Philippine in the 19 th

Century as Rizal
Context
Group 1
Reporters:
Gequillo, Zarrah Jean B.
Damitan, Novamae
Doverte, Lyxen Imari
Gemotra, James Ryan
A. The World and the
Philippines of Rizal’s Time

B. Understanding Rizal in the Context of

The 19th Century Philippines
 The Filipinos in this time were
unfortunate victims of the evils of
an unjust, biased and deteriorating
power.
1. Instability of Colonial Administration
2. Corrupt Colonial Officials
3. Philippines Representation in Spanish Cortes
4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
5. No Equality before the Law
6. Maladministration of Justice
7. Racial Discrimination
8. Frailocracy
9. Forced Labor
10. Haciendas Owned by the Friars
11. The Guardia Civil
 1. Instability of Colonial
administration
● The instability of Spanish politics since the
turbulent reign of King Ferdinand VII (1808-
1833) mark the beginning of political chaos in
Spain.
● The political instability in Spain adversely
affected Philippine affairs because it brought
about frequent periodic shift in colonial policies
and periodic rigodon of colonial officials.
● 1835 to 1892 -5- Governor Generals each
serving an average term only one year and three
King Ferdinand
months. VII
 2. Corrupt Colonial Officials
● With few exceptions, the colonial officials (governor-general, judges,
executives, etc.) sent by Spain to the Philippines in the 19th century were a far
cry from their able and dedicated predecessors of the 16th,17th, and18th
centuries. They were either highly corrupt, in competent, cruel, or venal.
Apparently, they symbolized the decadent Spain of the 19th century – not Spain
of the Siglo de Oro
● (Golden Age) which produced Miguel Cervantes, Lope de Vega, Calderon de la
Barca, El Greco, Velasquez, St. Theresa da Avila, and other glories of the
Hispanic nation.
 General Rafael de Izquierdo
(1871-1873)
● a boastful and ruthless
governor general,
aroused the anger of
the Filipinos by
executing the innocent
Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora, the “Martyrs od
1872”.
 Admiral Jose Malcampo
(1874-77)

● Was a good Moro
fighter, but was an
inept and weak
administrator.
 General Fernando Primo De River,
governor general (1880-83 and 1897-98)

● enriched himself by
accepting bribes from
gambling casinos in
Manila which he's
scandalously permitted to
operate.
 General Valeriano Weyler (1888-91)
● a cruel and corrupt governor general of Hispanic-German ancestry,
arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to Spain millionaire. He
received huge bribes and gifts of diamonds for his wife from wealthy
Chinese who evaded the anti-Chinese law. The Filipinos scornfully
● Called him “tyrant” because of his brutal
● persecution of the Calamba tenants, particularly the family of Rizal.
The Cubans contemptuously cursed him as
● “The Bucher” because of his ruthless
● Recon centration policy during his brief governorship in Cuba in 1896,
causing of the death of thousands of Cubans.
 General Camilo de Polavieja
(1896-97),
● an able militarist but heart less governor general, was
widely detested by the Filipino people for executing
Dr. Rizal. Other Spanish colonial officials were of the
same evil breed of men as the corrupt and degenerate
governor-generals mentioned above. They were either
relatives or protégés of civil officials and friars.
Mostly ignorant, profligate, they conduct themselves
with arrogance and superciliousness because of their
alien skin and tall nose. They became rich by illegal
means or by marrying the heiresses of rich Filipino
families.
 3. Philippines Representation in
Spanish Cortes
● To win the support of her overseas colonies
during the Napoleonic invasion, Spain granted
them representation in the Cortes (Spanish
parliament). Accordingly, the Philippines
experienced her first period of representation in
the Cortes from 1810 to 1813.History
demonstrate that the first Philippine delegate,
Ventura de los Reyes, took active part in the
framing of the Constitution of 1812,
● Spain’s first democratic constitution, and was one of its 184 signers. This constitution
was extended to the Philippines. Another achievement of Delegate De los Reyes was
the abolition of the galleon trade. The 1st period of Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes was thus fruitful with beneficent results for the welfare of the colony.
However, the 2nd and 3rd period of representation were less fruitful because the
Philippine delegates were not as active and devoted in parliamentary work as De los
Reyes. Unfortunately, the representation of the overseas colonies (including
Philippines) in the Spanish Cortes was abolished in 1837. Since then Philippine
conditions worsened because there was no means by which the Filipino people could
expose the anomalies perpetrated by the colonial officials. Many Filipino patriots
valiantly pleaded for the restoration of Philippine representation in the Cortes. One of
them, the silver-tongued Graciano Lopez Jaena, implored in sonorous Castilian on
October 12, 1883,during the 391st anniversary of the discovery of America by
Columbus in Madrid: “
● We want representation in the legislative chamber so
that our aspirations maybe known to the mother
country and its government.” Lamentably Spain
ignored the fervent plea of Lopez Jaena and his
compatriots. Their grievance was embittered by the
fact that Cuba and Puerto Rico were granted
representation in the Cortes by the Spanish
Constitution of 1876. Until the end of Spanish rule in
1898, Philippine representation in the Cortes was
never restored.
 4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos

