REVIEWER IN LIFE AND WORKS OF
RIZAL 1. Governador General (central
THE 19TH CENTURY PHILIPPINES
SOCIAL STRUCTURE
- Predominantly feudalistic (master
and slave relationship)
- the division of taxes
POLO Y SERVICIO
 The force labor of the Filipinos
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
 Experience by the Filipino people
in the hand of the Spaniards
SOCIAL CLASSES
- Peninsulares
o They are the pure blooded
spaniards and born in spain
o Has the highest position in
the society
- Insulares
o They are the favored natives
and mestizos
o They are half blooded
- Indios
o They are the christianzed
natives or the pure Filipino
o Known as slaves
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
- It was governed by the Spain
through the Ministro de Ultamar
(exercise or manage the executive,
legislative, judicial and religious
function)
- a centralized government
POLITICAL SYSTEM
government)
 The representative of the king
 Commander in chief of the army
 Has a supreme power to finance
2. Alcalde Mayors (provincial
government)
 They are the one who governs
the province
3. Mayors/vice Mayors
 Governs the city or Cabildo
4. Gobernador Cillo (local
government)
 Chief executive
 Supreme court
5. Cabeza se Barangay (smallest
government unit
 Collects taxes
 Barangay / baryo
6. Guardia Civil
 Police
ALFEREZ
- They are the Spaniard who headed
a town
FRAILOCRACIA/FRAILOCRACY
- the rule of Spaniards
EDUCATONAL SYSTEM
- for almost 300 years theirs no proper
system of government in terms of
education
CRITISISM
1. overemphasis on the religious
manner
2. obsolete teaching methods (way of
teaching is very old)
3. limited curriculum
4. very poor classroom facilities
5. absence of teaching materials
 6. prejudice against Filipino in the
school in higher level
7. friars control the educational system
8. learning in every level was largely
repetition and memorization without
understanding
INSTABILITY OF COLONIAL ANDD
SPANISH POLITICS
- marked the political chaos
- corruption
- king Ferdinand the 7th
THE GENERALS
1. GENERAL RAFAEL DE
ESQUIRDO (1871- 1873)
 He was the reason of the cavite
mutiny and the execution of the
GOMBURZA
 He was assigned by the king of
spain to represent him in the
Philippines
 First general
2. ADMIRAL JOSE MALCAMPO
(1874-1877)
 a good moro fighter
 weak administration
3. GENERAL FERNANDO PRIMO
RIVERA (1880-1883, 1897-1898)
 he accepts bribes from casinos
to legally operates
JOSE RIZAL’S SOCIAL ORIGINS AND
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
JOSE RIZAL
- Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado Y
Alonso Realonda.
- Born on June 19, 1861 in
Calamba, Laguna
- Died on December 30, 1896 at
Bagumbayan buried at Paco
Cemetery in Manila.
- A writer, linguistic, doctor,
propagandist, and the National
Hero selected by the Taft
Commission in 1901.
- 7th of 11 children, and younger of
the two boys.
- His father Francisco Mercado Y
Chinco, a prosperous landowner,
sugar & rice planter a Chinese-
Filipino descent.
- His mother Teodora Alonzo, one
of the most highly-educated
women in the country during her
time, Ilocano-tagalog-Chinese-
Spanish descent.
- Siblings: Saturnina, Paciano,
Narcisa, Olympia, Lucia, Maria,
Jose, Conception, Josefa,
Trinidad, and Soledad.
Parental Lineage of Rizal
- can be traced back to the village of
Sionque in Chin-Chew (or Chang-chow)
district in Fujian, southern China, near
the prosperous and ancient trading port
of Zaiton
- Among his earliest identifiable
ancestors were Siang-co and Zun-nio
who gave birth to a son, Lam-co
LAM-CO
 which in English means, “Lam,
Esquire”
 Chinese name: Cue Yi-Lam
 migrated to the Philippines
sometime during the late
1600s.
 originally from Amoy China who
came to the Philippines in the
mid-17th century.
  was baptized on Sunday, June 9,
1697 at the Parian Church of
San Gabriel, San Jose in
Binan, Laguna in the
predominantly Chinese
community of Binondo at the
age of 35
 adopted “Domingo” his
baptismal day, as his first name
 married to a Chinese mestiza
said to be half his age named
Ines de la Rosa, who belonged
to an entrepreneurial family in
Binondo. Ines was the daughter
Juan Mercado
of Agustin Chin-co and Jacinta
Rafaela, a Chinese mestiza
resident of the Parian.
 A Chinese immigrant and
business tycoon
 was the great-great grandfather
of Jose Rizal
 To prevent conflict and hostility
with the Spanish authorities, he
decided to dropped the name
Lam-co and adapted a Spanish
surname. As merchants they
chose the name "Mercado"
because it means market.
Francisco Engracio
Lamco started the businesses of
the Mercado clan. He was a
successful entrepreneur in spite
of the discrimination
experienced by Chinese traders
from the Spaniards
FRANCISCO MERCADO
- born in 1731
- son of Lam-Co and Ines de la Rosa
- his name is a gesture of gratitude to
another friar of the same name, and
also after a Spanish mestizo friar
renowned for his botanical studies
- married to Bernarda Monica, a native of
the nearby hacienda of San Pedro
Tunasan
- They had two sons named Juan and
Clemente
- he settled his family at the hacienda of
San Juan Bautista in Calamba
- owned the largest herd of carabaos in
Biñan
- He was active in local politics and was
elected as the town’s capitan del
pueblo around 1783
- died in 1801
- son of Francisco Mercado
- married Cirila Alejandra, a daughter of
one of Domingo Lam-co’s godsons, and
who hailed from Tubigan.
