions regarding legal status as
inhabitants of the country arose.
̵ It was only 1741 that their legal status was
officially established when the whole
population of the Philippine was reclassified
into four according to tax payment or tribute.
These classes are the:
 Spaniards and the Spanish Mestizos
 Indios
 Chinese
 Chinese Mestizos
CHINESE MESTIZOS
 The Philippine term for persons of
mixed Chinese-native ancestry
 Any person born of a Chinese father and
Indio mother
 A Spanish mestiza and a Chinese mestizo
 A child of a Spanish mestiza and a
Chinese mestizo
 However, a Chinese mestiza and an indio
were listed as Indios.
CHINESE HISTORY IN THE PHILIPPINES
̵ Soon after the Spaniards arrived, the Chinese
moved into an important economic position.
Chinese merchants carried on a rich trade
between Manila and the China coast and
distributed the imports from China into the
area of Central Luzon, to the immediate
north of Manila.
̵ Chinese established themselves at or near
Spanish settlements, serving them in various
ways: as provisioners of food, as retail
traders, and as artisans. Because the Chinese
quickly monopolized such activities, the
Spanish came to believe their services
indispensable.
̵ The Spaniards saw the Chinese population as
a threat because it was many times larger
than the Spanish population, raising fears of
a Chinese revolt.
̵ Early in the Spanish period, laws were
passed restricting the number of Chinese
who could reside in the Philippines and the
areas in which they could settle.
̵ With the fear of the Chinese revolution, The
Spaniards tried to address the issue by
converting Chinese people to Catholicism.
̵ In order for the Chinese not to resist, the
Spaniards offered marriage and permanent
resettlement in the Philippines. This forces
almost all Chinese to make marriage to the
Filipinos resulting in the RISE OF THE
CHINESE MESTIZOS.
̵ Marriages between Chinese and India in
which both partners were Catholics were
legalized and encouraged, resulting in the
formation of Mestizo communities.
̵ The Binondo Community, located across
the river from the walled city of Manila, was
the most common of these communities.
̵ In 1594, the Spanish Governor Luiz
Dasmariñas created Binondo as a
permanent settlement for Chinese mestizos
who converted to Catholicism.
̵ In this part of Manila, Chinese merchants and
traders were free to do their businesses.
Binondo also became the place of
intermarriages between Chinese immigrants
and Filipino natives, thus the emergence of
Chinese mestizos.
̵ Spanish Dominican fathers soon made
Binondo a kind of acculturation laboratory.
Non-Catholics in areas around Binondo were
proselytized, baptized, married, and added
to the community of married Catholics.
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF CHINESE
MESTIZOS
̵ 90% of the Chinese mestizos in the
Philippines lived in Luzon. This is because
Manila was always the port-of-entry for new
arrivals from China and many never left
beyond that.
̵ In Visayas, the largest body of Chinese
mestizos can be found in Spanish
communities like Cebu City and the Jaro and
Molo area of Iloilo - the first Spanish
resettlement in the Philippines.
̵ In Northern Luzon, Chinese mestizos could
be found in Benguet and Mountain Province.
ROLE OF CHINESE MESTIZOS
̵ By 1741, Chinese Mestizos had been
recognized as a distinct element in the
Philippine Society.
̵ They were primarily engaged in landholding
and wholesale trading. The role of the
Central Luzon mestizos as lessees (inquilinos)
of rice-producing lands.
̵ The sole line of business that has enriched
these people and has attracted so many
Chinese to that town is rice, which is
harvested in great abundance.
̵ The mestizos carried on a lucrative
commerce by collecting goods from the
north and bringing them into Manila for sale.
Sometimes, non-perishable goods, such as
rice and salt, were stored by the mestizos in
their own warehouses until the market price
had risen before bringing them into Manila.
̵ Chinese mestizos, people who are richer
than the indios and who spend more, not
only on food, but also on dress, gaming,
tobacco, wine, and vices.
PACTO DE RETRO
̵ Contract of Retrocession
̵ The classic instrument of land alienation
̵ The Indio will pawn his land to the Chinese
mestizos for cash with an option to
repurchase in the future. Since the Indio
cannot pay the loan, the land was
automatically owned by the Chinese
mestizos.
MID-19TH CENTURY
̵ The position of the Chinese mestizo in
Philippine economy and society was firmly
established.
̵ They had the strongest position as ever. Not
only did they have substantial land interests,
but they were well on the way to
monopolizing internal trading, with only the
provincial governors as their competitors.
̵ Almost all the retail commerce is in their
hands and they may be counted as the
middle class of the Philippines.
̵ They are the proprietors, merchants, and
educated people of the country and will
dominate public opinion.
̵ Bowring cited the mestizos as being the most
industrious, persevering, and economical
element in the Philippine population.
CHINESE MESTIZOS
̵ The term “mestizo” is associated with rich
people. There is a social prestige attached to
being considered as a Chinese mestizo.
An example of this is Capitan Tiago from
Rizal’s Noli Me Tangere. According to the
novel, Capitan Tiago was an Indio who
wished to be regarded as a Chinese
mestizo and was able to purchase a place
in the wealthy and famous Gremio de
Binondo.