● Since the adoption of the Spanish Constitution of 1812 and other constitutions in
succeeding years, the people of Spain enjoyed freedom of speech, freedom of the press
,freedom of association, and other human rights(except freedom of religion). The
Spaniards ardently guarded these rights so that no Spanish monarch dared abolish
them. Strangely enough, the Spanish authorities who cherished these human rights or
constitutional liberties in Spain denied them to the Filipinos in Asia. Such
inconsistency was lamented by Sinabaldo de Mas, Spanish economist and diplomat,
who wrote in 1843:
● “Why do we fall in anomaly, such as combining our claim for liberty for ourselves,
and our wish to imposed our law on remote people? Why do we deny to other the
benefit which we desire for our fatherland?”
 5. No Equality before the Law
● The Spanish missionaries, who introduced Christianity into the Philippines as early as
in the 16thcentury,taught that all men, irrespective of color and race, are children of
God and as much as they are brothers, they are equal before God. Fascinated by this
noble concept of human relations and convinced by the truths of the Christian faith,
most Filipinos became Christians. In practice, however, the Spanish colonial
authorities, who were Christians, did not implement Christ’s precepts of the
brotherhood of all men under the fatherhood of God. Especially during the last
decades of Hispanic rule, they arrogantly regarded the brown-skinned Filipinos as
inferior beings, not their Christian brothers to be protected but rather as their majesty’s
subjects to be exploited. Consequently, the Filipinos were abused , brutalized,
persecuted, and slandered by their Spanish masters. They could not appeal to the law
for justice because the law, being dispensed by Spaniards, was only for the white
Spaniards.
 6. Maladministration of Justice
● The courts of justice in the Philippines during Rizal’s time were notoriously corrupt.
Verily, they were courts of “injustice”, as far as the brown Filipinos were concerned.
The Spanish judges, fiscals (prosecuting attorneys), and other court officials were
inept, venal, and oftentimes ignorant of law .Justice was costly, partial, and slow. Poor
Filipinos had no access to the courts because they could not afford the heavy expenses
of litigation. Wealth, social prestige, and color of skin were preponderant factors in
winning a case in court. Irrespective of the weight of evidence, a rich man or a
Spaniards, whose skin was white, easily achieved victory in any litigation. To the
Filipino masses, a litigation in court was a calamity. The expenses incurred even in a
simple lawsuit often exceed the value of the property at issue, so that in many
instances the litigants found themselves impoverished at the end of the long tussle.
Criminal cases dragged on for many years during which period either the delinquents
took to flight, or the documents were lost.
 7. Racial Discrimination

● Racial prejudice was prevalent everywhere

● – in government offices, in the courts of justice, in the armed forces, in the social
circles, and even in the educational institutions and in the ecclesiastical hierarchy.
Many Spaniards and their mestizo satellites derisively called the brown-skinned and
flat-nosed Filipinos “indios” (Indians). In retaliation, the Filipinos jealously dubbed
their pale-complexioned detractors with the disparaging terms “bangus” (milkfish).
During Rizal’s time a white skin, a high nose, and
● Castilian lineage were a badge of vaunted superiority. Hence, a Spaniards or a
mestizo, no matter how stupid or mongrel-born he always enjoyed political and social
prestige in the community.
 8. Frailocracy

● Owing to the Spanish political philosophy of union of Church and State, there arose unique form of government in
Hispanic
● Philippines called “frailocracy”, so named because it was “a government by friars”. History discloses that since the
days of the Spanish conquest, the friars (Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscans) controlled the religious and
educational life of the Philippines, and later in the 19th century they came to acquire tremendous political power,
influence, and riches. The friars practically ruled the Philippines through a façade of civil government. The colonial
authorities, from the governor general down to the arcades mayors, were under the control of the friars. Almost
every town in the archipelago, except in unpacified Islamic Mindanao and Sulu and in the pagan hinterlands, was
ruled by a friar curate. Aside from his priestly duties, the friar was the supervisor of local elections, the inspector
schools and taxes, the arbiter of morals, the censor of books and comedies (stage plays), the superintendent of
public works, and the guardian of peace and order. So great was his political influence that his recommendation
were headed by the governor general and the provincial officials. He could send a patriotic Filipino to jail or
denounce him as a filibuster (traitor) to be exiled to a distant place or to be executed as an enemy of God and Spain.
 9. Forced Labor

● Known as the polo service, it was the compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish colonial authorities on adult
Filipino males in the construction of churches, schools, hospitals; building and repair of roads and bridges; the
building of ships in the shipyard; and other public works. Originally, Filipino males from 16 to 60years old were
obliged to render forced labor for40 days a year. Later, the Royal Decree of July12, 1883, implemented by the New
Regulations promulgated by the Council of State of February3, 1885, increased the minimum age of the polist as
(those who performed the force labor) from 16 to 18 and reduced the days of labor from 40 to 15. The same royal
decree provided that not only native Filipinos, but also all male Spanish residents from 18 to 60 years old must
render forced labor, but this particular provision was never implemented in the Philippines for obvious reasons. So
actually the brown Filipinos did the dirty job of building or repairing the public works. The well-to-do among them
were able to escape this manual labor by paying the falla, which was a sum of money paid to the government to be
exempted from the polo.
 10. Haciendas Owned by the Friars