- The couple had 13 children
- also served as the town’s capitan del
pueblo in 1808, 1813, and 1823
- His status earned him the privilege of
electing the Philippine representative to
the Spanish parliament in 1812
- He died when his son, Francisco
Engracio, was only eight years old
- Son of Juan Mercado and Cirila
Alejandra
- married Teodora Alonso Realonda de
Quintos, a daughter of one of Manila’s
most distinguished families in 1848
- 1849, in compliance with Governor
Claveria’s decree ordering Filipinos to
adopt Spanish surnames he added
“Rizal” to the family surname, from the
Spanish word “ricial”, which connotes a
green field or pasture.
- Franciso’s family became one of the
wealthiest in Calamba.
THE ASCENDANCE OF CHINESE
MESTIZO
CHINESE MESTIZO
- a person of mixed foreign and
native ancestry
- specifically, a person born of a
Chinese father and an Indio
mother
- also, if a mestiza who are married
to a Chinese or mestizo
THE EVOLUTION OF THE CHINESE
MESTIZO
- the emergence of the Chinese
mestizo as a legally distinct class
began only with the Spanish colonial
regime
- became indispensable to the needs
of the capital or the economy of the
Philippines in the Spanish regime, it
is because they perform multiple
services as traders, artisans and
domestic servants
- as the increasing population of the
Chinese Mestizo, the Spanish see
this as a threat so they make a
policy of the converting the Chinese
and encouraging marriages between
Catholic Chinese and Catholic Indios
through the help of the missionaries
and friars
- it was 1594 when the Spanish
Governor Luiz Perez Dasmariñas
created Binondo (Binondo
Community) as a permanent
settlement for Chinese mestizos who
converted to Catholicism
- the whole population was classified
for the purpose of tribute or tax
payment into four classes:
- Spaniards and Spanish
Mestizo (exempted from the
taxes)
- Chinese Mestizo
- Indios
- Chinese
THE CHINESE MESTIZOS AS MIDDLE
CLASS
- the development of the Chinese
Mestizos as an entrepreneur from
the 1750’s to the 1850’s paved the
way for the emergence of the
Philippine middle classes
- the Chinese Mestizos shared
economic power with the Chinese as
exporters-importers, wholesalers,
retail traders and owners of majority
of the artisan shops
- they were also engaged in
landholding, wholesaling, rice
growing, producing rice and salt,
retail trade
- the opening of the country to foreign
traders facilitated growth of exort in
tropical products such as sugar,
coffee, coconut, tabacco, and hemp
for the world market
- in the year 1840s, with the opening
of the port of manila the Spanish
colonial authorities encouraged the
Chinese to return to the Philippines
to accelerate the development of the
economy
- the transformation of the Philippine
agriculture subsistence to export
production in mid-19th century
witnessed the rise of the Chinese
Mestizo as an economically
independent middle class
- they are also referred to the most
industrious, prudent, and economical
element of the Philippines
- with the contribution of the Chinese
Mestizos, the Spaniards granted
them the privilege to marry at the
age of 16 without parental consent

THE RISE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS TO
SOCIAL PRESTIGE
- the Chinese Mestizos’ economic
wealth had a great effect in
increasing their standards of living
and their social prestige
- the new middle class, often graceful
and cultivated, following the model
of Hispanic-European culture, was
getting itself firmly entrenched in
many pueblos or towns. The
graceful structure and delicately
carved furniture of the mestizo are
based in the European way
- almost every dwelling of the Chinese
Mestizo in pueblo are larger and
better than the rest
- many of them adopt the European
costume, but where they retain the
native dress, it is finer in quality,
gayer in color, and richer in
ornament. Like the natives, they
wear their skirts over the trousers
but the shirts are of pina or sinamay
fastened with button of valuable
chains, and a gold chain is seldom
wanting, suspended around the
neck. The men commonly wear
European hats and stockings, and
the sexes exhibited no small amount
of dandyism and coquetry
- the rise of the middle class to
economic importance had another
great effect. The acquisition of a
certain amount of wealth made it
easier for some mestizo families to
provide education for their children
- by the late 1860s, as a result of the
educational decree of 1863 which
gave the Indios and mestizos access
to higher education, a few people,
mostly wealthy natives and Chinese
mestizos, had the opportunity of
getting some college education from
institutions like Letran, San Jose and
Santo Tomas
- the middle class of Chinese
mestizos seemed almost
inconsequential, but the educational
attainment of these mestizos,
combined with their economic wealth
and social prestige, enabled them to
dominate public opinion.
- regardless of their ethnic, social and
economic origin, the Chinese
mestizos tended to dominate not
only the economic and social but
also the political leadership of the
local communities.
THE CHINESE MESTIZO IN THE
FORMATION OF THE FILIPINO
IDENTITY
- in the 1860s Father Jose Burgos
(of mixed Spanish, French and
Chinese-native descent) and Father
Mariano Gomez (both his parents
were of mixed Filipino-Chinese
blood) and Father Jacinto Zamora
(also a Chinese mestizo), asserted
the capacity, intelligence, and
achievement of the native clergy and
demanded the appointment of native
secular priests. Executed for alleged
conspiracy in the Cavité Mutiny in
1872.
- the most obvious manifestation of
this budding sense of Filipino
nationality appeared in the late
1870s in the writings of Pedro
Paterno and Gregorio Sancianco,
both Chinese mestizos. They were
the trailblazers in formulating the
nascent idea of a Filipino identity.
PEDRO PATERNO
- was the first to project a Filipino
personality or to define the Filipino
 character in his writings. His
collection of poems, Sampaguita
(1880), and his novel Ninay (1885)
were attempts at defining the Filipino
national feeling.
