Module 2

Historical Context and

Rizal’s Formation
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 Learning Outcomes

 Articulate the conditions in the Philippines during Rizal’s time;

 Link these conditions to the present-day Philippines.
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 Spain and the Philippines in Rizal’s Time

 Spanish rule was imposed in the Philippines by conquest.

 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi established the first Spanish settlement in 1565 in Cebu.

 The Filipinos had their own indigenous culture and their own government, the
barangay headed by a native chieftain called Datu.

 The Philippines became a colony of Spain and belonged to the King of Spain.
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 Political Condition
The Spanish colonial government in the Philippines ran indirectly through the viceroy
of the Spanish in Mexico.

 National Government
 Governor General (President)
He is the chief executive in the whole archipelago.
He is the head of state and church.
He is the commander in-chief of the military.
 Visitador
Visited the country to check the administration of the Governador General.
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 Residencia
Lived in the Philippines to observe the Governor General.
  Provincial Government
 Alcalde Mayor (Provincial Governor)
The head in the provincial level
He had the power and responsibilities like the Governor General but its
power was limited in the province.

 Municipal Government
 Gobernadorcillo (Town Mayor)
His power and responsibilities was the same as the Govenor General, his
power was only limited in the town or pueblo.
He had the power of Indulto de Comercio to engage into trading.
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  Barrio Government
 Cabeza de Barangay (Barangay Captain)
He is the head of the barangay
The Filipino was allowed to assume the position and Cabeza de
Barangay only and only given to a Filipino male, 23 years old, educated
and had a property of 500 pesos.
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 The Supremacy of the Friars Over the Colonial Government
 The different religious orders had the great contribution in the establishment
of Spanish Colonial government in the country.
 The regular priests were able to dominate the control in the different parishes
and had the power to get the parishes from the secular (Filipino priests)

Abuses of the Spanish Government Officials

 The excessive powers and privileges of the governor general made him
weak and undisciplined.
 The provincial government where the alcalde mayor was the administrator,
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judge, military commander was the most corrupt branch of the government.
 Corrupt Spanish Officials
 General Rafael de Izquirdo (1871-1873)- a boasful and ruthless governor
general, aroused the anger of the Filipinos by executing the Fathers Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto Zamora.

 Admiral Jose Malcampo (1874-1877)- a good Moro fighter, but was inept
and weak administrator.

 General Fernando Primo de Rivera - a governor general for two term,

enriched himself by accepting bribes from gambling casinos in Manila which
he scandalously permitted to operate.

 General Valeriano Weylor (1888-1891)- a cruel and corrupt governor of

Hispanic-German ancestry, arrived in Manila a poor man and returned to
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Spain a millionaire.
  General Camilo de Polavieja (1896-1897)- an able militarist but heartless
governor general, was widely dested by the Filipino people for executing Dr.
Jose Rizal.
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 Socio-Cultural Condition
The Spaniards imposed new social stratification which discriminate the natives in
their own land.
1. Peninsulares. The highest class, Spanish born in Spain and live in the Philippines.
2. Insulares. Spanish born in the Philippines.
3. Creoles. The third class, they are the mix blood or combination of Spanish and Filipino
 llustados- the well educated Filipino
 Prinicpalia- the land owners

4. Indios. The last class, the unfortunates and discriminated class in the
society.
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 The Conditions of the Philippines During the
Tyrannical of the Spanish Regime

1. Instability of Colonial Administration

The political instability in Spain adversely affected the Philippine affairs
because it brought frequent periodic shifts in colonial policies and officials each
serving an average of one year and three months.

2. Corrupt Colonial Officials

Colonial officials sent by Mother Spain to govern the Philippines were highly
corrupt, incompetent and ignorant.

3. No Philippine Representation in Spanish Cortes

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The representation was abolished in 1837 which resulted into growing abuse if
power because Filipinos could not expose the situation of the Philippines.
 4. Human Rights Denied to Filipinos
Spanish authorities cherished human rights but denied them to the
Filipinos in Asia.

