Early Filipino Society: Barangays, Datus and Social Classes

LIFE OF EARLY
FILIPINOS
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: EARLY SOCIETY
SECONDARY
SOURCE SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
BARANGAY – well
organized interdependent BARANGAY -
villages or community independent and DATU – called lakan,
ruled by a chieftain. hadye, rajah, gat or
DATU – ruler/leader of sultan.
DATU – rules and
Barangay governs his people PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY
- he exercised justly and promotes TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
their welfare. AND FE B. MANGAHAS
absolute powers: (2010)
- Exercised the
executive (administrative) powers of executive,
legislative (lawmaking), legislative, and
judiciary (court of jucidiary. DATU – he is the supreme
justice), religious and * PHILIPPINE commander during wars.
military as commander - HISTORY BY * PHILIPPINE HISTORY
TEODORO A. BY TEODORO A.
in-chief. AGONCILLO AND FE AGONCILLO AND FE B.
B. MANGAHAS MANGAHAS (2010)
(2010)
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
There was no national gover nment
in ancient Philippines. There were only
many different barangays and many
datu’s but there was no datu who is
strong enough to unite the archipelago
into one nation.
** PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY
TEODORO A. AGONCILLO AND FE B.
MANGAHAS (2010)
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
BARANGAY – the early Filipinos applied the name

DATU – ruler of
the barangay barangay to their settlement of the sailboat that
brought them to Philippine shore.
- In time of
peace, he was - Consists of about 100 families.
the chief - Some are big in size such as Sugbu (Cebu), Maktan
executive, (Mactan), Bigan (Vigan) and Maynila (Manila). Each
legislative, and
had a population of more than 2,000.
judge.
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT BY SONIA
- Commander of
the barangay M. ZAIDE
warriors.
BARANGAY – consists of 30 to 100 families.
* PHILIPPINE
HISTORY AND
- Derived from the Austronesian word “balangay”
GOVERNMENT which is a boat transported the Austronesian
BY SONIA M. immigrants to the Philippines.
ZAIDE * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
AND FE B. MANGAHAS (2010)
There was no national gover nment
in ancient Philippines. There were only
many different barangays and many
datu’s but there was no datu who is
strong enough to unite the archipelago
into one nation.
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND
GOVERNMENT BY SONIA M. ZAIDE
BARANGAY DATU
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: SOCIAL CLASS
SECONDARY
1.Nobility (noble) – 1. Nobles – 1. Nobles – Highly respected in the

consists of community.
highest social class chiefs, and * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO
- Datu family and their A. AGONCILLO AND FE B. MANGAHAS
families. (2010)
close relatives
- Upper class 1. Mahadlika/Nobles – held great
constitute it social, economic, and political
- Also called
- They enjoyed rights Gat or Lakan influences.
in Tagalog - Nobility was acquired through
that were not region inheritance out of being member of
enjoyed by the * the datu’s kinship.
others PHILIPPINE - Succesion of the position of the datu
HISTORY BY was choses in this group.
- They carried the TEODORO A.
AGONCILLO * THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE
title “Lakan”, Gat, HISTORY BY REBECCA R. ONGSOTTO,
AND FE B.
Datu or Hadji MANGAHAS REENA P. ONGSOTTO, & ROWENA
(2010) MARIA ONGSOTTO.
1. Nobles – Also
called Gat or 1. Open System – positions are
Lakan in awarded on the basis of merit, and
Tagalog region rank is tied to individual
achievements.
*
INTRODUCTION - Provides people with equal chance
TO FILIPINO to succeed.
HISTORY BY * PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND
TEODORO A. GOVERNMENT BY SONIA M. ZAIDE
AGONCILLO
SECONDARY
SOURCE
2.Timawa or 2. Timawa – visayan 2. Timawa – had all rights and
term for freemen. priveleges in the community except
Freemen– that of political power which was
constitute the - The only condition
exclusively enjoyed by the noble
middle class required to them
class.
was to give a part of
- They were their harvest to the *THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE
born free or datu as a form of HISTORY BY REBECCA R.
slaves tribute. ONGSOTTO, REENA P. ONGSOTTO, &
ROWENA MARIA
- They owned - They have the right
properties to own and cultivate
lands. 2. Timawa – called Mahadlika by the
and do not Tagalogs
work for the * THE STUDY OF
PHILIPPINE - also composed of dependents who
noble HISTORY BY had earned their freedom.
- They gave REBECCA R. * HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE
tribute to the ONGSOTTO, REENA BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO (1990)
datus P. ONGSOTTO, &
ROWENA MARIA
ONGSOTTO
2. Closed System – status is