GREGORIO SANCIANCO
- he expressed the first glimmering of
Filipino sentiment through his book
El Progreso de Filipinas (Progress
of the Philippines), written in 1881
- significant contribution in his writings
was his defense of the dignity of the
Filipinos
- was the first to explain that the
indolence of the Filipino was not
something inherent in the people
but was the reaction of the
common tao to centuries of
exploitation
Jose Rizal
- nurtured the writings of Paterno and
Sancianco
- known as the pride of the Malay race
and was a Chinese mestizo
- His first article in the Diariong
Tagalog, entitled El Amor Patrio
(Love of Country), advised his
compatriots who has been
disappointed with the Philippine
state of affairs to love their country
- Noli Me Tangere and El
Flibusterismo, gave a profoundly
touching picture of the oppression
and suffering experienced by his
countrymen, but they were more
than an indictment of the existing
colonial system.
The Noli Me Tangere
 was a proclamation of the creed
of Filipino nationalism
El Flibusterismo
 was a clarion call to awaken the
people's sense of nationhood
- founded the Liga Filipino, it was
a movement aimed at forging a
united Philippines into one
compact and homogenous body
- When the Revolution broke out,
Chinese mestizos were participants
not necessarily as mestizos, but as
Filipinos. General Emilio Aguinaldo
who took over leadership from
Andres Bonifacio and founded the
first Philippine Republic was of
Filipino-Chinese descent. Even his
able chief adviser, Apolinario
Mabini was a Tagalog with perhaps
some Chinese blood
- The Philippine Revolution of 1896
was the final act of determination on
the part of the true Filipinos - Indios
and Chinese mestizos alike - to
claim for themselves and for future
generations the incomparable
birthright of nationhood
RIZAL’S EDUCATIONAL
BACKGROUND
EARLY AND PRIMARY EDUCATION OF
RIZAL IN CALAMBA AND BIÑAN
- His mother Teodora
Alonso Realonda y
Quintos was his first
teacher.
- As a mother, she taught
her children how to read,
write, and pray at a very
young age.
- She also taught them
values such as discipline,
justice, and compassion
and most importantly to
treat indios as equals.
- Teodora also acts as
Rizal’s reading teacher
and critic, and together
they would read books in
their home library.
- On her lap, Jose learned
the alphabet and Catholic
prayers at the age of three
and learned to read and
write at age of 5.
- Aside from his mother,
Jose’s three maternal
uncles also mentored him.
Uncle Jose de Quintos
Alonzo
 an accomplished
artist, nurtured in
Rizal an
appreciation for
nature’s beauty and
taught him various
art forms such as
painting, and
sculpture.
Uncle Gregorio de
Quintos Alonzo
 a learned scholar,
instilled in Rizal a
love for education,
emphasizing its
importance and the
value of hard work.
JOSE GOES TO BIÑAN
Gregorio
encouraged Rizal to
think critically,
observe his
surroundings, and
deepen his curiosity
and knowledge.
Under his guidance,
Rizal developed a
stronger love for
reading
Uncle Manuel de
Quintos Alonzo,
 concerned about
Rizal’s physical
well-being, taught
him various Athletic
skills, including
swimming, fencing,
wrestling, and other
martial arts.
Manuel’s guidance
helped Rizal to
developed
proficiency in these
areas, despite his
previous weakness
and undersized
frame.
Maestro Celestino
and Maestro Lucas
Padua.
 Jose Rizal’s private
tutor
Leon Monroy
 teach Rizal Spanish
and Latin
- it was June 1869, Sunday
afternoon when they left
CALAMBA for BIÑAN.\
- was accompanied by
Paciano, who acted as his
father.
- two brothers rode in a
carromata, reaching their
 destination after one and
one-half hours’ drive.
- proceeded to their aunt’s
house, where Jose was to
lodge. Almost night when
they arrived.
- December 17, 1870 when
Jose left Biñan, to continue
study in Manila.
- Talim
 the steamer that
Jose rode
- Arturo Camps
 a Frenchman and a
friend of Don
Francisco, he took
care of Jose during
the trip.
SECONDARY EDUCATION
- From 1872-1882, Jose
Rizal spent nearly ten
years in Manila to
complete his secondary
education and tertiary
education
- Jose was sent to Manila to
study at the Ateneo de
Municipal, a school run by
Spanish Jesuits later
named Ateneo de Manila
- two reasons why he was
denied because he was
already late for registration
and was frail and sickly, in
addition to being too small
for his age but was
accepted because of the
intervention of Manuel
Xeres Burgos, the
newphew of Jose Burgos
- Jose took the surname
Rizal when he was
enrolled in Ateneo
because,the family name
Mercado had raised
suspicions among the
authorities
The Jesuits
 best educators in
Spain
- took private Spanish lesson
during recess at Santa Isabel
College
Father Jose Bech
 Jose’s first teacher
Professor Father Francisco
 Under the guidance,
Rizal honed his
poetic langauge in
his fourth year.
- On March 23, 1877, the
15-year-old Rizal received
his Bachelor of Arts
diploma, and was among
the nine sobresaliente or
outstanding students of
their class
HIGHER EDUCATION
AT ATENEO DE MANILA
- From 1872-1877, under the
supervision of the Jesuit
priests Rizal studied in
Ateneo de Manila. Rizal went
to Ateneo Municipal, formerly
known as Escuela Pia.
- took first the entrance
examination at the Colegio
de San Juan de Letran on
June 10, 1872
  As a result, he was
able to sculpt the
image of the Virgin
Father Magin Ferrand Mary and the Sacred
Heart of Jesus
 who was then the
College Registrar, Father Jose Villaclara, S.J.
refused Rizal’s  encouraged him to
admission in the pay attention also to
institution for two the sciences and
reasons philosophy.
1. Rizal was a late
registrant
2. he was very pale,
thin and AT UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS
undersized for an - After completion of Bachiller en
11-year-old Artes at Ateneo, Rizal was admitted
 But, with the help of to higher studies at a university. Don
Manuel Burgos he Francisco sent Rizal to UST, the
was accepted in the Dominican University of the
institution. Jose was Philippines.
not able to use - Rizal was 16 years old when he
Mercado as his
began his freshman year at UST. He
surname when he
enrolled under the Faculty of
enrolled at Ateneo. Philosophy and Letters, Major in
STA. ISABEL COLLEGE Philosophy.