5. No Equality Before the Law

Spaniards regarded the brown race as inferior beings, thus denying them
the equality of rights.

6. Racial Discrimination
Brown-skinned and flat-nosed Filipinos are called Indios.

7. Frailocracy
The friars controlled the religious and educational life of the Philippines,
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and latter in the 19th century they came to acquire tremendous political power,
influence, and riches.
 8. Maladministration of Justice
The justice course of justice in the Philippines during Rizal’s time were
corrupt.

9. Forced Labor
Known as polo, it was the compulsory labor imposed by the Spanish
colonial authorities on adult Filipino males in building infrastructure aged 16 to 60
years old.

10. Haciendas Owned by the Friars

The farmers who had been around before the coming of the Spaniards
were reduced to become tenants of their own land.

11. Guardia Civil

The most hated Spanish symbols of tyranny in the Philippines.
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 The Rizal Family
Lesson 2.2
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 Learning Outcomes
Trace the origins of the Rizal Family;

Determine implications of Rizal’s family origin to

the context of Rizal’s life and the Philippines in
general;

Identify significant events that happened to Rizal and to

his family especially during his early years ,and their
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implications to his development as a man.

 Rizal Ancestry

The Rizals were descendants of Domingo Lam-

co, immigrant from Fukien city of Changchow,
who arrived in Manila about 1690.

Lam-co became a Christian and married a

Chinese Christian girl named Ines de la Rosa.

In 1731, he assumed the surname Mercado

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which was appropriate for him because he

was a merchant.
 The Surname Rizal

The real surname of the Rizal family was Mercado which was adapted
in1731 by Domingo Lamco who was a full blooded Chinese.

Don Franciso adopted the surname Rizal in compliance with governor-

General Naciso Claverias’ decree in1849 to adopt new surnames for
taxation purposes.

The word Rizal came from the Spanish word “racial” which means “the
young green growth of fields” or simply means “green field. (Balotol, Jr. et al., 2018
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from Zaide and Zaide, 2014 and Adanza, 1995)

 The Birth of Rizal
Dr. Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

A unique example of a many-splendored genius

Date of Birth- June 19, 1861
June 22, 1961- He was batized in the Catholic Church in Calamba
Father Rufino Collantes- The parish priest who baptized Rizal. He told
them “Take good care of this child, for someday he will become a
great man”.
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 Rizal’s Parents

Francisco Mercado Rizal

Father

Teodora Alonso Realonda

Mother
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 The Rizal Children
God blessed the marriage of Francisco Mercado and Teodora
Alonso with eleven children- two boys and nine girls.
1. Saturnina (1850-1913)
2. Paciano (1851-1930)
3. Narcisa (1852-1939)
4. Olimpia (1855-1887)
5. Lucia ( 1857-1919)
6. Maria (1859-1945)
7. Jose (1861-1896)
8. Conception (1862-1865)
9. Josefa (1865-1954)
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10. Trinidad (1868-1951)

11. Soledad (1870-1929)
 The Rizal Home
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The house of the Rizal family was one of the distinguished

stone houses in the Calamba during Spanish times.
 Reasons Why Rizal and His family
Experienced Too Much Sorrow.

Dona Teodora was accused as a accomplice of trying to poison the

wife of his brother Jose Maria Alberto.

The execution of the three priests (Marciano Gomez, Jose Burgos, and
Jacinto Zamora) on February 17, 1872 at Bagumbayan where
thousands of people coming from provinces of Pampanga, Laguna
and Bulacan had witnessed.
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 Rizal’s Childhood, Early
Higher Education, and
His Nationalism
Lesson 2.3
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 His private tutors were: Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas Padua, and
Leon Monroy.

On June 1869, he left for Biñan. He lived at his aunt’s house. His
teacher at the private school was Maesteo Justiniano Aquino Cruz.

First Brawl. He challenged and defeated Pedro who bullied

him for his deficiency in his knowledge in Spanish and Latin.

Painting Lessons in Biñan. Jose spent leisure hours at the

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painter’s studio.
 Rizal Enters the Ateneo

On June 20, 1872, Jose accompanied by Paciano went to Manila.