2. Timawa – middle class
determined at birth and
*INTRODUCTION TO
people are locked into their
FILIPINO HISTORY BY
TEODORO A. AGONCILLO parents’ social system.
GOVERNMENT BY SONIA M.
2. Freeman – society’s ZAIDE
middle class.
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY
TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
AND FE B. MANGAHAS
(2010)
SECONDARY
SOURCE
3.Aliping 3. Aliping Namamahay – 3. Aliping Namamahay –
They had own house and granted limited rights
Namamahay family and serves master
(Serf) –they * THE STUDY OF
through planting, harvesting,
PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY
could own a rowing boat and by helping
REBECCA R. ONGSOTTO,
property and in house construction.
REENA P. ONGSOTTO, &
marry at will * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY ROWENA MARIA
- They ONGSOTTO.
AND FE B. MANGAHAS
rendered (2010)
service to the 3. Estate System (Closed)
3. Aliping Namamahay – have – person’s social status is
nobles and own house and famiy. based on ownership of
freemen in -serves master by land, birth or military
return for planting/harvesting strength
the * INTRODUCTION TO * PHILIPPINE HISTORY
protection FILIPINO HISTORY BY AND GOVERNMENT BY
given them. TEODORO A. AGONCILLO SONIA M. ZAIDE
SIMILARITIES
2. Aliping namamahay – allowed to build his own house and

