WORKS & WRI TINGS

JOSE RIZAL 'S L IFE ,

I N E D M OD U LE
AN OUTL

RO SAN, M AED, LL .B.

JABBAR T. DI BA
This module is a compilation of ideas from different authors and
not an original creation of the compiler. Borrowed materials such
as quotes, poems, research data, news articles, and others
included in this module are owned by their respective copyright
holders. The compiler does not represent nor claim ownership
over them. This module is intended for educational purposes
exclusive for the students of EASTERN VISAYAS STATE
UNIVERSITY – ORMOC CITY CAMPUS.
MODULE 2
 WHAT’S IN?
 THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH
CENTURY
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE
 POLITICAL SYSTEM
 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
 OVERVIEW

THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT BROUGHT CHANGES IN THE LIVES OF THE

FILIPINO PEOPLE DURING THE 19TH CENTURY. SUCH CHANGES HAD GREAT IMPACT
AS REGARDS TO ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, AND EDUCATIONAL STRUCTURES OF THE
FILIPINOS. IN THIS MODULE, WE WILL DISCUSS HOW THE FILIPINOS FACED THE
CHALLENGES UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE SPANISH GOVERNMENT.
 LEARNING OUTCOMES

AT THE END OF THIS MODULE, THE STUDENTS SHOULD BE ABLE TO:

DISCUSS THE PHILIPPINE SETTING DURING SPANISH ERA; AND
DETERMINE THE SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND EDUCATIONAL
STRUCTURES DURING SPANISH ERA.
THE PHILIPPINES IN THE 19TH CENTURY

THE 19TH CENTURY WAS A DYNAMIC AND CREATIVE AGE ESPECIALLY IN EUROPE AND
UNITED STATES.

INDUSTRIALISM, DEMOCRACY, AND NATIONALISM TRIGGERED REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN

SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, ECONOMICS, AND POLITICS.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURES WERE BASED ON THE FEUDALISTIC PATTERNS OF

ABUSE AND EXPLOITATION OF THE INDIOS.

RACIAL DISCRIMINATORY PRACTICES WERE OPPRESSIVE.

INTELLECTUAL DECLINATION PREVAILED.
GOVERNMENT PROCESSES DID NOT RESPECT THE NEEDS OF THE PEOPLE.
THE 19TH CENTURY WAS A DYNAMIC AND CREATIVE
AGE ESPECIALLY IN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES.
 THE 19 TH
CENTURY BEGAN ON JANUARY 1, 1801 AND ENDED ON DECEMBER 31,
1900.

 SO, WHAT HAPPENED IN THE PHILIPPINES DURING 19 CENTURY?

TH

 IT HAS BEEN SAID THAT THE 19 CENTURY WAS A DYNAMIC AND CREATIVE AGE
TH

FOR EUROPE AND UNITED STATES…. AND WHAT DO YOU THINK IS THE REASON
WHY? BECAUSE THEY BELONG TO THE POWERFUL COUNTRIES. THEY ARE THE
CONSIDERED THE GREAT COLONIZERS.
THE 19TH CENTURY WAS A DYNAMIC AND CREATIVE
AGE ESPECIALLY IN EUROPE AND UNITED STATES.
 THE PHILIPPINES WAS UNDER SPANISH RULE FOR OVER 333 YEARS.
 AFTER THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY AND THE TREATY OF PARIS (1898), THE RULE OF THE PHILIPPINES
WAS TRANSFERRED FROM SPAIN TO THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

 AUGUST 23, 1896 WAS THE FIRST PHASE OF PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION.