Father Magin Ferrando refused to admit him for two reasons:

(1) he was late for registration, and
(2) he was sickly and undersized git his age
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 Jesuit System of Education

The system education given by the Jesuits in Ateneo was more advances than
that of the other colleges.

The students were divided into two camps:

Internos (Boarders)- Roman Empire
Externos (non-boarders)- Carthaginian Empire

Ateneo students wore a uniform of hemp fabric trousers

and striped cotton coat materials called rayadillo.
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 Rizal’s First Year in Ateneo (1872-1973)
First Professor was Fr. Jose Bech.
Rizal polished his Spanish by taking private lessons in Sta. Isabel College.
At the second half of this year, he neglected his studies due to a remark of his
professor.

Second Year in Ateneo (1873-1874)

He regretted not studying as much as in the second half of his 1st year.
To regain his lost class leadership, he studies harder.

The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas

Universal History by Cesar Cantu
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Travels in the Philippines by Feodor Jagor

 Third Year in Ateneo (1874-1975)

His mother was released from prison. His grades remained excellent
and won a medal in Latin, but failed to win a medal in Spanish.

Fourth Year in Ateneo (1875-1876)

Fr. Francisco Paula Sanchez, encouraged Rizal to study hard. He was

most admired by Rizal.

Last Year in Ateneo (1876-1877)

Rizal excelled in all subjects with a grades of sobresaliente and a top

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of his class.
 Extra-Curricular Activities in Ateneo

 An “emperor” inside the classroom, a campus leader outside.

 Secretary of a religious society, Marian Congregation
 A member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and Academy of Natural
Sciences
 Improved his literary talent under the guidance of Father Sanchez
 He studied painting under the famous painter Agustin Saez and sculpture under
Romualdo de Jesus, a noted Filipino sculptor.
 Rizal engaged in gymnastics and fencing and continue his physical training
under his Tio Manuel.
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 1872-1873
Arithmetic . . . . . . . . . . . .Excellent
Latin 1 ............. "
Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “
1875-1876
Rhetoric and Poetry . . . . Excellent
French . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Geometry and Trigonometry . . . “

1873-1874  1876-1877
Latin 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . Excellent Philosophy 1 . . . . . . . . . . . Excellent
Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " Mineralogy and Chemistry . . . "
Greek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . " Philosophy 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Geography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “ Physics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Botany and Zoology. . . . . . . . . "
1874-1875
Bachelor in Arts. . . . . . . . . Excellent
Latin 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . Excellent
Spanish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
Greek. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "
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General History . . . . . . . . . . . "

Hist. of Spain and Phil. . . . . . . "
Arithmetic and Algebra . . . . . . “
 First Romance of Rizal
Rizal, who was then sixteen years
old experienced his first romance with a
girl Segunda Katigbak.
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 Rizal’s Studies at the University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882)

Mother’s Opposition to Higher Education

After Rizal completed his
education at the Ateneo, his mother
wanted him to return home and look
after the family business.
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 Rizal Enters the University
In April 1877, Rizal who was only sixteen years old, matriculated in
UST taking the course on Philosophy of Letters.

He enrolled in this course for

two (2) reasons:

a. his father liked it, and

b. he was still uncertain
as to what career to pursue
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https://tinyurl.com/yc43nm8m
 Father Pablo Ramon
Rector of the Ateneo who have been good to him during his
student days in his previous school, asking advice on the choice of a
career.

First Year term (1877-1878

Rizal studied Cosmology, Metaphysics, and History of Philosophy
during the first semester.

Second Semester (1878-1879)

Rizal took up medical course upon the advice of Father Pablo
Ramon to study medicine.
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Reason for taking up medicine as a career

To cure the growing blindness of his mother.
 Finishes Surveying Course in Ateneo (1878)
When Rizal was studying in UST during his first school term, he
was also studying in Ateneo. He took the vocational course leading
the title of perito agrimensor (Expert surveyor).

Vocational Courses: Agriculture, Commerce, Mechanics, and

Surveying

At the ages of 17, he passed the final examination in the

surveying course.