● During Rizal’s times the Spanish friars

● belonging to different religious orders were the riches landlords, for they owned the
best haciendas in the Philippines. The rural folks, who had been living in these
haciendas and cultivating them for generation after generation became tenants.
Naturally, they resented the loss of their lands which belonged to their ancestors since
pre-Spanish times; legally, however, the friars were recognized as legal owners of said
lands because they obtained royal titles of ownership from the Spanish crown. No
wonder, these friars haciendas became hotbeds of agrarian revolts, in as much as the
Filipino tenants regarded the friar owners as usurpers of their ancestral lands. One of
these bloody agrarian revolts was the agrarian upheaval in 1745-46
 11. The Guardia Civil

● The last hated symbol of Spanish tyranny was the Guardia Civil (Constabulary) which
was created by the Royal Decree of February 12,1852, as amended by the Royal
Decree of March24, 1888, for the purpose of maintaining internal peace and order in
the Philippines. It was patterned after the famous and well-disciplined Guardia Civil in
Spain, but later became infamous for their rampant abuses, such as maltreating
innocent people, looting Carabaos, chickens, and valuable belongings, and raping
helpless women.
Rizal’s Life: Family, Childhood, and
Early Education
 A. Birth and Family

● The Mercado – Rizal Family

● The Rizals is considered one of the biggest families during their time. Domingo Lam-
co, the family’s paternal ascendant was a full-blooded Chinese who came to the
Philippines from Amoy, China in the closing years of the 17th century and married a
Chinese half-breed by the name of Ines de la Rosa.

● Researchers revealed that the Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of Japanese,
Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood aside from Chinese.

● Jose Rizal came from a 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco
Mercado II and Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother.
 FRANCISCO MERCADO (1818-1898)

● Father of Jose Rizal who

was the youngest of 13 offs
prings of Juan and Cirila
Mercado. Born in Biñan,
Laguna on April 18, 1818;
studied in San Jose
College, Manila; and died
in Manila.
 TEODORA ALONSO (1827-1913)
● Mother of Jose Rizal who was the
second child of Lorenzo Alonso and
Brijida de Quintos. She studied at the
Colegio de Santa Rosa. She was a
business-minded woman, courteous,
religious, hard-working and well-read.
She was born in Santa Cruz, Manila on
November 14, 1827 and died in 1913 in
Manila.
 SATURNINA RIZAL (1850-1913)

● Eldest child of the Rizal-

Alonzo marriage. Married
Manuel Timoteo Hidalgo of
Tanauan, Batangas.
 PACIANO RIZAL (1851-1930)

● Only brother of Jose Rizal and

the second child. Studied at San
Jose College in Manila; became
a farmer and later a general of
the Philippine Revolution.
 NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939)

● The third child. married

Antonio Lopez at
Morong, Rizal; a teacher
and musician.
 OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887)

● The fourth child.

Married Silvestre
Ubaldo; died in
1887 from
childbirth.
 LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919)

● The fifth child. Married

to Matriano Herbosa.
 MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945)

● The sixth child. Married

Daniel Faustino Cruz of
Biñan, Laguna.
 JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896)

● The second son and the

seventh child. He was
executed by the
Spaniards on December
30,1896.
 CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865)

● The eight child. Died

at the age of three.
 JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945)

● The ninth child.

An epileptic, died
a spinster.
● 22 June 1861
● He was baptized JOSE RIZAL MERCADO at the
Catholic of Calamba by the parish priest Rev. Rufino
Collantes with Rev. Pedro Casañas as the sponsor.
● 28 September 1862
● The parochial church of Calamba and the canonical
books, including the book in which Rizal’s baptismal
records were entered, were burned.
● 1864
● Barely three years old, Rizal learned the
alphabet from his mother.
● 1865
● When he was four years old, his sister
Conception, the eight child in the Rizal
family, died at the age of three. It was on
this occasion that Rizal remembered having
shed real tears for the first time.
● 1865 – 1867
● During this time. Hihis mother taught him
how to read and writes father hired a
classmate by the name of Leon Monroy
who, for five months until his (Monroy)
death, taught Rizal the rudiments of Latin.
● At about this time two of his mother’s cousin frequented
Calamba. Uncle Manuel Alberto, seeing Rizal frail in body,
concerned himself with the physical development of his young
nephew and taught the latter love for the open air and developed
in him a great admiration for the beauty of nature, while Uncle
Gregorio, a scholar, instilled into the mind of the boy love for
education. He advised Rizal: “Work hard and perform every task
very carefully; learn to be swift as well as thorough; be
independent in thinking and make visual pictures of everything.”
● 6 June 1868
● With his father, Rizal made a pilgrimage to Antipolo to
fulfill the vow made by his mother to take the child to
the Shrine of the Virgin of Antipolo should she and her
child survive the ordeal of delivery which nearly
caused his mother’s life.
● From there they proceeded to Manila and visited his
sister Saturnina who was at the time studying in the La
Concordia College in Sta. Ana.
● 1869
● At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem
entitled “Sa Aking Mga Kabata.” The poem was
written in tagalog and had for its theme “Love of
One’s Language.”
 B. Early Education
● Early Education in Calamba and Biñan
● Rizal had his early education in Calamba and Biñan. It was a typical schooling that a
son of an ilustrado family received during his time, characterized by the four R’s-
reading, writing, arithmetic, and religion. Instruction was rigid and strict. Knowledge
was forced into the minds of the pupils by means of the tedious memory method aided
by the teacher’s whip. Despite the defects of the Spanish system of elementary
education, Rizal was able to acquire the necessary instruction preparatory for college
work in Manila. It may be said that Rizal, who was born a physical weakling, rose to
become an intellectual giant not because of, but rather in spite of, the outmoded and
backward system of instruction obtaining in the Philippines during the last decades of
Spanish regime.
● The Hero’s First Teacher
● The first teacher of Rizal was his mother, who was a remarkable woman
of good character and fine culture. On her lap, he learned at the age of
three the alphabet and the prayers. “My mother,” wrote Rizal in his
student memoirs, “taught me how to read and to say haltingly the
humble prayers which I raised fervently to God.”