 JANUARY 1898, PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC WAS DECLARED.
 FEBRUARY 1898, US DECLARED WAR AGAINST SPANIARDS.
 APRIL 1898, SPAIN DECLARED WAR AGAINST UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
 SPAIN AND UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SIGNED TREATY OF PARIS ON DECEMBER 10, 1898 AND
ESTABLISHED INDEPENDENCE OF CUBA,. CEDED PUERTO RICO AND GUAM TO US. ALSO ALLOWED
VICTORIOUS POWER TO PURCHASE THE PHILIPPINES FROM SPAIN FOR 20 MILLION DOLLARS.
 SOCIAL STRUCTURE
PHILIPPINE SOCIETY WAS BASICALLY FEUDALISTIC AS A RESULT OF SPANISH
LANDHOLDING SYSTEM IMPOSED UPON THE COUNTRY WITH THE ARRIVAL OF THE
CONQUISTADORES (CONQUEROR)
AN ELITE CLASS EXPLOITED THE MASSES, FOSTERED BY THE MASTER-SLAVE
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPANIARDS AND THE FILIPINOS.
THE SPANIARDS EXACTED ALL FORMS OF TAXES AND TRIBUTES.
THE SPANIARDS DRAFTED THE NATIVES FOR MANUAL LABOR.
THE APEX (THE HIGHEST PART) OF PYRAMIDAL STRUCTURE WAS OCCUPIED BY THE
SPANISH OFFICIALS, THE PENINSULARES ( SPANIARDS BORN IN SPAIN), AND THE FRIARS.
THE BASE WAS OCCUPIED BY FILIPINOS KNOWN TO BE INDIOS.
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION WAS PREVALENT (WIDESPREAD)
 POLITICAL SYSTEM

THE SPAIN GOVERNED THE PHILIPPINES THROUGH THE MINISTRO DE

ULTRAMAR (MINISTRY OF COLONIES) ESTABLISHED IN MADRID IN 1863.
THE ABOVE-MENTIONED BODY HELPED THE SPANISH MONARCHS
MANAGE THE AFFAIRS OF THE COLONIES AND THE PHILIPPINES
THROUGH A CENTRALIZED MACHINERY, EXERCISING EXECUTIVE,
LEGISLATIVE, JUDICIAL, AND RELIGIOUS POWERS.
 SPANISH OFFICIALS

 THE GOVERNOR GENERAL APPOINTED BY THE SPANISH MONARCH HEADED THE

CENTRAL ADMINISTRATION IN MANILA AND THE KING’S REPRESENTATIVE IN ALL
STATE AND RELIGIOUS MATTERS.
 THE FUNCTIONS OF GOVERNOR GENERAL:
 He issued executive orders;
 He issued proclamations;
 He had supervision and disciplinary powers over all government officials;
 A commander-in-chief of the armed forces of the Philippines; and
 He had supreme authority in financial matters.
 SPANISH OFFICIALS
 ALCALDES MAYORS (CIVIL GOVERNORS) APPOINTED BY SPANISH GOVERNOR- GENERAL
AND ADMINISTERED THE PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT.
 
 ALCALDES EN ORDINARIO (MAYOR AND VICE MAYOR) ADMINISTERED THE CITY
GOVERNMENT CALLED CABILDO OR AYUNTAMIENTO.
 
 THE GOBERNADORCILLO (LITTLE GOVERNOR) RULED THE TOWNS CALLED PUEBLOS.
 Fondly called as captain;
 The chief executive and chief judge of a town; and
 Elected at the beginning of every year by a board composed of members of the town principalia.
 SPANISH OFFICIALS
 CABEZA DE BARANGAY WAS THE HEAD OF EACH BARANGAY.

 Whose main responsibility was to maintain peace and order; and

 To collect tribute and taxes in his barrio.
 
 THE SMALLEST UNIT OF GOVERNMENT WAS THE BARANGAY OR BARRIO.
 
 THE GUARDIA CIVIL AND CUADRILLEROS PERFORMED POLICE DUTIES AND HELPED MAINTAIN
PEACE AND ORDER.
 THE ALFEREZ (SECOND LIEUTENANT), USUALLY A SPANIARD, HEADED THE CORPS OF GUARDIA
CIVIL IN EACH TOWN.
 EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM
 NO SYSTEMATIC GOVERNMENT SUPERVISION OF SCHOOLS;
 THE SCHOOLS WERE FREE TO ADMINISTER THEIR OWN CURRICULA AND PRESCRIBE
THE QUALIFICATIONS OF THEIR TEACHERS;
 OBSOLETE TEACHING METHODS;
 LIMITED CURRICULUM;
 VERY POOR CLASSROOM FACILITIES;
 LACK OF TEACHING MATERIALS;
 PRIMARY EDUCATION WAS NEGLECTED;
 NO ACADEMIC FREEDOM;
 RELIGIOUS WAS THE MAIN SUBJECT IN SCHOOLS; AND
 FRIARS OCCUPIED A DOMINANT POSITION IN THE PHILIPPINE EDUCATIONAL
SYSTEM.
THANK YOU!