- After his first year, Rizal changed his
- Rizal took private lessons in Santa course from Philosophy and Letters
Isabel College to be proficient in to Medicine. Rizal believed that he
Spanish and develop his skills in should finish medicine so that he
poetry writing more. could cure his sick mother who had
an eyesight failure
Father Francisco Paula de Sanchez
Three contributing factors that affect the
 he guided Jose in
Academic Performance of Rizal
developing his skills
in poetry. 1. The attitude of Dominican professors
towards Rizal; there was racial
Agustin Saez
discrimination against Filipino
 where Rizal took students
painting lessons 2. his interest in women when he was a
UST student
Teodoro Romualdo de Jesus
Segundina Katigbak of Batangas
 the one who guide
Rizal in his sculpture - first woman of rizal
lessons to enhance
Leonor (Orang) Valenzuela
his interest in arts
 - courted by Rizal and upon learning
that Orang was already engaged he
stop
Leonor Rivera Rizal
- focused on courting her when he
knows that Orang is engaged
- his first cousin
3. Rizal became very busy with other
things, a reason why he had less
time for studies. He also joined gang
fights, attended parties and even did
cutting classes
BARCELONA
- Rizal did not continue his studies in
the Philippines, instead, he went to
Europe to widen his learning and to
acquire knowledge about a cure for
his mother’s worsening eye
condition.
- He left Calamba on May 1, 1882 and
was able to reach Manila in ten
hours.
- He left Manila on May 3, 1882, with
his brother Paciano and Uncle
Antonio Rivera’s blessing.
- Initially, he was going to finish his
medical course in Barcelona, Spain.
- Then again, he wanted to make a
name for himself in the field of
journalism, to observe and study the
European society and to prepare
himself from being freed from the
tyrants of Spain.
- This trip aimed to satisfy one of
Rizal’s missions: to make a name
for himself by sharing his writings
and to express his love for his
country.
- At the age of 21, the first piece he
made was the essay entitled, El
Amor Patrio or Love of Country.
While writing this, he used the
screen name Laong Laan. It was
published in the Diariong Tagalog
in Manila on August 20, 1882.
MADRID
- On September 1882, Rizal moved
to the capital city of Spain to
continue his studies. Rizal enrolled
at the Universidad Central de
Madrid on November 3, 1882 he
took up Medicine and Philosophy
and Letters.
Academy of San Carlos
 Where he also
enrolled to taking up
painting and
sculpture, and
languages in French,
German and English.
Hall of Sanz and Carbonell.
 He also took up
shooting and fencing
- Rizal passed the medical
examination which he took from
June 5 to 26. He was given the
degree of Licentiate in Medicine for
this and continued his doctorate
degree in medicine.
- He then finished his course in
Philosophy and Letters and gained
the degree Licenciado en Filosofia
y Letras.
- During this time, Rizal was halfway
done with his novel, the Noli Me
Tangere.
 FRIAR LANDS DURING THE
SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD
History of Friar Lands in the
AGRARIAN RELATION AND FRIARS Philippines
LAND
o Thousands of hectares of
AGRARIAN RELATIONS lands in the archipelago
- refers to the social during the Spanish Era
relationships pertaining to land were owned and controlled
and agricultural production by the friars.
 Sitio de Ganado
FRIAR LANDS Mayor (1,742
- these lands are not public hectares)
lands but private and patrimonial  Caballerias (42.5
lands of the government; land hectares)
owned by the catholic church o The lands were given to
the hacienderos as
PATRIMONIAL LAND rewards for their loyalty to
Spanish officials. However,
- public lands become
they failed to develop their
patrimonial property upon express
lands for three reasons:
government manifestation that the
property is already patrimonial and  After serving in the
declaration that these are already country, Spaniards
alienable and disposable. return to Spain
 The market for
HACIENDA livestock products
remained relatively
- a large business enterprise
small
consisting of various money-
 The Galleon Trade
making ventures including raising
that offered bigger
farm animals and maintaining the
economic rewards
cultivation of fruit trees.
attracted the
HISTORY OF FRIARS LAND Spaniards.
 Because Spanish
● The existence of friar lands in
landowners did not
the Philippines can be traced
care much about
back to the early Spanish
developing their
colonial period when Spanish
land, religious
conquistadors were awarded
groups stepped in.
lands in the form of haciendas
they got land
for their loyalty to the Spanish
through gifts,
crown.
buying it cheaply,
● Approximately 120 Spaniards
and even taking it
were granted either large
from people in debt.
tracts of land called sitio de
Some Filipinos also
Ganado mayor or smaller
give or sold their
tracts called caballerias.
 land to these
religious groups.
Even though people
doubted how fair
this was, religious
groups ended up
owning a lot of land
in places like
Bulacan, Tondo
(now Rizal), Cavite
and Laguna by the
1800’s.
o In the end, these lands
came into the hands of the
friars by way of donation
and purchase which was
owned mostly by the
Dominicans, Augustinians
and Recollects.
o The friars imposed too
much price on rents for the
tenants and they were also
exempted from the
government taxes.
o Hence, the discount of the
Filipino peasants with this
situation had been a
contributing factor in the
Philippine Revolution.
o When the Americans took
over the Philippines from
300 years Spanish rule in
1898, among the first
problems that confronted
the new colonizer was the
disposition of the so-called
friar lands.
What were the duties of the friars
during the Spanish period?
o Aside from his religious
activities, the friar also had
authority in administration of
the colony. He supervised the
election of the Gobernadorcillo
and cabeza.
How did the friars educate the native
of the Islands?
o In the place of tribal tutors,
Spanish friars and
missionaries educated the
natives through religion.
