José Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso 1 July 1962- JRNCC was abolished and Rizal Presidential

Realonda Committee was created after President Diosdado Macapagal

issued Executive Order No. 14.
Birth: 19 June 1861, Calamba, Laguna, , Philippines
June 12, 1956- Jose Rizal’s vast role in the attainment of the
Death: 30 December 1896, Rizal Park, Manila, Philippines nation’s freedom led to the issuance of Republic Act 1425.
Commonly known as the Rizal Act, it was sponsored by
THE FIRST MONUMENT IN HONOR
Senator Claro M. Recto.
OF JOSE RIZAL
june 2, 1961- A few days before the celebration of the birth
Location: Daet, Camarines Norte centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, Pres. Garcia issued Executive
Order No. 429, creating a decoration intended to perpetuate
Designer: Lt. Colonel Antonio Sanz
Rizal’s memory, to be known as the Rizal Pro Patria Award
and Ildefonso Alegre
December 30, 1937- In his memorable Rizal Day address,
Completed: December 30, 1898 Pres. Quezon declared through Commonwealth Act No.
184 the adoption of Tagalog as the basis of the national
Senator Claro M. Recto was the main proponent of the Rizal language of the Philippines.
Bill.

Republic Act No. 1425, is a Philippine law that mandates all

educational institutions in the Philippines to offer courses
about José Rizal.

MEMORANDUM ORDER NO. 247 directing the secretary of

education, culture and sports and the chairman of the
commission on higher education to fully implement Republic
Act no. 1425

Republic Act No. 229, an act to prohibit cockfighting,

horse racing and jai-alai on the thirtieth day of december of
each year and to create a committee to take charge of the
proper celebration of rizal day in every municipality
and chartered city, and for other purposes.

December 30, 1898- Filipinos celebrated Rizal Day for the

first time and chose Club Filipino in Manila to be the venue

February 1, 1902- The Philippine Commission enacted Act.

No. 345 which set December 30 of each year as Rizal Day.

September 28, 1901- Thus, Act No. 243 was enacted granting
the right to use public land upon the Luneta in the City

June 9, 1948- President Quirino approved Republic Act

No. 229 which prohibits cockfighting, horse racing and jai-
alai every 30th of December of each year, in order to have
proper observance of Rizal Day.