November 25, 1881- the title was issued to Rizal

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 Romances with Other Girls

His sad experience with his first love

made him wiser in the ways of romance.

Miss L- a young woman in Calamba. She was

“fair with seductive and attractive eyes.
Rizal gave two reasons for his change
of heart, namely:
a. The sweet memory of Segunda was still
fresh in his heart
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b. His father did not like the family of “Miss L”

 During his sophomore year in UST, he boarded in
the house of Doña Concha Leyva in Intramuros.
The next-door neighbors of Doña Concha were
Capitan Juan and Capitana Sanday Valenzuela
from Pagsanjan, Laguna, who had a daughter
named Leonor.

Leonor Valenzuela (Orang)

-a tall girl with a regal bearing
-Rizal send her love notes written in
invisible ink.
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https://tinyurl.com/3569y93p
 Leonor Rivera
-Rizal’s cousin from Camiling
-A student at La Concordia College, where
Soledad was studying.
-A frail, pretty girl “tender ad a budding
flower with kindly, wistful eyes”.
“Taimis” Rivera’s pseudonym in order to
camouflage heir intimate relationship from their
parents and friends.

https://tinyurl.com/4yrry2nm
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 Victim of Spanish Officer’s Brutality.
When he was a freshman medical
student at the University of Santo Tomas, he
experienced his first taste of Spanish brutality
when a lieutenant of the Guardia Civil
whipped out his sword and slashed him on
the back.

“To the Filipino Youth” (1879)

Liceo Artistico-Literario (Artistic-
Literary Lyceum) of Manila 1879.
A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino
Youth)
https://tinyurl.com/3b62d6h3
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Rizal’s prize winning and inspiring

poem of flawless form.
 “The Council of the Gods” (1880)
-Opened another literary contest to
commemorate the fourth centennial of the
death of Miguel de Cervantes, the author of
Don Quixote.
- Rizal participated the literary contest
and submitted an allegorical drama entitled
El Consejo de los Dioses which was based
on the Greek classics.
https://tinyurl.com/yc
krbrb9
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 Rizal’s Visit to Pakil and Pagsanjan

Famous shrine of the Birhen Maria de los Dolores

Vicenta Ybardolaza- a pretty girl colegiala who

skillfully played the harp at the Regalado home.
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https://tinyurl.com/yeyvhdwc
 Rizal and his party made a side trip to the
neighboring town of Pagsanjan for two
reasons:
a. it was the native town of Leonor
Valenzuela, one of Rizal’s girl friends in
Manila; and
b. to see the world famed Pagsanjan
Falls.
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https://tinyurl.com/ypna7e8z
 Champion of Filipino Students
Rizal was the champion of the Filipino
students in their fights against the arrogant
Spanish students.
In 1880, Rizal founded the secret society of
Filipino students in UST called Compañerismo
where the members were called “
Companions of Jehu.
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https://tinyurl.com/5f56jzrp
 Unhappy Days at the UST
He was unhappy at the Dominican institution of higher learning
because:
1. Dominican professors were hostile to him;
2. The Filipino students were racially discriminated against by
the Spaniards;
3. The methods of instructions was obsolete and repressive.

Decision to Study Abroad

Rizal decided to study in Spain. He did not seek his parents
permission and blessings to go abroad, because he knew that her
mother would disapprove it.
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 Module 3

Rizal’s Life in Europe,

The Propaganda
Movement, and His Two
Great Novels
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 Rizal’s Secret Mission
To observe keenly the life and culture,
languages and customs, industries and
commerce, and governments and
laws of the European nations in order
to prepare himself in the mighty task of
liberating his oppressed people from
Spanish tyranny.
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 Departure for Spain
Rizal’s departure for Spain was kept secret to avoid
detection by Spanish authorities and the friars.