● As tutor, Doña Teodora was patient, conscientious, and understanding.

It was she who first discovered that her son had a talent for poetry.
Accordingly, she encouraged him to write poems. To lighten the
monotony of memorizing the ABC’s and to stimulate her son’s
imagination, she related many stories.
● As Jose grew older, his parents employed private tutors to
give him lessons at home. The first was Maestro Celestino
and the second, Maestro Lucas Padua. Later, an old man
named Leon Monroy, a former classmate of Rizal’s father,
became the boy’s tutor. This old teacher lived at the Rizal
home and instructed Jose in Spanish and Latin.
Unfortunately, he did not lived long. He died five months
later.

● After a Monroy’s death, the hero’s parents decided to send

their gifted son to a private school in Biñan.
● Jose Goes to Biñan
● One Sunday afternoon in June , 1869, Jose, after
kissing the hands of his parents and a tearful parting
from his sister, left Calamba for Biñan. He was
accompanied by Paciano , who acted as his second
father. The two brothers rode in a carromata, reaching
their destination after one and one-half hours’ drive.
They proceeded to their aunt’s house, where Jose was
to lodge. It was almost night when they arrived, and the
moon was about to rise.
● That same night, Jose, with his cousin named Leandro, went
sightseeing in the town. Instead of enjoying the sights, Jose
became depressed because of homesickness. “In the
moonlight,” he recounted, “I remembered my home town,
my idolized mother, and my solicitous sisters. Ah, how
sweet to me was Calamba, my own town, in spite of the fact
that was not as wealthy as Biñan.”
● First Day in Biñan School
● The next morning (Monday) Paciano brought his younger
brother to the school of Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz.
● The school was in the house of the teacher, which was a
small nipa hut about 30 meters from the home of Jose’s
aunt.
● Paciano knew the teacher quite well because he had been
a pupil under him before. He introduced Jose to the
teacher, after which he departed to return to Calamba.
● Immediately, Jose was assigned his seat in the class. The
teacher asked him:
● “Do you know Spanish?”
● “A little, sir,” replied the Calamba lad.
● “Do you know Latin?”
● “A little, sir.”
● The boys in the class, especially Pedro, the teacher’s son
laughed at Jose’s answers.
● The teacher sharply stopped all noises and begun the
lessons of the day.
● Jose described his teacher in Biñan as follows: “He was
tall, thin, long-necked, with sharp nose and a body
slightly bent forward, and he used to wear a sinamay
shirt, woven by the skilled hands of the women of
Batangas.
● He knew by the heart the grammars by Nebrija and
Gainza. Add to this severity that in my judgement was
exaggerated and you have a picture, perhaps vague,
that I have made of him, but I remember only this.”
● First School BrawlIn the afternoon of his first
day in school, when the teacher was having his
siesta, Jose met the bully, Pedro. He was angry at
this bully for making fun of him during his
conversation with the teacher in the morning.
● Jose challenged Pedro to a fight. The latter readily
accepted, thinking that he could easily beat the Calamba
boy who was smaller and younger.

● The two boys wrestled furiously in the classroom, much

to the glee of their classmates. Jose, having learned the art
of wrestling from his athletic Tio Manuel, defeated the
bigger boy. For this feat, he became popular among his
classmates.
● After the class in the afternoon, a classmate named
Andres Salandanan challenged him to an arm-
wrestling match. They went to a sidewalk of a
house and wrestled with their arms. Jose, having
the weaker arm, lost and nearly cracked his head
on the sidewalk.