acquire properties
- Also called to help in the construction of his master’s house
and in household chores
* THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY REBECCA R.
ONGSOTTO, REENA P. ONGSOTTO, & ROWENA MARIA
ONGSOTTO.
3. Aliping namamahay – had his own family and house and served his
master during planting and harvest seasons, rowed for him, helped
in the construction of his houre and served his visitors.
* HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
DEPENDENTS
 Known as “alipin” among the Tagalogs.
* HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY TEODORO
A. AGONCILLO
 Members of the lowest class.
 Known as “alipin” among ancient Tagalog
* PHILIPPINO HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
AND FE B. MANGAHAS
 Prisoners captured in wars or acquired such
social position by vir tue of inheritance.
* THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY REBECCA
R. ONGSOTTO, REENA P. ONGSOTTO, & ROWENA
MARIA ONGSOTTO
DEPENDENTS
 KINDS OF DEPENDENTS AMONG THE
VISAYANS.
1. Tumataban – who worked for his master
when told to do so.
2. Tumarampuk – who wor ked one day a
week for his master.
3. Ayuey – who worked three days a week
for his master.
DEPENDENTS
 LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION OF DEPENDENTS
1.Full Dependent – whose parents were both
dependents.
2.One-half Dependent – with one parent as
dependent.
3.Semi-dependent – with one parent being one-half
dependent and the other is free.
Note: there levels were not per manent and can
move up and down upon payment of debts or by
purchase.
* PHILIPPINO HISTORY BY TEODORO A.
AGONCILLO AND FE B. MANGAHAS
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: CAUSE OF SLAVERY
SECONADARY
SOURCE SIMILARITIES
1. Birth
2. Captivity Captured in wars, and by inheritance
in war * THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY REBECCA R.
ONGSOTTO, REENA P. ONGSOTTO, & ROWENA MARIA
3. Purchase ONGSOTTO
4. Failure to Captivity in battle, failing to pay one’s debt, by
pay debts inheritance, by purchase, or by being pronounced
5. Penalty guilty of a crime.
for crime * PHILIPPINO HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
AND FE B. MANGAHAS
commited
6. Left Being a child of a slave
orphans * POLITICAL & CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES BY EUFRONIO M. ALIP (1967)
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: WAYS TO BECOME A
FREEMAN
SECONDSARY
SOURCE
1. Marriage
SIMILARITIES
2. Physical
Purchase, marriage, voluntary action of the
strength lord to set him free.
3. Voluntary of * POLITICAL & CULTURAL HISTORY OF
the master THE PHILIPPINES BY EUFRONIO M. ALIP
4. Purchase (1967)
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: POSITION OF WOMEN
SECONDARY
SOURCE
Politically, Custom of the They enjoys high position. They could
Socially, and period made also own and inherit and sell
economically women equal of property. They can trade in industry.
man. And could succeed to chieftanship of
they were equal
to the men. * INTRODUCTION her community in absence of a male
TO FILIPINO heir. They enjoys the right to give
1.Princess HISTORY BY names to their children.
urduja – TEODORO A. * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO
Amasonic ruler AGONCILLO A. AGONCILLO & FE B. MANGAHAS
or Pangasinan. Women were the (2010)
2.Kalangitan – equal of men in
Sultana of ancient Filipino They enjoys high position. They could
society. also own and inherit and sell property.
Pasig.
* PHILIPPINE They can trade in industry. And could
3.Lubluban – HISTORY BY succeed to chieftanship of her
1 st woman TEODORO A. community in absence of a male heir.
lawgiver of the AGONCILLO & FE B. *INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO HISTORY
MANGAHAS (2010) BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
Philippines.
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: EARLY CUSTOM AND
PRACTICES
SECONDARY
SOURCE SIMILARITIES
CLOTHING Upper part was a jacket with short sleeves for men, color
Male: indicates the rank of the wearer (same as the source)
1.Kangan – * INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO HISTORY BY TEODORO A.
upper attire, AGONCILLO
the color
Upper part was a black or blue collarless jacket with short sleeve
indicated the and the color indicates the rank of the wearer (same as the
rank of the source)
wearer, red - * HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
wore by a
chief Upper part was a jacket with short sleeves and the color indicates
(collarless the rank of the wearer (same as the source)
jacket), blue * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO AND FE B.
or black – MANGAHAS
wore by the
lower rank.
PRACTICES
SECONDARY
SOURCE SIMILARITIES
Narrow strip of cloth passed down and up between the legs.
CLOTHING
* POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINES BY
Male: EUFRONIO M. ALIP
2.Bahag – Wrapped around the waist and in between the legs
lower attire * PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND THE GOVERNMENT BY SONIA M.
made up of ZAIDE
strip of cloth Lower part of the clothing which consists of a cloth wound
wrapped around the waist, passing down between the thighs.
above the * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO AND FE B.
waist passing MANGAHAS (2010)
down between Lower part of the attire, consists of a strip of cloth wrapped
the thighs. around the waist, passing down between the thighs.
(1990)
PRACTICES
SECONDARY
SIMILARITIES
SOURCE
CLOTHING A piece of cloth around the head.
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND THE GOVERNMENT BY SONIA M.
Male:
ZAIDE
3.Putong –
headgear A headgear consisting a piece of cloth wrapped around the
consisting a piece mean. The color signifies… (same as the source)
of cloth. It shows * HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY TEODORO A.
the manliness of a AGONCILLO (1990)
man. Red signifies
that the weared Headgear which is a piece of cloth wrapped around the head.
The color shows the number of person the wearer had killed.
had killed a man
in war. Embroided * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO AND FE B.
MANGAHAS (2010)
– he had killed at
least seven men.
PRACTICES
SECONDARY
SOURCE
SIMILARITIES
CLOTHING
Female
1.Baro or Camisa A jacket with sleeves.
–upper attire, a * HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY TEODORO A.
AGONCILLO (1990)
jacket with
sleeves.
A wide sleeved jacket
ZAIDE
PRACTICES
SECONDARY
SOURCE
CLOTHING
SIMILARITIES
Female:
Lower attire and called patadyong by Visayans.
2.Saya – lower
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO AND FE B.
attire, loose skirt MANGAHAS (2010)
(Patadyong by the
Visayan) For lower parts, also called patadyong by Visayans. It is a loose
skirt.
* HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY TEODORO A.
AGONCILLO (1990)
PRACTICES
SECONDARY
SOURCE SIMILARITIES
CLOTHING
Female: Piece of red or white cloth, usually wrapped about the waist.
3.Tapis – piece of * HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY TEODORO A.

AGONCILLO (1990)
red or white cloth,
usually wrapped
about the waist. Piece of red or white cloth, usually wrapped about the waist.
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO AND FE B.
MANGAHAS (2010)
Piece of cotton cloth, usually wrapped about the waist and