LAND PROBLEMS
 The concept of Encomienda
(royal land grants)
 Celebrated friar land question
 Filipino agriculturists were
prevented from buying nor
renting
 No taxes were paid on the
lands of the church
 Friars had laid claims to land
without title
 Friars imposed heavy rentals
on the natives who occupied
these estates
UNEVEN DISTRIBUTION OF
WEALTH
 Chinese mestizos shared
tenants with the indios
 Indios continues to load from
mestizos
 Instances of oppression and
exploitation
 The colony’s fiscal policies
were drastically formulated
 Spanish military organisation
in the colony
 A system of fiscal monopolies
was established
AGRARIAN DISPUTES
 By the mid-18th century,
expanding economy based on
exporting agricultural crops
 Inquilinato System - under this
system, individual rented land
for a fixed annual amount
known as canon.
- Inquilino or the lessee, also expected
to render personal services to
landlords.
- failure to satisfy above requirements, donated the land to the
means expulsion. Jesuits, on the condition
that he would be allowed
 Kasama or sharecropper (sub-
to live in Jesuits
lessee) – takes the task of
monestry for the rest of
cultivating the soil.
his life.
 Three-tiered system
 Haciendas as sites of • In 1803, the government
contestation among Spanish sold the property to the
religious hacienderos, Spanish layman Don.
inquilinos and sharecroppers Clemente De Azansa for
 Revolt of 1896 only 44,507 pesos, when
he died in 1833. The
Hacienda de Calamba
which measured 16,424
hectares was purchased
by Dominicans for 52,000
pesos.
• By this time many
neighboring towns
migrated to the hacienda
for economic
opportunities. And this
PETITION OF THE TOWN OF was the time that the
CALAMBA ancestors of Rizal’s
The petition was drafted by Rizal solely for Arrived
the aim of fighting the Dominican Friars for • In 1883 Paciano Rizal
the tenants, local farmers, and citizens of wrote that the friars were
Calamba. The tenants of Hacienda de collecting rents without
Calamba grumbled about rising rents and issuing the usual
taxes as a result of the friars’ policies. receipts.
HACIENDA DE CALAMBA • Two years later, the
Who is the first owner of tenants failed to pay their
Hacienda De Calamba? rents and to punish them
the Dominicans declared
• The property known the land are vacant.
called Hacienda De
Calamba was owned by • The charges against the
Don. Manuel Jauregui. friars continued with
Rizal’s brother-in-law
• Don. Manuel Jauregui is Mariano Herboso
a destitute Spaniards specifically complaining
layman. about the yearly increase
of rentals.
• Before 1759, Don.
Manuel Jauregui the • Coupled with these
owner of the Hacienda problems was the fact
 that at this time the prize advantage of the
of sugar continued to Dominicans
decline in the world - Dominicans
market. increased the rent
every year
• Problems continued to
- The Dominicans and
escalate within 1887, the
tenants who worked
colonial government
at the hacienda did
demanded from the
not contribute to the
tenants of hacienda a
town fiesta
report in the income and
production of the state
o The tenant’s report was
because they suspected
followed by a petition to
that Dominicans were
the government
evading payments of
questioning the
their taxes
legitimacy of the
• As the form of retaliation, landholdings of the
the friars began to evict Dominicans or at least
tenants who refused to part of it
pay rent in 1891. - Dominicans
contributed to the
• The experience affected town fiestas and to
Rizal deeply and the the other similar
increasing despair he felt activities
from the event world be - Increase in rent
reflected in his second happened as a costs
novel “El Filibusterismo”
THE PROTESTA DE ● In many instances the
CALAMBA tenants lost their nt
because of poor harvest
● While Rizal is in Calamba but because of gambling
governor General Emilio which takes place in the
Terrero order an house of Rizal’s sister-in-
investigation of the friar law Lucia.
landholdings. The
colonial government ● In this case of failure to
suspected the Calamba pay due to poor harvest
estate of not paying its and low prices of
taxes in full. agricultural products, the
hacienda administrators
o Rizal drafted a provided generous grace
complaint with the periods that gives the
following reason of the tenants enough time to
tenants: pay their rents. After
- They were Rizal had left Calamba in
losing money to the February 1888.
TAXATION (SPANISH ERA)
Taxes - imposed by the Spanish
Government in the Philippines.
Taxes - during the Spanish period
was compulsory.All the Spanish
Colonies in America and the
Philippines wererequired to pay
taxes for two reasons:
1) As recognition of Spain’s
Sovereignty over the
Colonies.
2) To defray the expenses of
pacification (The act of
forcibly suppressing
hostility within the colonies)
and governance, thereafter.
Tributo
Was a general tax paid by the
Filipinos to Spain which amounted
to eight reales.Those who were
required to pay the tributo the:
• 18 to 50 years old males.
• The Carpenters, bricklayers,
blacksmiths, tailors and
shoemakers
• Town workers such as those
in road construction, and
those whose is public in
nature.
SANCTORUM
• Sanctorum - was a tax in the
amount of 3 reales. These
were required for the cost of
Christianization, including
the construction of the
churches and the purchase
of materials for religious
celebrations.
DONATIVO
• ✓ Donativo was the tax in
the amount of half real for
the military campaign of the
government against the
muslims.
• ✓ In the later years,
however, the amount
collected from donativo was
almost exclusively used for
the Spanish fort in
Zamboanga.
CAJA DE COMUNIDAD
• Caja de comunidad - was a
tax collected in the amount
of 1 real for the incurred
expenses of the town in the
construction of roads, repair
of bridges, or the
improvement of public
buildings.
SERVICIO PERSONAL
• Polo y servicio - is the
system of forced labor which
evolved within the framework
of the encomienda system,
introduced into the South
American colonies by the
Conquistadores and Catholic
priests who accompanied
them.