● In succeeding days he had other fights with the

boys of Biñan. He was not quarrelsome by natu
Rizal’s Life Higher
Education and Life
Abroad
A. Rizal Education in Manila(1872-
1882)
 B. Rizal’s First Travel Abroad (1882-
1887)
● After finishing his medical course in University of Santo Tomas, Jose
Rizal then decided to go to Spain mainly for two reasons:
● To finish his medical specialization.
● To do his “secret mission” in preparation for his fight in the
Philippines.
● His travel was kept secret to avoid detection and suspicion from
Spanish government and friars.
● He then used the name Jose Mercado and was also assisted by his
uncle, Antonio Rivera
● Philippines to Singapore (May 3-11, 1882)He boarded the
ship Salvadora bound for Singapore.
● Donato Lecha, captain of the ship defined Jose as a refined
man.
● He arrived in Singapore on May 9, 1882.
● He stayed in Hotel de la Paz.
● He then left Singapore on May 11, 1882 boarded the ship
Djemnah
● Singapore to Ceylon (May 11 – 17, 1882)
● Djemnah reached Point Galle, a seaport town in
southern Ceylon.
● He defined Point Galle as a picturesque but lonely
town.
● He then went to Colombo to get references in
learning the French language.
● He defined Colombo as an elegant town compared
to Manila.
● Ceylon to Italy ( May 17 – June 11, 1882)
● He was amused when the first time he saw
camels in Aden.
● They travelled in Suez Canal, a route from Asia
to Europe then docked in Port Said.
● Jose then arrived in Naples, Italy, which
according to Jose as a panoramic beauty
● Jose visited Chateau D’if, a famous landmark in Count of Monte Cristo.
● First Travel Abroad (1882 – 1887)
● France to Spain
● In the afternoon of May 5, 1882, Jose left Marseilles by train and
travelled going to Barcelona.
● He arrived in Barcelona on June 16, 1882.
● His first impression of the city was that it was unfavorable.
● He then created articles for the Diariong Tagalog which were Amor Patria
and Los Viajes using the pen name Laong Laan.
● During this time , Manila was ravaged by cholera according to his brother
Paciano.
● Jose was disheartened also because of the letter sent by Leonor Rivera.
● Fall of 1882, Jose left Barcelona for Madrid.Experiences in Madrid
● Jose pursued his medical course and finished also the course which was
decided by his father.
● Jose’s only vice was lottery in every lottery in Madrid.
● Jose spends his leisure time reading and attending reunion of illustrados in
Madrid.
● He also practiced shooting and fencing in a communal gymnasium.
● He was then acquainted in the fraternal group of illustrados in Madrid, Circulo
Hispano – Filipino.
● He then declaimed the poem, Mi Piden Versus in a gathering of the group in
New Year’s Eve of 1882.
● He then saved some of his money to purchase books like Uncle Tom’s Cabin
( Beecher Stowe) and The Wandering Jew (Eugene Sue).
● First Visit in Paris (1883)He visited Paris during their summer
vacation in Madrid.
● According to Rizal, everything in Paris was so expensive that he
called Paris as the “costliest city in the world.”
● He then visited Laennec Hospital where he observed Dr. Nicaise
treating patients.Jose was impressed and saddened on how the Masons
were observed and recognized by the government, which could not be
done in the Philippines.He then joined a masonic lodge, Acacia in
which he later became a master mason in 1890.
● He joined the masonic lodge to secure their aid against his fight with
the Spanish.
● During this time, Calamba was infested with pests, hacienderos
increased their taxes and parasites killed a lot of poultry in Calamba.
● The Return of Rizal in Madrid
● June 24, 1884 – A saddening event happened to Rizal where he was
broke that he cannot afford to buy breakfast.
● Rizal then attended class and won a gold medal in a Greek language
contest.
● June 25, 1884 – a banquet was called for the illustrados for the double
victory Filipinos achieved in Madrid: Luna’s Spoliarium (1st place)
and Hidalgo’s Virgenes Cristianas Expuestas al Populacho (2nd place)
● November 20 – 22, 1884 – A bloody riot in Madrid exploded by the
students of Universidad Central.
● November 26, 1884 – Jose send a letter about the riot that
happened in Madrid explaining it detail by detail.
● June 21, 1884 – He earned the Licentiate in Medicine.
● June 19, 1885 – He finished his Philosophy and Letters as a
Sobresaliente.
● He was not happy earning his license as a Doctor because
he knew he will not be accepted in University of Santo
Tomas.
● France to Germany (1885 -1887)
● After graduating in Madrid, he went to Paris to practice
ophthalmology.
● He then met Maximo Viola, who would later be his best
friend in Europe.
● Rizal stayed in Paris for four months, where he became an
assistant ophthalmologist for Dr. Louis de Weckert.
● He then met Juan Luna and his girlfriend, Paz Pardo de
Tavera.
● In Luna’s painting The Death of Cleopatra, Jose posed as an
Egyptian and posed a sandugo depicting Sikatuna – Legazpi
pact.
● During this time he learned also to read the solfeggio and play
the piano and flute.
● Alin mang Lahi – a patriotic song written by Rizal which
asserts freedom.
● February 3, 1886 – Jose arrived in Heidelberg, where he was