being let to fall to the feet.
ZAIDE
PRACTICES
ANCIENT FILIPINOS ALSO WORE
SPECIAL DRESSES FOR FESTIVE
OCCASIONS SUCH AS THE GALA DRESS
WHICH IS A HIGHLY DYED SHAWL AT THE
SHOULDERS AND FASTENED UNDER THE
ARM.
ANCIENT FILIPINOS HAD NO SHOES.
THEY WALKED BAREFOOTED.
POLICIES
SECONDARY
SOURCE DIFFERENCES
ORNAMENTS
1.Kalimbuya –
armlets,
pendants, It is called kalumbiga which composed of armlets,
pendants, gold rings, earrings, leglets and bracelets.
bracelets, gold
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO &
rings, earrings FE B. MANGAHAS (2010)
that are made
of gold
It is called kalumbiga.
* INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO HISTORY BY
PRACTICES
WOMEN OF NOBILITY WORE
NECKLACES OF GOLD AROUND THEIR
NECKS, CALUMBIGAS ON THE WRIST AND
LARGE RINGS OF GOLD AND PRECIOUS
STONES IN THEIR FINGERS. AROUND
THEIR LEGS, THEY WORE STRINGS OF
PRECIOUS STONES WHICH THEY VALUED
VERY HIGHLY.
* POLITICAL & CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE
PHILIPPINES BY EUFRONIO M. ALIP (1967)
SECONDARY
SOURCE
ORNAMENTS
SIMILARITIES
2. Fatek – term
for tattoo, to
Use to make themselves beautiful for woman. And use as
enhance the
war records for man.
beauty of man
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO AND FE
and a woman. B. MANGAHAS (2010)
- To show their
war records.
PRACTICES
VISAYANS WERE THE MOST TATTOED
PEOPLE IN THE PHILIPPINES ACCORDING
TO FIRST SPANISH MISSIONARIES. AND
THEY WERE CALLED PINTADOS OR
PAINTED PEOPLE.
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A.
PRACTICES
MEN IN CERTAIN PARTS OF THE
VISAYAS TATTOED THEIR BODIES AND
LIMBS.
SECONDARY
SOURCE
HOUSE SIMILARITIES
1. Ilongots,
Kalingas,
Mandayas, Ilongots, Kalingas of Northern Luzon, Mandayas, Bagobo of
Bagobos – they Mindanao – houses were built on tree tops.
build their * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO & FE B.
house on tree MANGAHAS (2010)
top, to prevent
their enemies
from surprising Ilongots, Kalingas, Mandayas, Bagobos – they build their house
on tree top
them in a raid.
* INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO HISTORY BY TEODORO A.
AGONCILLO
SECONDARY
SOURCE
HOUSE
2. Igorots – their houses has no walls
PRACTICES
ANCIENT HOUSE WAS BUILT OF
BAMBOO, WOOD, AND NIPA PALM. IT IS
SUITED TO THE TROPICAL CLIMATE OF
THE COUNTRY. SET ON STAKES CALLED
“HALIGI” WHICH WERE MADE OF BAMBOO.
IT HELD THE HOUSE ABOVE THE GROUND.
BATALAN – SORT OF GALLERY WHERE
HOUSEHOLD WORKS WAS DONE.
SALA – USED NOT ONLY AS AN AREA
FOR RECEIVING VISITORS BUT ALSO A
PLACE TO SLEEP WITH.
PRACTICES
SILID – SMALL ROOM NEAR THE SALA
WHERE MATS, PILLOWS, AND BASKETS OF
RICE WHERE KEPT.
BADJAOS OR SEA GYPSIES OF SULU –
HOUSEBOATS BECAUSE THEY ARE SEA-
LOVING PEOPLE. THEY ROAMED THE SEA
FOR A LIVING AND FOR ADVENTURE.
PRACTICES
THE EARLY MALAY FILIPINOS LIVE IN
VERY SIMPLE HOMES WITH WOODEN POSTS,
BAMBOO FLOORING AND NIPA, COGON, OR
COCONUT LEAF WALLS AND ROOFS.
HOUSES WERE BUILT HIGH ABOVE THE
GROUND OR ABOVE THE WATER (MORO
HOUSES ON WOODEN POSTS)
THEY HAD A SOFT OF UNROOFED FLOOR
PROJECTION KNOWN AS THE “BATALAN”.
BATALAN WHERE THEY PLACE JARS OF WATER
FOR WASHING THE FEET AND THE KITCHEN
UTENSILS.
PRACTICES
STAIRS ARE MADE EITHER OF WOOD
OR BAMBOO.
THEIR HOUSES WERE FAIRLY LARGE,
CONSISTING OF ONLY ONE ROOM (2 OR
MORE ROOMS FOR NOBILITY)
LOWER PART OF THE HOUSES BUILT
HIGH ABOVE THE GROUND WAS PROVIDED
WITH AN ENCLOSURE MADE OF BAMBOO
AND STAKES WHERE THE POULTRY WAS
KEPT
PRACTICES
MOST HOUSES WERE BUILT NEAR THE
BANKS OF RIVERS AND ON THE SLOPES OF
HILLS. MANY OF THE NATIVE HOUSES IN
THE PHILIPPINE VILLAGES AND THOSE OF
THE IGOROTS, THE BONTOKS, AND THE
MOROS NOWADAYS SEEM TO TYPIFY THE
HOUSES OF THE EARLY FILIPINOS.
* POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF
THE PHILIPPINES BY EUFRONIO M. ALIP
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: MARRIAGE
SECONDAARY
It took
patience and
a spirit of The man requires to serve the
girl’s parents for months and There was no chance
dedication on even years. for them to meet
the part of a clandestinely for the
He was not supposed to talk to girl was zealously
man to win his fair lady, only their eyes met guarded by the parent
the hands of occasionally to exchange mute or by the
message of love. grandparents.
his fair lady.
After being satisfied that the * HISTORY OF THE
Man requires suitor would make a good FILIPINO PEOPLE BY
to serve the husband, parents finally gave TEODORO A.
girls’ parents their consent to the marriage. AGONCILLO
for a month * HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO
PEOPLE BY TEODORO A.
and even AGONCILLO
years
SECONDARY
SOURCE
He was not supposed to talk to the lady, only their eyes met
occasionally to exchange message of love.
After having satisfied themselves that the man would make
a good husband and son in law, they finally gave their
consent.
SECONDARY
CONDITIONS: 2. Panghimuyat
1. Bigay kaya – man was required to give
1.To give a dowry which usually consisted of a piece of - The man must
land or gold. give a gift to
dowry ( bigay
the parents of
kaya) – land, * INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO HISTORY BY
the girl.
gold or *
dependents 1. Bigay kaya – groom gave a dowry to the INTRODUCTIO
family of the bride and it consisted of gold, land, N TO FILIPINO