TAX REFORM OF 1884
• One of the good reforms
which Spain introduced in
the 19th century was the Tax
Reform o 1884, as provided
by the Royal Decree on
March 6, 1884, this tax
reform contained two
important provisions.
1. Abolition of the hated
Tribute and its replacement
of Cedula Tax and;
 2. Reduction of the 40-day
annual forced labor (polo) to
15 days.
CEDULA PERSONALES
 Cedulas were first issued
based on the Royal Decree
on March 6, 1884. All men
and women residents of the
island- Spaniards,
foreigners, and natives- who
were over 18 years old were
required to obtain a cedula.
REVOLTS AGAINST THE
TRIBUTE
 CAGAYAN AND DINGRAS
REVOLTS (1589)
 The Cagayan and Dingras
Revolts Against the Tribute
occurred on Luzon in the
present-day provinces of
Cagayan and Ilocos Norte in
1589.
 SUMUROY'S REVOLT
 In the town of Palapag today
in Northern Samar, Agustin
Sumuroy, a Waray, and
some of his followers rose in
arms on June 1, 1649, over
the polo y servicio or forced
labor system being
undertaken in Samar.
 MANIAGO'S REVOLT
 The Maniago Revolt was an
uprising in Pampanga during
the 1660s named after its
leader, Francisco Maniago.
FORCED LABOR
FORCED LABOR (POLO Y
SERVICIO)
- A compulsory labor imposed
by the Spanish colonial
authorities on adult Filipino
males
- On July 12, 1883, the Royal
Decree issued the Polo y
Servicio.
- Filipino males from 16 to 60
years old were obliged to
render free labor for 40 days
a year.
- Reduced to 15 days a year
in 1884
- Contributed to the
construction of several
churches and governments
projects in the Philippines
such as Angeles Church in
Pampanga, Pagsanjan Arch
in Laguna, Malagonlong
Bridge in Quezon
POLISTAS
- The workers were called
POLISTAS
- They are required to do such
jobs as construction of
churches, schools, hospitals,
buildings, roads, bridges,
and working on shipyards.
- Serving Spanish military
expeditions
FALLA
- A sum of money paid to the
government to be exempted
from rendering services.
- Annual tax amounted to ₱7.
- The rich Filipinos were able
to escape this forced labor
by paying the “falla”.
EXEMPTED FOR THE FORCED
LABOR
- PRINCIPALIA (Middle Class)
– native Filipinos but political
elites
 - Local Officials and Public
Teachers
THE ABUSES
- The white Spanish residents,
contrary to law, were not
recruited by the colonial
authorities to perform the
obligatory labor.
- The Filipino polistas,
according to law, were to
receive a daily stipend of two
pesetas (50 centavos) but
only receive a part of this
amount and worst, they got
nothing.
- The annual forced labor
caused so much
inconvenience and suffering
to the common people
because it disturbed their
work in farms and shops and
also because they were
sometimes compelled to
work in construction projects
far from their homes and
towns.
 Polo y Servicio also resulted
in numerous rebelions and
movements against colonial
Spain, such as:
- SUMUROY REBELLION
(1649-1650) – June 1, 1649,
Agustin Sumuroy
- MANIAGO REVOLT – took
place in Pampanga during
the 1660’s. its leader is
Francisco Maniago
- DAGOHOY REVOLUTION
(1744 – 1829) – also known
as Dagohoy rebellion,
considered the longest
rebellion in Philippine
History. Led by Francisco
Dagohoy (Francisco
Sendrijas), lasting
approximately 85 years
CAVITE MUTINY – also known as
the 1872 Cavite Mutiny, took place
on January 20, 1872, in Cavite
Philippines; served as a precursor to
the Philippine Revolution
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT –
consisted of prominent Filipinos
such as Jose Rizal, Graciano Lopez
Jaena, and Marcelo Del Pilar.
Established in 1880 – 1895; its aim
was to abolish polo y servicio.
Which had been abolished in 1898.
Forced Labor
- also known as POLO Y
SERVICIO.
- Polo means WORK
- a compulsory labor imposed by
the Spanish colonial authorities
on adult Filipino males.
- Filipino males from 16-60 years
old were obliged to render free
labor for 40 days a year.
- It was reduced to 15 days a year
on 1884
POLISTAS
- The laborer were called
POLISTAS.
- They are required to do such jobs
as construction of churches,
schools, hospitals, buildings,
roads, bridges, and working on
shipyards.
- Also in serving Spanish military
expeditions.
FALLA
 - A sum of money paid to the
government to be exempted from
rendering services.
- An annual tax amounted to 7
pesos.
- The rich Filipinos were able to
escape this forced labor by
paying the “falla”.
- For the Spanish colonial, forced
labor was also the source for
government revenue as males
who want to avoid polo y servicio
had to pay the falla.
EXEMPTED FOR THE FORCED
LABOR
• PRINCIPALIA (Middle Class)
- Native Filipinos but political elites.
• Local Officials and Public Teachers
Polo y Servicio contributed to the
construction of several churches and
government projects in the
Philippines, such as:
• Angeles Church in Pampanga
• Pagsanjan Arch in Laguna
• Malagonlong Bridge in Quezon
Polo y Servicio also resulted in
numerous rebellions and movements
against Spanish colonial authorities,
such as:
SUMUROY REBELLION (1649-1650)
- On June 1, 1649, Agustín
Sumuroy and his followers rose in
arms in the town of Palapag, now
part of Northern Samar against
Spanish forces and launched
attacks on Spanish garrisons and
settlement in the regions.
MANIAGO REVOLT
- The Maniago Revolt was an
uprising that took place in
Pampanga, Philippines during the
1660s. It was named after its
leader, Francisco Maniago. The
revolt was a response the
oppressive policies imposed
during the Spanish colonial rule.