̵ With the rise of the mestizos to a position of
affluence and prestige, their relation with the
Indios became a matter of increasing
concern to the Spanish.
The Chinese Mestizos have the money and
the brain and a have a close relationship
with Indios. While the Indios have
strength in their numbers. This poses a
great threat for the Spaniards.
1850-1898
̵ Was a period of occupational rearrangement
and social Filipinization. These two
phenomena were results of the changes in
Spanish Policy.
̵ The Spanish government revoked the indulto
de comercio and prohibited Spanish officials
from trading.
̵ Spanish policy also removed barriers to
Chinese immigration and residence.
CHINESE COMPETITION
̵ The Chinese became the Mestizos' main
competitor. The Mestizo retailers in Central
Luzon were forced out of business by
Chinese competition and shifted their focus
to agriculture, while Mestizos in Manila
became skilled craftsmen.
̵ The mestizos had failed in the face of
renewed Chinese competition. Thus, they
lost their chance to become a native
Philippine middle class, a fate that had been
predicted for them in the mid-century.
JOSE RIZAL AND THE CHINESE MESTIZOS
̵ Rizal is a fifth generation Chinese mestizo.
However, he and his father were considered
as Indios. Some documents and scholarly
papers noted that Rizal disliked being called
Chinese mestizo or Tsinoy (in the modern
sense), and disassociated himself from any
Chinese relations.
̵ Through his novels Noli Me Tangere and El
FIlibusterismo, Rizal exposed the abuses and
corruption of the Spanish authorities,
condemned the oppression of the people by
the colonizers and ridiculed the hypocrisy
and overbearing attitude of the Spanish
friars.
OTHER PROMINENT PERSONALITIES WHO
ARE CHINESE MESTIZOS
̵ GomBurZa - asserted the capacity,
intelligence, and achievement of the native
clergy and demanded the appointment of
native secular priests. Executed for alleged
conspiracy in the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, in
which both Indios and Chinese Mestizos both
participated, the three martyrs' brilliant
defense of the clergy of our race aroused a
certain degree of national/racial
consciousness as secularization defined the
issues between the ruler and the ruled.
̵ When the revolution broke out, Chinese
Mestizos were participants, not necessarily
as Mestizos, but as Filipinos. General Emilio
Aguinaldo, who took over the leadership
from Andres Bonifacio, and founded the first
Philippine Republic was of Filipino-Chinese
descent. Even his able chief adviser,
Apolinario Mabini was a Tagalog with some
Chinese blood.
̵ Some were military involved like Generals
Flaviano Yenko, Francisco Makabulos,
Manuel Tinio, Teodoro Sandiko, Severino
Taino, and Maximino Hizon.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE CHINESE MESTIZOS
̵ The rise of the mestizos, implies the
existence of social change during the Spanish
period. Chinese mestizos in the Philippines
 possessed a unique combination of cultural
characteristics.
̵ Chinese mestizos became prominent and
influential figures in the areas of industry,
commerce, and business during the Spanish
colonial period.
̵ The entrepreneurial power of the Chinese
mestizos gave way to the emergence of the
Philippine Middle Class described as “more
active and enterprising, more prudent and
pioneeering, more oriented to trade and
commerce than Indios” (Bowring, 1953)
̵ By the 1800s, Chinese mestizos in the
provinces began to form opinions regarding
the Spanish colonial rule. It was difficult to
separate the Indios from Chinese mestizos
since they identified themselves with each
other socially and culturally. Chinese
mestizos shared grievances with Indios
about the harsh conditions under Spanish
rule.
̵ Chinese mestizos contributed in the
formation of the Filipino identity. Their
involvement in the armed revolt against the
colonizers showed that they recognized
Spain as the enemy-the oppressor.
̵ The Chinese Mestizos were independent
minded, vociferous, and liberal to the point
of being radical. They were gifted and
wealthy enough to make their opinion felt.
̵ While the natives of the islands had been, for
over two centuries, resisting colonial
domination and abuses in the form of pocket
and regional revolts against unjust taxes and
forced labor, it was the emergent middle
class of Chinese Mestizos who rekindled and
intensified the growing national opposition
to colonial abuses, and who demanded
sweeping social reforms. In reality, they
were beginning to defend their rights.
̵ The Philippine Revolution of 1896 was the
final act of determination on the part of the
true Filipinos - Indios and Chinese Mestizos
alike - to claim for themselves and for future
generations the incomparable birthright of
nationhood.
̵ The accomplishment of this historic mission
was due, to a significant extent, to the
patriotic awakening of the Chinese Mestizos
and their complete absorption into the social,
cultural, and economic fabric of the emerging
Filipino nation-state.
̵ The Chinese mestizo played an important
part in the evolution of what is now called
the FILIPINO NATION.