2.Panghimuyat slaves or anything of value. HISTORY BY
– given to the *THE PHILIPPINE HISTORY AND THE TEODORO A.
parents of the GOVERNMENT BY SONIA M. ZAIDE AGONCILLO
girl to pay the
1. Bigay kaya – man was to give a dowry consisting of land, gold, or
Nocturnal dependents.
efforts of the 2. Panghimuyat - Poor man must also give the bride-to-be’s parents a
mother in certain amount of money as payment for the mothers nocturnal
rearing the girl. efforts in rearing the girl to womanhood.
SECONDARY
SOURCE SIMILARITIES
CONDITIONS:
3. Bigay suso – was to be 3. Bigay suso – the man must give a gift to
the girl’s wet-nurse.
given to the girl’s wet nurse,
* INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO HISTORY
who fed the lady during her
BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
infancy with milk from her
own breast.
4. Himaraw – sum of money, 3. Bigay suso – was to be given to the girl’s
wet nurse who fed her during her infancy
as reimbursement for the
with milk from her own breast.
amount spent in feeding the
4. Himaraw – man must also give the
girl during her infancy. parents a sum of money as reimbursement
5. Sambon – another bribe to for the amount spent in feeding the girl
during her infancy.
be given to the girl’s relative
*HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY
SECONDARY
The girl’s
parents arrange The girl’s parents
arranged all these It was not an easy matter to make
all these not payments, not directly such arrangement for it usually
directly to the with the suitor but with happened that the suitor’s financial
man but to the his parents. status such that could not comply
parents. This is * HISTORY OF THE with the wishes of the girl’s parents.
FILIPINO PEOPLE BY It was the duty of his parents to
called haggle and to make the final
“Pamamalae” or arrangements for the marriage
“Pamumulungan ceremony.
The arrangements were
” made by the parents of * HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE
the bride and groom. BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
INTRODUCTION TO
FILIPINO HISTORY BY
TEODORO A.
AGONCILLO
CEREMONY
SECONDARY SOURCE
N O B LE S
Wedding
A go b etween w as em plo yed b y the groo m to ceremony was
b r i n g t h e b r i de t o h i m Service of performed by a
A g o b e tw een f e tc hed t h e b r i de f r o m h e r h o u se timawa (go- native baylan
B ri de w i ll n ot step t o the stai r u n til a gi f t was between) or katalonan
g i v en b y t h e g r o om ’s f a t her t o p e r s uade h e r together with the (priestiess)
giving of dorwy who also
A f ter en teri ng the h ous e, the b ri de refus ed to s it
and other gifts performed the
d o w n , a n o ther g i f t w i l l b e g iv en .
was a necessary religious rites
S h e r e f u sed t o e a t o r d r i n k, a n o ther g i f t . part of the
G r o om a n d b r i de n o w d r i n k f r o m o n e c u p. * POLITICAL
ceremony.
AND
A t this s tage, a n o l d m an ann ou n c e t ha t the * POLITICAL AND CULTURAL
c e rem on y w o u l d b e gi n CULTURAL HISTORY OF
Ol d pri es t take the han ds o f the cou pl e, he HISTORY OF THE THE
j o i n ed t h em o v er a p l a t e o f u n c ooked r i c e PHILIPPINES BY PHILIPPINES
Wi th a l ou d s hou t, he threw the u nc oo ked ri ce EUFRONIO M. BY EUFRONIO
t o the gu es ts an d t h e gu es ts res po n ded w i th a ALIP M. ALIP
l o u d s ho ut a n d t h e c e r e m on y w a s o v er .
CEREMONY
SECONDARY
SOURCE
DIFFERENCES
FREEMEN
- The couple
join hands FREEMEN/SERFS
together, and - THE BRIDE AND GROOM DRINK A WINE FROM THE
at this position SAME CUP, AFTER WHICH THEY LISTENED TO THEIR
FEW GUESTS SHOUT A WISH THAT THE COUPLE
the man asked MIGHT LIVE A LONG AND PROSPEROUS LIFE
the girl “Will *POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF THE
you marry me” PHILIPPINES BY EUFRONIO M. ALIP
and if the girl
agreed, then
an old priest
pronounce
them man and
wife.
PRACTICES
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (MARRIAGE
CEREMONY):
FOR SLAVES, THE MASTER MERELY
MATCHED THE BRIDE AND GROOM AND
PRONOUNCED THEM HUSBAND AND WIFE.
* POLITICAL AND CULTURAL HISTORY OF
THE PHILIPPINES BY EUFRONIO M. ALIP
PRACTICES
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (MARRIAGE CUSTOMS):
IN MOST CASES, A WOMAN OF ONE CLASS
MARRIED INTO THE SAME CLASS. NOBLES
MARRIED TO NOBLE. FREEMEN MARRIED TO A
FREEMEN CLASS. AND DEPENDEN MARRIED INTO
HIS OWN CLASS. BUT THERE WILL BE EXCEPTIONS
WHEN A MAN SHOWED BRAVERY AND COURAGE IN
BATTLE OR BECOME POWERFUL ENOUGH TO LEAD
THE COMMUNITY. A MAN COULD MARRY AS MANY
WOMAN AS HE COULD SUPPORT. HIS CHILDREN BY
HIS FIRST WIFE IS THE LEGITIMATE CHILD AND
WHO WILL THEN INHERIT HIS PROPERTY. THE
ILLIGITIMATE ONE WILL NOT BE GIVEN THE RIGHT
TO INHERIT FROM HIS FATHER.
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: LAW
SECONDARY
SOURCE
SIMILARITIES
HOW A LAW MAS
MADE:
When a chieftain wanted The chieftain of a barangay made the laws of the
a law enacted, he called community. When he had a law in mind, he called
the council of elders to give their opinion. If the
the elders and told them elders approved the proposed law, the chieftain
what he had in mind. If ordered a town cryer, called umalohokan, to
the elders approved his announce to the community the approval of the law.
plan, a Public Announcer *PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO

AND FE B. MANGAHAS
(Umalohocan) was
summoned and order to
go around the community
to announce the
promulgation of the new
law.
SECONDARY
SOURCE
SIMILARITIES
J URIDICIAL PROCESS:
Chieftains as judge, a nd elders a s the
ju ry
- Trials were held publicly, a nd Chieftain as the judge, and elders as the
members of the jury
decision rendered promptly.
- The trials was usually held in public
- The accuser a nd the a ccused faced
- The accuser and the accused faced each
each other with their respective other with their witnesses. The witnesses
witnesses. usually took an oath to prove their honesty
- They took a n oath ( may the (may the crocodile devour me if I tell a lie,
etc)
lightning strike m e if I will tell a lie)
- The man who had more witnesses was
- The chieftain listen a nd the elders usually judged to be the winner.
took mental notes of the a rguments
- Usually, the one with m ore AGONCILLO AND FE B. MANGAHAS
witnesses a djusted a s the winner.
SECONDARY SOURCE SIMILARITIES

TRIAL BY ORDEAL
Consisted of ordering the suspects, in case of
Several ordeals that theft, to dip their hands into a pot of boiling
adopted to determine the water.
innocence party: * INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO HISTORY BY
1.The suspects were TEODORO A. AGONCILLO
ordered to pick a stone in a