Singapore

May 3, 1882
- Spanish streamer Salvadora
- Ship captain, Donatano Lecha
-Rizal played chess with his fellow
passengers
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 May 9, 1882
- SS Salvadora docked at Singapore
- Registered at Hotel de la Paz
- Saw the Botanical Garden, Buddhist
temples, busy shopping district, and the
statue of Sir Thomas Raffles.
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 Singapore to Colombo

May 11, 1882

- Djemnah, a French steamer
which left Singapore for Europe

May 17, 1882

- Djemnah reached Point
Galle, seacoast town in southern
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka)
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 First Trip to Suez Canal

-the Djemnah continued the voyage

crossing the Indian Ocean on the Cape
of Guardafui

Aden- City hotter than Manila

Suez- the Red Sea terminal of
Suez Canal.
- Djemnah took five days to traverse https://tinyurl.com/36v8puek

the Suez Canal.

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 Naples and Marseilles
from port Said, the Djemnah proceeded
on its to Europe

June 11, 1882- Rizal reached Naples, Italian city

June 12, 1882- the steamer docked at the
French harbor of Marseille
- he visited the famous Chateu d’lf, where
Dantes, hero from The Count of Monte Cristo
was imprisoned.

Barcelona
June 15, 1882- Rizal left Marseille by train for
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his last lap of his trip to Spain.

June 16, 1882- Rizal reached his destination,
Barcelona.
 Amor Patrio
Rizal wrote a patriotic essay entitled
Amor Patrio (Love of Country), his first article
written on Spain.
- Sent the article to Basilio Teodoro
Moran, publisher of Diariong Tagalog, the first
Manila bilingual newspaper (Spanish and
Tagalog)
- Laong Laan, August 20, 1882
- Los Viajes (Travels)
- Revista de Madrid (Review of Madrid)
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 Sad News from Manila

- Cholera savaging Manila and the provinces.

- The unhappiness of Leonor Rivera
- Paciano advised Rizal to finish the medical course in Madrid.

Life in Madrid
September 2, 1882-
Rizal moved heading to Madrid in
order to continue his medical studies.

November 3, 1882- Rizal enrolled in the

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Universidad Central de Madrid in two

courses: Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters.
 Rizal led a Spartan Life in Madrid
- He budgeted his money and time.
- Investing a few pesetas for lottery ticket every draw of
the Madrid Lottery
- Reading and writing at his boarding house, attending
reunions of Filipino students.
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 Romance with Consuelo Ortiga y Perez
-Composed a poem on August 22,
1883 dedicated to Consuelo entitled A La
Senorita C. O. y P
- Rizal backed out for two reasons:
a. he was still engaged to
Leonor Rivera; and
b. his friend and co-worker,
Eduardo Lete was in love with
Consuelo
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 They Ask Me For Verses
-in 1882, Rizal joined the Circulo
Hispano-Filipino in Madrid.
-He wrote a poem Me Piden Versos

Rizal’s First Visit to Paris (1883)

- He was in Paris from June 17-August 20
- Hotel de Paris on 37 Rue de Maubeuge
- Paris is the costliest capital in Europe
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 Rizal as a Mason
In Spain, Rizal came in close contact with the prominent liberal
and republican Spaniards.
- Joined the Masonic lodge called Acacia in Madrid
- November 1883, transferred to Lodge Solidaridad, where he
become a Master Mason
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 Studies Completed in Spain
- Licentiate in Medicine, June 21, 1884. The next year, he passed all
his subjects leading to doctors of Medicine but was only able to get
his Doctor’s Diploma for he wasn’t able to pay corresponding fees.

-Awarded the degree of Licentiate in Philosophy and Letters by

Universidad Central de Madrid on June 19, 1885 with the rating of
Sobresaliente
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 Paris to Berlin
Rizal went to Paris and Germany in order to
specialized in Ophthalmology.

Maximo Viola, a medical students and

a member of a rich family of San
Miguel, Bulacan.
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 Dr. Louis de Weckert
-The leading French Ophthalmologist
during this period.
-The leading authority among oculists of
France and found Rizal as a competent
student and make him his clinical assistant.
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 -During his free time, he visited his
fellow countrymen- Pardo de
Tavera and Juan Luna.