DAGOHOY REVOLUTION ( 1744-1829)
- The Dagohoy Revolution, also
known as the Dagohoy Rebellion
is considered the longest
rebellion in the Philippine history.
Lead by Francisco Dagohoy
( also known as Francisco
Sendrijas), the rebellion took
place on the island of Bohol from
1744 to 1829, lasting for
approximately 85 years.
CAVITE MUTINY
- The Cavite Mutiny, also known as
the 1872 Cavite Mutiny, was an
uprising that took place on
January 20, 1872, in Cavite,
Philippines. It was an important
event in Philippine history and
served as a precursor to the
Philippine Revolution.
 - The mutinity was immediately
stopped but three Filipino priests,
Mariano Gomez, Jose Burgos,
and Jacinto Zamora—known as
GOMBURZA—were implicated
as the masterminds of the mutiny
and executed.
PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT (1880-
1895)
- The Propaganda Movement was
consisted of several prominent
Filipinos, such as Jose Rizal,
Graciano Lopez Jaena, and
Marcelo del Pilar. Established in
1880–1895, the propagandists
started the formation of a
nationalist ideology in the
Philippines. Among the aims of
the movement was to abolish
polo y servicio.
• Polo y servicio was abolished in 1898
after the Philippine revolution and the
country’s independence from Spain.
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION
Racial discrimination is any discrimination
against any individual on the basis of their
skin color, or racial or ethnic origin.
Some of the Racial Discrimination during
Spanish Period
 Hierarchical Social Structure
 Segregation
 Forced Labor and Tribute
 Limited Legal Rights
 Cultural Suppression
Rizal’s ways in which he responded to
Racial Discrimination
 WRITING
Rizal expressed his criticisms of
racial discrimination through his novels,
essays, and other writings.
 ACTIVISM
Rizal participated in various
reformist movements and
organizations.
 EDUCATION
Rizal advocated for improved
access to education for
Filipinos.
 EXEMPLARY BEHAVIOUR
Rizal himself exemplified
dignity, integrity, and resilience in
the face of racial discrimination.
SECULARIZATION OF THE PRIEST
 The Spanish political philosophy of
union of church and state arose a
unique form of government in
Hispanic Philippines called
"frailocracy".
 Secularization of parishes was the
transfer of the ministries established
by the regular Spanish clergy to the
Filipino seculars. The controversy
began as a religious issue then later
on became a racial controversy
between the friars and the Filipino
secular clergy.
 The friars (Augustinians,
Dominicans, and Franciscans)
controlled the religious and
educational life of the Philippines,
and later in the 19th century, they
came to acquire tremendous political
power influence and riches.
 The seculars were those who were
not bound by monastic vows or
 rules. Filipino priests were then not
accepted by the regular clergy, and
were mostly assigned as assistants
to Spanish friars.
 Leading the Filipino seculars in the
struggle was Fr. Pedro Pelaez, an
insulares, who rose to the position of
vicar capitular of Manila. He led the
fight against royal decrees turning
secular parishes over to the friars.
 Spanish Version- an attempt of the
Indios to overthrow the Spanish
government in the Philippines
Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de
Tavera
 A Filipino scholar and researcher
Wrote a Filipino version of the bloody
incident in Cavite.

THE CAVITY MUTINY 1872

A Historic Year of Two Events
2 Major Events Happened in 1872:
1. 1872 Cavite Mutiny
2. Martyrdom of the three priests in the
persons of Fathers Mariano Gomez,
Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora
(GOMBURZA)
According to Pardo de Tavera
CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872
 the was merely a mutiny by Filipino
Cavity: The Historical Capital of the soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
Philippines arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising
from the draconian policies of
 “Kawit” or “Cauit,” meaning hook,
Izquierdo (abolition of privileges and
referring to the shape of the land
prohibition of the founding of the
along the coast of Bacoor Bay.
school of arts and trade)
 Formerly known as Tangway
meaning peninsula and people from Cavite Mutiny
other places referred to it as Kawit.
 Uprising of military personnel of Fort
 Cradle of Philippine Revolution, and
San Felipe (the Spanish arsenal in
the birthplace of Philippine
Cavite, Philippines) on January 20,
Independence.
1872.
Mutiny
 Around 200 soldiers and laborers
A rebellion against the authority. rode up in the belief that it would
Comes from an old verb “MUTINE” which elevate to a national uprising. The
means “REVOLT” mutiny was unsuccessful, and
government soldiers executed many
2 VERSIONS OF THE CAVITE MUTINY
of the participants
 Filipino Version- It’s simple mutiny
by the native Filipino soldiers and
laborers of the Cavite arsenal who
turned out to be dissatisfied with the
abolition of their privileges.

Spanish Accounts
 Underscore the reason for the
revolution abolition of privileges
enjoyed by the workers of Cavite
arsenal such as exemption from
payment of tribute and being
employed in polo y servicios (Force
Labor).
 Presence of the native clergy
against the Spanish friars.
“Conspired and Supported the
Rebels”
Spanish Version
 Underscore the reason for the
revolution abolition of privileges
enjoyed by the workers of Cavite
arsenal such as exemption from
payment of tribute and being
employed in polo y servicios (Force
Labor).
 Presence of the native clergy
against the Spanish friars.
“Conspired and Supported the
Rebels”
What happened before the Mutiny?
Spanish Version
-Jose Montero y Vidal
 On 1871, Governor Rafael Izquierdo
took charge of the government after
the La Torre. There was an
information received that a mutiny
against the Spaniards would occur
and it will result to the assassination
of all, including the friars.
 It has been going on since La Torre
was in charged. The leaders Tavera,
Zamora, and the curate of Bacoor
would meet at times.
 In the Spaniard’s accounts, 1872
was premeditated, a part of a big
conspiracy among educated leaders,
mestizos, lawyers, and residents of
Manila and Cavite.