boiling pot of water. Ordering the suspects to dip their hands into a
pot of boiling water. The suspect whose hand
*suspects who refused to was scalded the most was judged guilty.
obey the order is the culprit *PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A.
*suspects whose hand was AGONCILLO AND FE B. MANGAHAS
scalded the most is the
culprit
SECONDARY SOURCE
SIMILARITIES
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
Several ordeals that Giving lighted candle to the suspects and the
adopted to determine the suspect whose candle died out first was the
innocence party: guilty party.
*PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A.
2. By giving lighted candle AGONCILLO AND FE B. MANGAHAS
to the suspects

TRIAL BY ORDEAL Ordering the suspects to plunge into a deep river
Several ordeals that with their lances. The one who rises to the
surface first was pronounced guilty.
adopted to determine the
innocence party: *PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A.
4. Ordering the suspects to
plunge into river or lake Ordering the suspects to plunge into a deep
with lances (spear) river with their lances.
* INTRODUCTION TO FILIPINO HISTORY BY
SECONDARY SOURCE
TRIAL BY ORDEAL
Several ordeals that SIMILARITIES
adopted to determine the
innocence party: The suspects chew uncooked rice. The one
4. By ordering the suspects whose saliva was the thickest was the culprit.
to chew uncooked rice. *PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A.
Each of them spat the AGONCILLO AND FE B. MANGAHAS
saliva, he whose saliva came

out the thickest was the
guilty.
5. By combat or wrestling
(bultong)
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
SECONDAARYSOURCE
1.Life after death
2.Bathala – god 1. Adni – god of fire
1. Life after death
* PHILIPPINE HISTORY
3. Idiyanale – 2. Bathala – one BY TEODORO A.
supreme being AGONCILLO AND FE B.
god of agriculture 3. Idiyanale – god of MANGAHAS
4.Sidapa – god of agriculture

4. Sidapa – god of death
death 1. Sisiburanin – god of the
5. Balangaw – god underworld
5.Balangaw – rainbow
* THE STUDY OF
rainbow god 6. Mandarangan – god PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY
of war REBECCA R. ONGSOTTO,
6. Mandarangan * PHILIPPINE HISTORY REENA P. ONGSOTTO,
BY TEODORO A. ROWENA MARIA
– a war god AGONCILLO AND FE B. ONGSOTTO
MANGAHAS
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
SIMILARITIES
SECONDARY SOURCE
1. Bathala – supreme god
7. Lalahon
– goddest GOVERNMENT BY SONIA M. ZAIDE
of harvest 1. Idiyanale – god of agriculture
8. 2. Lalahon – god of harvest
3. Balangaw – god of rainbow
Siginarugan
4. Diyan Masalanta – god of love
– god of 5. Sidapa – god death
hell 6. Mandarangan – war god
7. Agni – god of fire
9. Diyan
8. Siginarugan – god of hell
Masalanta – * THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY
god of love REBECCA R. ONGSOTTO, REENA P. ONGSOTTO,
ROWENA MARIA ONGSOTTO
*
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: BURIAL
SECONDARY SOURCE SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

The dead was placed
in a wooden coffin and When a relative died,
buried under the he/she was placed in Armed sentinels guarded
house, complete with a coffin and buried the coffin lest some
under his/her house. sorcerers open it and
cloth, gold, and other thus release the foul
The living relatives
valuable things. place his/her cloth,
smell of the dead
person.* PHILIPPINE
- Upon the death of a gold, or other
HISTORY BY TEODORO
person, fires was valuables in the A. AGONCILLO AND FE B.
made under his coffin. MANGAHAS
house. - The neighbor and
the relatives made
- Armed men acted as fires under his/her
guard house.
- the relative of the * PHILIPPINE
death hired HISTORY BY
professional TEODORO A.
mourners AGONCILLO AND FE
B. MANGAHAS
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: BURIAL
SECONDARY SOURCE
In Mindanao, the relative
showed their deep
mourning by going
berserk. (usually the
relative of the dead 1. Morotal –
abstain from eating meat 1. Maglahi – mourning for mourning for a
and drinking wine. a man woman
1.Morota – mourning for 2. Laraw – mourning for a PHILIPPINE
a woman. chieftain HISTORY BY
TEODORO A.
2. Maglahi – mourning * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY
AGONCILLO AND FE
TEODORO A. AGONCILLO B. MANGAHAS
for a man AND FE B. MANGAHAS
3. Laraw – Mourning for
a dead chief
4. Balata – the act
avenging the death of a
relative.
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: LITERATURE