considered a an excellent chess player.
● He also worked for Dr. Otto Becker, an ophthalmologist.
● He was also amazed with flowers growing in Heidelberg,
where he dedicated his fine poem , A Flores de Heidelberg
● Germany
● Karl Ullmer – A Protestant Pastor who was the friend of Jose and let Jose
stay in his home.July 31, 1886 – Jose wrote his first German letter to
Professor Blumentritt, director of Ateneo of Leitmeritz in Austria.
● August 9, 1886 – Jose left Heidelberg and arrived in Leipzig in August 16,
1886.
● He then became friends with Friedrich Ratzel and Hans Meyer who were
historians.
● He then translated different German and Swiss
literary works and was send to the Philippines.
● He even translated fairy tales in Tagalog for the
nephew of the historians.
● Knowing his translation skills, he then worked as a
proof reader in a publishing firm in Germany.
● He then met one of the authors he admired, Dr.
Feodor Jagor.
● Jose then became a recognized member of
Anthropological Society, Ethnological Society and
Geographical Society of Berlin.
● He wrote Tagalische Verkunst, an article about the
Tagalog languagewritten in German (Icelandic)
which was praised and commended by the German
community.
● Jose stayed in Berlin to enhance his knowledge
about ophthalmology, to observe Germany and to
publish his novel, Noli me Tangere.
● Madame Lucie Cerdole – A professor in French language
who enhanced the knowledge of Jose about French
language and culture.
● Unter den Linden – a famous street in Berlin where Jose
like to hang out.
● In his letter to Trinidad, he discussed about the
personality of German women: diligent, serious,
educated, friendly, not gossipy and not quarrelsome.
● Uncle Tom’s Cabin – A novel used by Jose as a
reference for Noli me Tangere.
● January 1884 – Jose suggested that the novel should
be done by a group of patriotic Filipinos, but at the
end he was the only one to finish it.
● Half of the novel was written in Paris, he continued a
quarter of his novel in Madrid and the last part in
Germany.
● In Berlin, He finalized the revisions in February 1886.
● Because Jose was flat broke, his friend, Maximo
Viola funded the publication of the novel where 2000
copies were printed for 300 pesos.
● As a sign of gratitude, Jose gave Maximo one of the
original copies of the novel and a complimentary
copy.
● Jose admitted that the title, Noli me Tangere was not
originally came from him but from a Bible verse.
( John 20 : 13-17)He dedicated the novel to his
fatherland- the Philippines.
● The Travels of Rizal and Viola
● May 11, 1887 – The two left Berlin in an
express train.
● They visited different places in Europe like:
● Dresden (Germany)
● Teschen ( Czechoslovakia)
● Leitmeritz ( Bohemia)
● Vienna (Austria)
● Munich (Germany)
● Nuremberg (Germany)
● Geneva (Switzerland)
● June 23, 1887 – Jose and Maximo parted ways, Jose
went to Italy and Maximo returned in Spain.
● June 27, 1887 – he arrived in Rome, where he called
“The City of Caesar.”
● After a week, Jose prepared to return to the
Philippines.
● The calmness of the sea and the night sky, the
illumination of the moonlight prepared Jose for
his battle against the Spanish.
● Aug 5, 1887 – Jose arrived in the Manila.
● Upon arrival, he then treated young Filipinos and
introduced European culture.
● But one thing that Jose was not able to do, to
meet Leonor Rivera.
● Second Travel Abroad ( 1888 -1892)
● In September 1887, Jose suspended his trip to Europe because
her sister, Olympia, died of internal bleeding due to her giving
birth.bbb
● Even though his family was persecuted because of the uproar of
Noli me Tangere, his family decided Rizal will stay in the
Philippines.
● December 29, 1887 – The Church ordered a prohibition in the
publication and circulation of the Noli me Tangere.
● February 3, 1888 – After staying in the Philippines, Jose left
Manila for Hongkong bringing 5000 pesos, earning from his
medical practice.
● Jose in Hongkong ( February 3, 1888 – February
22, 1888)
● With Jose Maria Basa, Jose Sainz de Veranda and
some Portuguese, they boarded the ship Kui
Kiang.
● Jose stayed in the house of Juan Lecaroz, where
he went to observed botanical garden.
● After staying for almost two weeks, Jose left
Hongkong for Japan on board of Oceanic.
● Jose in Japan (February 28, 1888 – April 13, 1888)
● Upon arrival, he stayed in Hotel Grande and visited
places like Yokohama and Tokyo.
● Then he met Juan Perez Caballero, a Spanish ambassador
in Japan.
● Then he met, O Sei-san, Jose’s tour guide, translator and
lover.
● He also learned judo and kabuki.
● He boarded the ship Belgic and arrived in United
States in April 28, 1888.
● He saw America was marred with racial prejudice.
● He was quarantined in the ship because of the
rumored cholera outbreak.
● They later realized that the reason of quarantine was
a political motive.
● The day he was released, he stayed in Palace Hotel.
(San Francisco)
● Then he travelled to Oakland via ferry ship.
● The next day he went to Reno, the biggest little
city in the world.
● He wrote in his diary the beauty of Nevada while
travelling to Albany.
● May 13, 1888 – He arrived in New York where
he called it as the “BigTown.”