 They allegedly plan to liquidate high-
ranking Spanish officers then kill
friars.
 January 20, 1872 the district of
Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the
Virgin Loreto, came with were some
fireworks displays.
 The Cavitenos mistook this as the
signal to commence with the attack.
 200 men was led by Sergeant
Lamadrid attacked Spanish officers
at sight and seized the arsenal.
 Izquierdo, upon learning the attack,
ordered reinforcement of the
Spanish forces in the Cavite to quell
the revolt.
 The revolution was easily crushed,
when Manilenos who were expected
to aid the Cavitenos did not arrive.
THE EXECUTION OF THREE PRIEST
THE GOMBURZA
- Three Filipino Catholic priests (THE
MARTYR PRIESTS), Mariano
Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamora, who were executed by a
garrote on February 17, 1872, in
Bagumbayan, Philippines by
Spanish colonial authorities on
charges of subversion arising from
the 1872 Cavite mutiny.
Fr. MARIANO GOMEZ DE LOS ANGELS
- Born: August 2, 1799
- Died: February 17, 1872
 - Parents: Francisco Gomez And
Martina Custodia
- Education : College De San Juan De
Letran; University Of Santo Tomas
- He was designated as the head
priest of Bacoor Cavite.
- He also taught agriculture and
cottage industries
- he fought for equal rights of native
priests against the abuses of their
Spanish counterparts.
DEATH OF FATHER MARIANO GOMEZ
- He was accused of treason,
sedition, and taking active part in
the Cavite mutiny of 1872.
- Before his death, Gomez was
active in the publication of
newspaper “le Verda” (the truth).
Fr. JOSE APOLONIO BURGOS Y GARCIA
- Born : Febuary 9, 1837 AT Vigan
Ilocos Sur
- Died : February 17, 1872
- Parents : A Spanish Officer Don
Jose Tiburcio Burgos And A Mestiza
Mother Florencia Garcia.
- Education : San Juan De Letran
College And University Of Santo
Tomas In Manila.
- obtained 3 undergraduate degrees
with honors, 2 master degrees.
- conducted his first mass in
intramuros manila.
- a member of confraternity.
- a close friend associate of Pacino
Rizal.
DEATH OF FATHER JOSE BURGOS
- after the cavity mutiny, the trial of
mutineer sergeant Bonifacio octavo
revealed that a man name zaldua
had been recruiting people for an
uprising. octavo testified that this
man claimed to be under the orders
of burgos.
- governor-general Rafael Izquierdo
reported to Madrid that the testimony
had confirmed his suspicions, and
pinned the blame on busgos and the
two priests.
TOWNS IN THE PHILIPPINES WERE
NAMED IN HIS HONORS:
- BURGOS ILOCOS NORTE
- BURGOS ILOCOS SUR
- BURGOS ISABELA
- BURGOS LA UNION
- BURGOS PANGASINAN
- PADRE BURGOS PANGASINAN
- PADRE BURGOS SOUTHER
LEYTE
- BURGOS SURIGAO EL NORTE
Fr. JACINTO ZAMORA Y DEL ROSARIO
- Born : August 14, 1835
- Died : February 17, 1872
- Parents : Venancio Zamora And
Hilaria Del Rosario
- Education : Colegio De San Juan De
Letran And University Of Santo
Tomas.
- Zamora handled parishes in
Marikina, Pasig, and Batangas
- He was also assigned to manage
the manila cathedral on December
3, 1864
- Zamora had a habit of playing cards
after saying mass.
DEATH OF FATHER JACINTO ZAMORA
 - Zamora had a habit of playing cards
after saying Mass. Once, he
received an invitation stating that his
friend had "Powder and Munitions";
in a gambler's language, "Powder
and Munitions" meant that the player
had much money to gamble with.
This invitation fell into the hands of
the Spaniards and worse, it was on
the night of the Cavite mutiny led by
a Filipino soldier, Sgt. La Madrid.
This invitation was used by the
Spaniards as evidence against
Jacinto Zamora. The court accused
them of inciting the revolt, even
though the evidence was not
adequate. They were found guilty
and sentenced to death by garrote.
FRANCISCO ZALDUA
- One of the mutineers and made up a
story implicating Father Burgos.
- Testified that there was a priest who
paid the mutineers (Burgos).
- Was sentenced the same as
GOMBURZA.
Fr. Meliton Martinez
- Refused to defrock the three priests
when Governor-General Rafael de
Izquierdo wanted them to be
stripped of their priesthood.
- Ordered the tolling of the bells
during the Execution.
On February 15, 1872, the three priests
were found guilty of treason as
instigators of the mutiny and were
sentenced to death by Garrote by
Spanish Court martial. The judgement of
the court was read to the priests in Fort
Santiago the next morning, and they
were told that they would be executed
the following day. On the morning of
February 17, 1872, there were so many
people in Bagumbayan. The people
were curious about the three priests to
be executed. Around 40,000 Filipinos
gathered around the execution
platforms. When they were about to be
executed the crowd present removed
their hats, knelt down and prayed during
their execution; Father Gomez faced his
death calmly, Father Zamora lost his
mind, and Father Burgos was the one
really crying.
 Their execution had a profound
effect on many late 19th-century
Filipinos; José Rizal, later to become
the country's national hero, would
dedicate his novel El Filibusterismo
to their memory.
 The death of GOMBURZA
awakened strong feelings of anger
and resentment among the Filipinos.
They questioned Spanish authorities
and demanded reforms.
 The martyrdom of the three priests
apparently helped to inspire the
Propaganda movement. Emilio
Jacinto said that the “GomBurZa”
was made a password in the
movement.
Their objectives are to seek:
- recognition of the Philippines as a
province of Spain.
- Equal status for both Filipinos and
Spaniards.
- Recognition of human rights.
- Secularization of Philippine
Parishes.
- Philippine representation in the
Spanish Cortes