TAGALOG DIFFERENCES
1Saliwikain – saying 1. Kumintang
2.Bugtong – riddle * PHILIPPINE HISTORY 1. Sabi – maxims
3Indulanin – street song AND THE GOVERNMENT 2. Tagumpay –
BY SONIA M. ZAIDE victory
4Talindaw – boat song
3. Ihiman – wedding
5.Kumintang – war song song
which evolved into a 1.Bugtong – riddles
4. Uyayi and hele –
love song 2. Talindaw – boat songs
cradle song
6. Dalit and umbay 3. Kumintang – war song
7.Hiliraw – war song * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY PHILIPPINE
TEODORO A. AGONCILLO HISTORY BY
8.Tagulaylay –
AND FE B. MANGAHAS TEODORO A.
mournful song AGONCILLO AND FE
9.Rowing song – B. MANGAHAS
household song
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: MUSIC AND DANCE
SECONDARY SOURCE SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

1.Bansic – negrito
musical instrument, 1. Potato dance – dance
made with mountain through the beat of music
and body movement of a
cane with 4 holes man stealing sweet
potatoes in the field. 1. Gangsa – kind of
2. Potato – negrito guitar.
THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE
dance, act of a man HISTORY BY REBECCA R. * PHILIPPINE
stealing sweet potato HISTORY BY
ONGSOTTO, REENA P.
TEODORO A.
in a field ONGSOTTO, ROWENA
AGONCILLO AND FE
MARIA ONGSOTTO B. MANGAHAS
3. Gangsa – bontok 2. Bansic – a sort of flute
igorot’s musical made of bamboo
instrument struck * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY

with a skin-covered AND FE B. MANGAHAS
drumstick.
PRACTICES
1. TORTURE DANCE – TWO MALE SUPPOSEDLY
WARRIORS WAGED A FIGHT ARMED WITH A
PRIMITIVE WEAPON SUCH AS BOLOS, BOWS,
AND ARROWS.
2. LOVER DANCE – A MAN DANCES AROUND A
WOMAN STANDING STILL BUT WITH A MAN AND
FEET MOVING ALONG WITH THE MUSIC BEAT.
3. KINNOTAN/ANT’S DANCE – A GROUP OF
DANCERS GESTICULATE TOWARD A PERSON
BEING ATTACKED BY ANTS AND THEN MAKE
THE MOTION OF SCRATCHING THE MAN.
*THE STUDY OF PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY REBECCA
R. ONGSOTTO, REENA P. ONGSOTTO, ROWENA
MARIA ONGSOTTO
LIFE OF EARLY FILIPINOS: SYSTEM OF WRITINGS
SOURCE P H I L I P P I N E H I S TO RY B Y T E O D O R O
A . AG O N C I L L O A N D F E B .
MANGAHAS
AUTHORS OF THE SOURCES
Teodoro A . Agoncillo (November 9, 1912 – January 14, 1985)
was one of the pre-eminent Filipino historians of the 20th
century. He and his contemporary Renato Constantino were
among the first Filipino historians who earned renown for
promoting a distinctly nationalist point of view of Filipino
history (nationalist historiography). He was also an essayist and
a poet.

Early Filipino Society: Barangays, Datus and Social Classes

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Early Filipino Society: Barangays, Datus and Social Classes

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LIFE OF EARLY

BARANGAY – the early Filipinos applied the name

1.Nobility (noble) – 1. Nobles – 1. Nobles – Highly respected in the

2. Closed System – status is

2. Aliping namamahay – allowed to build his own house and

3.Tapis – piece of * HISTORY OF THE FILIPINO PEOPLE BY TEODORO A.

Piece of cotton cloth, usually wrapped about the waist and

plan, a Public Announcer *PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY TEODORO A. AGONCILLO

SECONDARY SOURCE SIMILARITIES

ordered to pick a stone in a

SECONDARY SOURCE SIMILARITIES

saliva, he whose saliva came

4.Sidapa – god of agriculture

SECONDARY SOURCE SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

SECONDARY SOURCE SIMILARITIES

SECONDARY SOURCE SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES

instrument struck * PHILIPPINE HISTORY BY

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