● Rizal in England
● Jose arrived in England on May 1888.
● He chose England as his new home to improve his English
language, to study Antonio Morga’s Sucesos de las Felipinas
and knowing England was the safest place against the
Spanish.
● While aboard the ship City of Rome, he entertained
passengers using yo-yo as a defensive weapon.
● Upon arriving in Liverpool, he stayed in Adelphi Hotel.
● May 25, 1888, Jose traveled in London, where he became a
boarder of the Becket where Gertrude Beckett fell in love.
● Reinhold Frost, a librarian of Ministry of Affairs, was
impressed on Rizal’s work, hailing him as the “Pearl of Man.”
● While he was in England, different revolts started to rose in
the different parts of the country.
● He was even condemned by the senators of Spanish Cortes,
Salamanca, Vida, Retana and Feced in Spanish newspaper.
● His friends and his family were even persecuted in the
Philippines.
● But the good news was, different significant people were
defending the Noli me Tangere like Vicente Garcia.
● Rizal’s Annotation of Morga’s Book
● Considered as one of the greatest achievement of
Jose Rizal done in England.
● It discussed Spanish colonization of Asia on a first-
hand account and how this colonization shaped the
world.
● It condemned and praised the way Spanish
colonized different places.
● It helped the Filipinos understand more the motives
of the Spanish colonizing different places.
● A Short Visit in Paris and Spain
● He visited Paris in order to get some references
in Bibliotheque Nationale.
● He then traveled in Spain and there he met the
superpowers of propaganda, Marcelo H. del Pilar
and Mariano Ponce.
● Return in London
● Jose celebrated Christmas day alone in London.
● Blumentritt and Carlos Czepelak gave Jose a bust of Emperor
Augustus and Julius Caesar.
● His landlady gave Jose a book about magic knowing he was
fascinated with magic.
● Jose was born to be leader, by unanimous decision, he was
chosen as the honorary president of Asosacion La
Solidaridad.
● This was the recognition given to Filipino patriots in Europe.
● La Solidaridad – a patriotic newspaper founded by Graciano
Lopez Jaena on February 18, 1889 in Barcelona, Spain which
aims to:
● To work peacefully for political and social reforms.
● To show the condition of Philippines so Spain may remedy
them.
● To oppose the evil forces in the Philippines.
● To advocate liberal ideas and progress.
● To prioritize Filipino life and happiness.
● In the first article of Jose in the newspaper, he discussed the
situation of the Filipino farmers.
● Writings of Rizal in London
● La Vision del Fray Rodriguez - writing of Jose in which he discussed
his newfound meaning of religion and his satirical comments.
● Spanish considered Fray Rodriguez as dangerous as the Noli me
Tangere.
● This was the time he used the pen name. Dimas Alang.
● Letter to The Young Women of Malolos – Jose praised the bravery of
women of Malolos.
● Because of the flirting of Rizal and Beckett, he left London to
pursues his mission on March 19, 1889
● Jose’s Return in Paris
● Upon arrival in Paris, Jose was disappointed because landlords in
Paris were taking advantage of the rent because of the festivities.
● He spend most of his time in Bibliotheque Nationale and continuing
learning different languages.
● He also continued his fencing lessons with Juan Luna.
● He wrote different writings during his stay in Paris.
● The Philippine within a Century – He discussed the glory of Filipino
race and how the Spanish destroyed it.
● The Indolence of the Filipino - Jose discussed the lack of enthusiasm
of Filipinos and reasons behind it. Works in Brussels
● This is where Jose Rizal started writing his second most
famous novel, El Filibusterismo. (September 18, 1891)
● He was accompanied by Jose Alberto and later by Jose
Alejandro.
● He spent most of his time writing the novel and writing
articles for the newspaper.
● Rizal adapted every articles written in German and
translated it in Spanish and Tagalog.
● He also condemned Filipinos in Madrid addicted
to gambling.
● One night, he dreamed he was not able to reach
the age of 30.
● He joked about it, calling himself Laong Laan.
(always ready)
● Inspite of the advices and danger, he was decided
to return to Philippines again
● Second Homecoming (1892)
● He was decided to return to Philippines because was
persecuted and tortured by the Spanish government.
● Before returning, he went to Madrid spending alone in
the winter carrying all his problems.
● He experienced downside moments in Madrid thinking
the injustices of his family in Calamba.
● He then publicly challenged Wenceslao Retana in a duel
and his blood is the paymentfor his insolence.
● December 1890 – Rizal received a letter from Leonor Rivera.
● For several years he spend his time in Madrid, until the time of his
homecoming.
● June 26, 1892 – Rizal arrived in Manila together with Lucia.
● From his arrival, guardia civil were waiting for him.
● He then visited his sister and he was shadowed by government
spies.
● He then attended a meeting of Chinese Mestizos in Tondo, Manila
which aimed in thecreation of La Liga Filipina.
● Languages Learned by Jose RizalHebrew

