GEC 109 j.

The failure of the reform

The life and works of Rizal
♠ THE 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES
1. The Republic Act 1425
 Rizal Law
 June 12, 1956
 Claro M. Recto
 Ramon Magsaysay
 An act to include in the curricula of
all public and private schools,
colleges and universities courses on
the life, works and writings of Jose
Rizal, particularly his novels Noli Me
Tangere and El Filibusterismo,
authorizing the printing and
distribution thereof, and for other
purposes.
2. The 19th century in the Philippines
 Social Structure
 Political System
 Frailocracia
 The sources of the weaknesses
and abuses of the government
3. Development of Filipino
nationalism
a. Opening of the Philippines to
World Commerce
b. Influx of liberal ideas
c. The secularization movement
d. The liberal administration of
Carlos Maria dela Torre
e. The Cavite Mutiny
f. Execution of GomBurZa
g. The Propaganda Movement
h. Masonry and counter
propaganda
i. The Liga Filipina
movement
Social structure
 the Philippine society was
predominantly feudalistic
 This was the result of the Spanish
land holding improved upon the
country with the arrival of the
conquistadores
 The indios (natives) were exploited by
the elite
 They were drafted for manual labor
 The Spaniards expected all forms of
taxes and tributes
 peninsulares- friars, Spanish
officials
 insulares- favored natives,
mestizos, creollos
Political System
 governed by Spain through the
Ministerio de Ultramar based in
Madrid
 Central government
 Gov. gen.- king’s rep. in
governmental affairs
 Vice- royal patron over
religious affairs
 Chief Executive- issued and
orders
 Ex- officio- president of the
royal audiencia
 Commander- in- chief of the
colonial armed forces
  Provincial Government
 Alcaldia
 Alcalde mayor or civil
governor (head)
 City Government
 Cabildo or Ayuntamento (head)
 Two alcaldes en- ordinario
 Local Government Unit
 Pueblo/ town
 Gobernadorcillo/ town mayor
(head)
 chief executive, judge
 Barangay or barrio-
 Cabesa de barangay (head)
 collects taxes
 receives 2% of the tax
collection aside from the 4% of
the sanctorum (3 events
collected each year intended for
All Saints’ Day, Holy Thursday
and Corpus Christi.
 Guardia Civil
 organized in 1867
 corps of native police led by
Spanish officer
 In 1880’s feared instrument of
summary arrest of any persons
denounced by friars as
filibusteros
 Royal Audiencia
 highest court of the colony
 headed the judicial system
auditor of the government finance
 high council to which government
affairs were referred
 Frailocracia/ Frailocracy
 rule of the friar
 Reasons:
a. Political instability in
mother country
b. Friars were found in each
town, thus they became
rulers of that political unit:
- supervisor of local
election
- administrators of schools
- chairman of the board of
taxation, of health and of
charity
- responsible for census
taking through the parish
registrar
- certifies personal
identification card
Sources of Weaknesses and Abuses of
The Government
 appointment of officials with inferior
qualifications
 without dedication to duty
 without moral strength to resist
corruption for material advancement
 provincial government- most corrupt
gov’t. unit
 indulto comercio- license to engage in
trade
- buying people’s products at lowest
prices
- exacting more taxes and tributes
 Educational System
 friars occupied dominant posts
 emphasis on fear of God and
obedience to the friars
 indios were constantly reminded that
they had inferior intelligence
 friars decided what to teach to the
children
 College of San Juan de Letran
 the only official secondary
school for boys
 seven provinces had private colleges
and latin schools for general studies
 secondary education for girls in
Manila
 Santa Isabel
 La Concordia
 Santa Rosa
 Asilo de Lookan
 Santa Catalina
 UST- the only university level in
Manila
 Theological seminaries were
established:
 Cebu
 Jaro (Iloilo)
 Nueva Caceres (Naga)
 Nueva Segovia (Vigan)
 Educational Decree 1863
 each major town in the colony
was to establish at least one
elementary school for boys and
one for girls.
 books and other materials have
to pass rigid censorship by the
church and civil authorities
Most serious criticisms against the
Spanish educational system
 overemphasis on religion
 limited irrelevant curriculum
 obsolete classroom facilities
 inadequate teaching materials
 absence of academic freedom
 the implementation of Moret Decree
1870 (secularization of higher
education in the Philippines) was
opposed by the friars.
Development of Filipino
Nationalism
1. Opening of the Philippines to world
commerce
 1834- Spain officially opened
Manila to world trade
 more ports were created
 brought prosperity to some
Filipinos
 modern methods of agriculture
and improved means of
transportation and
communication
-emergence of Filipino middle
class
2. Influx of liberal ideas
 1869-opening of Suez Canal
(Europe), shortened the
distance of travel
 more liberals from Spain and
other European nations came to
the country via Suez canal
 foreigners brought books,
newspapers and magazines
 Filipinos were able to read  led by Sergeant Fernando La
enlightened ideas Madrid
 natives learned about the  Through the punitive force
American and French ordered by Izquierdo, La
Revolution which provided Madrid was killed
inspiration to them 6. The execution of GomBurZa
3. The Secularization Movement  Izquierdo magnified the mutiny
 Council of Trent as a full blown conspiracy
 (1545- 1563), decided against the Spanish rule
that the parishes were to  found guilty in a mock trial
be administered by  sentenced to die by garrote in
secular (local priest) Bagumbayan
 Gradually, the secularization  February 17,1872
became racial and national
conflict among friars, curates
and the seculars
4. The liberal administration of
Carlos Maria dela Torre(well-loved
Spanish Gov. Gen.)
 avoided extravagance and lived
a simple life
 abolished flogging(whipping)
 allowed Filipinos to form
Comite de Reformadores
 Implemented the Moret Decree
of 1870
5. The Cavite Mutiny
 Rafael de Izquierdo (1871-
1873) replaced dela Torre, with
the crucifix in one hand and
sword on the other
 Repealed the exemption from
rendering the polo and the
payment of tribute
 January 20,1872
 About 200 Filipino soldiers
and workers in the Cavite
arsenal revolted