-Rizal posed in Luna’s canvas “

The Blood Compact” and “The
Death of Cleopatra.
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 February 1, 1886

Rizal left to Germany and arrived on

February 3, 1886 in Heidelberg- a historic
city in Germany, famous for its cold
university and romantic surroundings.

Dr. Otto Becker

Distinguished German Ophthalmologist
where Rizal worked- University Eye
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Hospital
 November 1886

-Rizal arrived in Berlin.

- Met Dr. Feodor Jagor, a great scientist
and author of “Travels in the
Philippines”
- Met Dr. Rudolf Virchow known to be
the Father of Modern Pathology
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 Rizal’s reason in staying in Berlin

1. Gain further knowledge in Ophthalmology;

2. To improve further his studies of sciences and languages;
3. To observe the economic and political conditions of the
German nation;
4. To associate with famous German scientists and scholars;
5. To publish his novel, Noli Me Tangere.
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 March 11, 1886
One of Rizal’s important letters written while he was in Germany that
addressed to his sister, Trinidad.

Rizal regard his high regard and admiration for German

womanhood.

German woman, said to his sister, is serious, diligent, educated and

friendly. She is not gossipy, frivolous and quarrelsome.
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 Noli Me Tangere ( published in Berlin, 1887)
The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter
because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke.
The diamond ring which his siter, Saturnina, gave him was in the
pawnshop. It was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons:

a. It was painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent

in a strange city;
b. It should brought him great joy after enduring so much
sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me Tangeri came off the
press March 1887.
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 Maximo Viola
Rizal’s friend from Bulacan, arrived in Berlin at the height of
Rizal despondency and loaned him the needed funds to publish the
novel; savior of Noli

February 21, 1887

Noli was finally finished and ready for printing

Berliner Buchdruckrei-Action-Gesellschaft
-a printing shop which charged the lowest rate, that is 300
pesos for 2,000 copies of the novel.
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 March 21, 1887
-Noli Me Tanger came off the press

The title Noli Me Tangere is a latin phrase which means Touch Me

Not. It is not originally conceived by Rizal, for he admitted taking it
from the Bible.
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 Rizal’s Grand Tour of Europe with Viola

May 21, 1887

Rizal and Viola left Berlin by train
going to Dresden, one of the best cities
in Germany.

Prometheus Bound- a painting wherein

Rizal was deeply impressed.

Teschen (Decin, Czechoslovakia)- next

stop over after leaving Dresden
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 Leitmeritz
May 13, 1887- the train with Rizal
and Viola on board, arrived at the
railroad station of Leitmeritz, Bohemia
for the first time, the two great scholars-
Rizal and Blumentritt- met in person.

Professor Ferdinand Blumentritt- a kind-

hearted, old Austrian professor
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 Vienna
May 20, 1887
Rizal and Viola arrived in the
beautiful city of Vienna, capital of
Austria-Hungary

Rheinfall
The Cathedral of Ulm- the
largest and tallest Cathedral in
Germany. From Ulm, they went to
Stuttgart, Baden and Rheinfall
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 Crossing the frontier to Switzerland
June 2 to 3, 1887- stayed at Schaffhausen,
Switzerland

Geneva
The Swiss City is one of the most beautiful cities in
Europe, visited by tourists every year

June 19, 1887

Rizal treated Viola to a blow-out. It was his 26th
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birthday. Rizal spent fifteen days in Geneva

 Geneva

June 23, 1887

Viola and Rizal parted ways- Viola returned to
Barcelona while Rizal continued the tour to Italy.

Exposition of Philippines in Madrid, Spain- Rizal was outraged

by the degradation of his fellow countrymen. Igorots of
Northern Luzon.
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 Italy

June 27, 1887

Rizal reached Rome, the “Eternal City” and also called the “City
of the Caesars”

June 29, 1887

-the Feast Day of St. peter and St. Paul, Rizal visited for the first
time the Vatican, the “City of the Popes” and the capital of
Christendom.

After a week of wonderful sojourn in Rome, Rizal prepared to return to

the Philippines. He had already written to his father that he was
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coming home.