Catalan Filipino
GermanIlokano ArabicBisayan
Malay Subanon SanskritChinese
DutchLatin Nihonggo Spanish
PortugueseGreek ChavacanoEnglish
SwedishFrench Russian
● Second Arrival in the Philippines
● June 26, 1892 – Jose Rizal arrived in the Philippines together with
his sister, Lucia.
● Before leaving Europe, he declared to the Filipinos in Europe:
● “The fight is in the Philippines, not in Madrid. There we should
meet, help each other, cry and triumph for the sake of our country.”
● His objectives in returning in the Philippines were:
● Borneo Colonization Project
● Establish a Civic Organization
● Stop the persecution of his family and his fellowmen
● In his arrival, he was met by guardia civil and asked to stay in Hotel
de Oriente.
● In the afternoon, he asked to have a discussion with Governor-general
Eulogio Despujol.
● July 6, 1892 – Despujol changed his decision asking if he will return to
Hongkong.
● Upon inspection, Despujol found brochures entitled “Pobres Frailes.”
● Pobres Frailes (Poor Friars) – These were brochures authored by Father
Jacinto discussing about the vast richness of Dominican friars contrary to
their monastic vow of poverty.
● There were two suspicions about the brochures.
● It was by accident packed by Lucia from the home of Jose Maria Basa in
Hongkong.
● It was planted by the Spanish guards in his bag.
● Because of this event, Despujol decided to imprison Rizal in Fuerza de
Santiago before his exile to Dapitan.
● La Liga Filipina
● July 3, 1892 – in the house of Doroteo Ongjunco,
a group of Filipino mestizos decided to create a
group opposing the Spanish and helping the
Filipinos.
● La Liga Filipina (Filipino League) – a civic
organization of Filipinos aimed for reforms
under Spanish government.
● Objectives of La Liga Filipina
● To unite all Filipinos under one organization.
● To give financial and economical aide to poor
Filipinos.
● To oppose persecution and injustices.
● To develop and improve education system,
agriculture and trading.
● To research and implement social reforms.
● The philosophy of the organization was “ Unus Pro
Omnibus.”
 C. Higher Education
● Rizal entered in 1872
● Under Jesuit System of Education
● Ateneo Municipal- a college under the supervision
of the Spanish Jesuits
● Escuela Pia (Charity School)- formerly name of
Ateneo, a school for poor boys in Manila which was
established by the city government in 1817
● June 10, 1872- Rizal accompanied by Paciano went
to Manila
● • Father Magin Ferrando- was the college
registrar, refused to admit Rizal in Ateneo for two
reasons Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila
(1872-1877)
● Scholastic Triumphs at Ateneo de Manila (1872-
1877) Manuel Xerez Burgos-because of his
intercession, nephew of Father Burgos, Rizal was
reluctantly admitted at the Ateneo Jose was the
first of his family to adopt the surname “Rizal”.
● He registered under this name at Ateneo because
their family name “Mercado” had come under
the suspicion of the Spanish authorities Rizal was
first boarded in a house outside Intramuros, on
Caraballo Street. This was owned by a spinster
named Titay who owed the Rizal family the
amount of 300 pesos To improve his Spanish
Rizal took private lessons in Santa Isabel College
● Rizal's First Year in Ateneo (1872-1873) Second Year in Ateneo (1873-
1874) Rizal repented having neglected his studies the previous year
simply To regain his lost class leadership, Rizal studied harder He
became "emperor" At the end of the school year, Rizal received excellent
grades in all subjects and a gold medal. June 1872, his first day of class
in the Ateneo Rizal's first heard a mass at the college chapel Fr. Jose
Bech, Rizal's first professor in the Ateneo
● Rizal did not make an excellent showing in his studies as in the previous
year His grades remained excellent in all subjects, but he won only one
medal, in Latin He failed to win the medal in Spanish THIRD YEAR IN
ATENEO (1874-1875)
● Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1876) On June 16, 1875,
Rizal became an interno Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez,
one of his professor On his part, Rizal had the highest
affection and respect Rizal was topped of all his
classmates in all subjects and won in the Ateneo this time
and a great educator and scholar. He inspired the young
Rizal to study harder and to write poetry for Father
Sanchez, whom he considered his best professor in the
Ateneo five medals at the end of the school term.
 • His studies continued to fare well. As a matter-of-fact,
he excelled in all subjects
• Rizal was the most brilliant Atenean of his time, he was
truly "the pride of the Jesuits". √ Rizal finished his last
year at the Ateneo in a blaze of glory. √ He obtained the
highest grades in all subjects - philosophy, physics,
biology, chemistry, languages, mineralogy, etc. √ Rizal
graduated with Highest Honor √ He graduated on March
23, 1877(16 years old) LAST YEAR IN ATENEO (1876-
1877)
● He was an active in extra-curricular activities. An
"emperor" inside the classroom and he was a
campus leader outside. He was an active
member, later secretary, of a religious society, the
"Marian Congregation". Rizal was also a
member of the Academy of Spanish Literature
and the Academy of Natural Sciences. Extra-
Curricular Activities in Ateneo
● Medical Studies at the University of Santo Tomas
(1877-1882) - After finishing the first year of a
course in Philosophy and Letters (1877-1878),
Rizal transferred to the medical course - “Don’t
send him to Manila again; he knows enough. If he
gets to know more, the Spaniards will cut off his
head.”- Doña Teodora, vigorously opposed the idea
that Rizal pursue higher learning in the university
• April 1877- Rizal who was then nearly 16 years
old, matriculated in the University of Santo Tomas,
taking the course on Philosophy and Letters -
During his first term in 1877-1878 in UST, he
studied Cosmology, Metaphysics , Theodicy and
History of Philosophy.
● Father Pablo Ramon-Rector of Ateneo, who had
been good to him during his student days in that
college, asking for advice on the choice of a career
but unfortunately he was in Mindanao • It was
during the following term (1878-1879) that Rizal,
having received the Ateneo Rector’s advice to
study medicine
● During Rizal’s first school term in the University of
Santo Tomas (1877- 1878), Rizal also studied in
Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading to the
title of perito agrimensor (expert surveyor)

● Rizal excelled in all subjects in the surveying

course in Ateneo, obtaining gold medals in
agriculture and topography.
● November 25, 1881- the title was issued
to Rizal for passing the final examination
in the surveying course Medical Studies at
the University of Santo Tomas (1877-
1882).
 Thank you for
Listening…!!
God bless….!!!!!!