THE PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
̵ The Propaganda Movement was exerted
greatly in Spain but its bracing way through
the Philippine Archipelago started during the
reign of Governer-General Carlos Ma. Dela
Torre in 1869. He openly supported the call
for the Filipinization of the clergy and
secularization of parishes led by Filipino
priest Father Jose Burgos. Another, he
showed a benevolent act of granting military
personnel an exemption from the polo y
servicio and paying of tributes. However,
Spanish Cortes elected a constitutional
monarchy in 1870, which replaced Dela
Torre by Governor-General Raphael de
Izquierdo in 1871, wherein he abolished all
the liberal policies and reforms of Dela Torre.
̵ After this, Cavite Mutiny and execution of
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos, &
Jacinto Zamora (GomBurZa) in Bagumbayan
(Luneta) took place in 1872. Ironically, the
harsh reaction of the Spanish authorities
with the uprising served ultimately to
promote the nationalist cause. Therefore,
Cavite mutiny and execution of GomBurza
became factors for the nationalism of the
Filipinos.
̵ Therefore, the PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT
was a period of time when Filipinos were
calling for reforms through the use of pen &
words in forms of speeches and pieces of
writings.
̵ This movement was organized and
participated by the exiled Filipino leaders
and students. They were particularly called
as illustrados (Filipino who were able to be
educated)
̵ PM was organized for literary and cultural
purposes more than for political ends. It
strove to awaken the sleeping intellect of the
Spaniard o the pitiful situation of the
Philippines and strove to create a closer,
 more equal association of the islands
(Philippines) and the motherland (Spain).
OBJECTIVES OF PM:
1. Equality under the law
2. Represented in the Spanish Cortes
(Spanish Parliament)
3. Filipinization of the Philippine parishes
& expulsion of the Friars
4. Human Rights of Filipinos
5. Philippines as a regular province of
Spain
̵ With these objectives, the PM never asked
for Philippine independence because its
members believed that once Spain realized
the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards
would implement the changes the Filipinos
were seeking. They only wanted changes and
recognition, but not independence.
THE PROPAGANDISTS
̵ patriots who waged their movement by
means of pen and tongue to expose the
defects of Spanish rule in the Philippines
and the urgency of reforms to remedy them.
̵ consisted of upper-class Filipinos: students
with a good education with patriotic minds
and brave souls.
̵ GRACIANO LÓPEZ JAENA, JOSE P. RIZAL,
and JOURNALIST MARCELO DEL PILAR
emerged as the three leading figures of the
Propaganda Movement
OTHER PROPAGANDISTS
 Mariano Ponce
 Pedro Paterno
 Antonio Luna
 Juan Luna
 Felix R. Hidalgo
 Jose Maria Panganiban
 Pedro Serrano Laktaw
 Fernando Canon
 Jose Alejandrino
 Dominador Gomez
 Isabelo Delos Reyes
Foreign Members
 Ferdinand Blumentritt
 Don Juan Atayde
GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA
̵ journalist, orator, & pamphleteer
̵ founder of the La Solidaridad
̵ 1st editor of the La Solidaridad: Diego Laura
̵ Fray Botod (Brother Fatso)
̵ satirical short novel that tells about an
unflattering portrait of a provincial friar
LA SOLIDARIDAD (Solidarity)
 started as an organization aimed to
increase Spanish awareness of the
needs of its colony & to propagate a
closer relationship between the
Philippines & Spain (Barcelona, 13
December 1888)
 15 February 1889 - Jaena founded
La Solidaridad as a publication/bi-
weekly newspaper
 official newspaper & main organ
of the Propaganda Movement and
had a large number of audiences in
both Spain and the Philippines
 major contributors: Jose Rizal; Dr.
Ferdinand Blumentritt (Austrian
geographer & ethnologist), &
Marcelo del Pilar
MARCELO H. DEL PILAR
̵ writer, reform-minded lawyer, journalist,
and freemason
̵ editor of La Solidaridad: Pláridel
DR. JOSE P. RIZAL
̵ born in 1861 into a Chinese family
̵ most outstanding and remarkable
propagandist; physician-opthalmologist,
scholar, scientist, & writer;
̵ one of the foremost contributors to La
Solidaridad: Dimas-alang & Laon laan
̵ Political Novels:
1. Noli me Tangere (Touch Me Not, 1887)
2. El Filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed, 1891)
̵ Founder of La Liga Filipina
LA LIGA FILIPINA (The Philippine League)
 03 July 1892 (Tondo) - Rizal
founded the La Liga Filipina
 designed to be a truly national, non-
violent organization; a modest
reform-minded society
 motto: Unos Instar Omnium (One
Like All)
  sort of mutual aid and self-help
society for Filipinos
 Andres Bonifacio & Apolinario
Mabini were members

PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT: THE DOWNFALL

̵ faded away after Rizal's secret arrest on July
6, 1892 and exile in Dapitan
̵ attempt was made to re-establish La Liga
Filipina but got splitted into two:
1. Cuerpo de Compromisarios
(Compromisers)
2. Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan
(Association of the Sons of the People or
the KKK)
̵ 15 November 1895 - La Solidaridad went
out of business after its last issue
̵ 1896 - both Del Pilar & Lopez Jaena died in
Barcelona