August 10, 1954- To give ample time to prepare for the birth
centenary of Jose Rizal in 1961, the Rizal National Centennial
Commission was created by Executive Order No. 52, issued
by Pres. Ramon Magsaysay to undertake the construction of
a National Cultural Shrine and other memorials to be
dedicated to Jose Rizal.
 Spain in the 19th Century Local Government:
Political Instability in Spain. Abandonment of Mercantilism.
The Philippines During Rizal`s Time (page: 13-14)  Provinces (Alcaldías): Headed by an Alcalde Mayor with
Important Events: executive and judicial functions.
Political instability in Spain: Characterized by frequent  Towns (Pueblos): Headed by a Gobernadorcillo responsible
changes in ministries and constitutions, leading to the for tax collection.
adoption of the Canovite system or rotativism.  Barangays: Smallest unit led by a Cabeza de Barangay,
Abandonment of mercantilism: Spain shifted to a laissez- focused on maintaining order and collecting taxes.
faire policy, ending the Galleon Trade and opening the  Cities (Ayuntamientos): Governed by a Cabildo council with
Philippines to world commerce. a mayor, councilors, and other officials.
Impact on the Philippines: Political instability in Spain led to
inefficiency and corruption in colonial administration, while Important People:
the end of mercantilism opened the Philippines to foreign
 Governor-General
commerce, sparking reform movements.
 Alcalde Mayor (Provincial Governor)
 Gobernadorcillo (Town Mayor)
Important People:
 Cabeza de Barangay
Spanish crown: Implemented rotativism to address political
 Friar (Spanish religious figure with significant power)
instability in Spain.
Governor-generals of the Philippines: Experienced frequent
Important Terms:
changes due to political instability in Spain, leading to
inefficient colonial administration.
 Cumplase: Governor-General's power to decide which
Middle class in the Philippines: Emerged as a result of the
Spanish laws applied in the Philippines.
opening of the country to world commerce, leading to
 Actos Acordados: Laws enacted by the Governor-General.
increased civic courage and demands for reforms.
 Indulto de Comercio: Privilege for provincial officials to
Important Terms:
monopolize trade (corrupt practice).
Rotativism (Canovite system): Policy of alternating power
 Frailocracia: Excessive power and influence of friars in local
between liberals and conservatives in Spain to address
affairs.
political disunity.
 Guardia Civil: Spanish-led police force established in 1867.
Mercantilism: Economic doctrine based on the accumulation
 Audiencia Real: Supreme Court during the Spanish era.
of gold and silver, abandoned by Spain in favor of laissez-
 Residencia: Trial of an outgoing Governor-General.
faire policy.
 Visitador: Investigating officer to probe complaints against
Galleon Trade: Trade route between Manila and Acapulco,
the Governor-General.
ended by Spain in 1873, opening the Philippines to world
commerce. Key Points:
Encomienda system: Spanish institution that deprived Frequent changes in Spanish leadership led to an inefficient
Filipinos of ancestral lands and forced them into labor. and corrupt colonial administration in the Philippines.
Middle class: Emerged in the Philippines as a result of The Governor-General wielded immense power with limited
increased civic courage and demands for reforms. oversight.
Administrative Organization (page: 14-45) Friars held significant influence in local affairs, creating a
"frailocracy."
The Philippines was governed by a hierarchical
The lack of a Philippine legislature meant governance relied
administrative structure with the Spanish Crown at the top.
on Spanish laws and decrees.
Selling government positions fueled corruption throughout
Central Government:
the bureaucracy.
 Governor-General: Appointed by the Spanish King, held
executive, legislative, and judicial powers (limited).
 Royal Audiencia: Highest Court in the Philippines.
 Ministry of Colonies: Overseeing body in Spain.
 Summary of Social Structure in the Philippines During
Spanish Rule (19th Century) (page: 16)
Feudalism and Social Hierarchy:
 Philippine society became feudalistic under the encomienda
system.
 Filipinos were subjected to forced labor (polo y servicio) for
the government and church.
 A strict social hierarchy based on limpieza de sangre (purity
of blood) existed.
Social Classes:
 Peninsulares (Top): Spaniards born in Spain, held the highest
social status.
 Insulares: Spaniards born in the Philippines.
 Mestizos: People of mixed Spanish and Asian descent.
 Principalía: Ruling class of native elites (gobernadorcillo,
cabeza de barangay, landowners, wealthy families).
 Indios (Bottom): The general term for Filipinos, subjected to
discrimination and denied opportunities.
Consequences of the System:
 Social tension and division between classes.
 Institutionalized racial discrimination.
 Limited access to education and government positions for
Filipinos.
Important Terms:
Encomienda System: Spanish forced labor system.
 Polo y Servicio: Forced labor for the government and church.
 Limpieza de Sangre: Doctrine of pure blood favoring
Spaniards.
 Peninsulares: Spaniards born in Spain.
 Insulares: Spaniards born in the Philippines.
 Mestizos: People of mixed Spanish and Asian descent.
 Principalía: Ruling class of native elites.
 Indios: The general term for Filipinos during Spanish rule.
Summary of the Educational System in the Philippines
During Spanish Rule (19th Century) (page: 16-17)
Friar-Controlled Education (until Mid-19th Century):
 Focus on religious indoctrination and obedience to friars.
 Use of vernacular languages for memorization without
comprehension.
 Limited development of critical thinking and self-confidence
among Filipino students.
 University of Santo Tomas (UST) as the only higher
education institution (primarily for Spaniards and Mestizos).
Limited Expansion in the Late 19th Century:
 Public education for natives started with the 1863 Education
Decree.
 Establishment of elementary schools for boys and girls in
each town.
 Creation of a normal school for training Spanish-speaking
teachers.
 Introduction of Spanish as the medium of instruction.
Weaknesses of the System:
 Overemphasis on religion.
 Limited and irrelevant curriculum content.
 Outdated facilities and inadequate materials.
 Lack of academic freedom.
 Racial prejudice against Filipino students.
Friar Opposition:
 Friars feared that education in Spanish would spark ideas of
freedom and independence.
 They resisted efforts to improve education for Filipinos.
Important Terms:
 Educational Decree of 1863: Established public primary
education in the Philippines.
 University of Santo Tomas (UST): The only university in the
Philippines during most of the Spanish era.
 Normal School: A school for training teachers.
 Vernacular Language: The native language of a region.
Summary of the Economic Situation in the Philippines
During Spanish Rule (19th Century)
Opening to World Trade (Late 18th Century):
 The Philippines opened to foreign trade, leading to:
o Rise of foreign firms in Manila.
o Increased agricultural production for export (sugar, rice,
hemp, tobacco).
Consequences of Growing Prosperity:
 Increased trade opportunities.
 Greater Filipino contact with foreigners and Spaniards.
 Filipino families sending sons to Europe for education.
 Exposure to European ideas and discontent with Spanish
rule.
 EARLY LIFE
 Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861 in the
lakeshore of Calamba,Laguna
 Wrote his first poem, "Sa Aking Mga
Kababata" (To My Fellow Children), in
Tagalog at age 8.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
 Studied under Maestro Justiano Aquino Cruz
in Biñan, Laguna, alongside his brother
Paciano.
Ateneo Municipal (1872-1877):
 Faced challenges initially due to late enrollment
and limited Spanish.
 Excelled academically, winning awards and
recognition.
 Developed his writing skills under the guidance of
Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez.
 Graduated with highest honors.
University of Santo Tomas (1877-1882):
 Initially studied Philosophy and Letters.
 Switched to Medicine upon the recommendation of
Ateneo rector and due to his mother's failing
eyesight.
 Concurrently took a vocational course in Ateneo to
become a surveyor (perito agrimensor).
 Aced his subjects and earned medals in both
medicine and surveying.
 Received the surveyor's title at age 20 (delayed
due to being underage).
 Maintained ties with Ateneo despite studying at
UST.
Key Points:
 Rizal demonstrated exceptional academic
performance throughout his schooling.
 He received encouragement from various mentors
who recognized his talents.
 His studies exposed him to diverse fields of
knowledge beyond medicine.
 He actively participated in literary contests and
honed his writing skills.
Universidad Central de Madrid (1882-1885):
 Enrolled in both Medicine and Philosophy and
Letters.
 Earned his Licentiate in Medicine in 1884.
 Passed all subjects for a Doctor of Medicine
degree but did not complete graduation
requirements (thesis and fees).
 Participated in student demonstrations.
Further Studies and Activities:
 Studied ophthalmology in Paris.
 Pursued artistic interests at the Academy of Fine
Arts in San Fernando (painting and sculpture).
 Learned French, German, and English through
private instructors.
 Practiced fencing and shooting.
Literary Works in Barcelona (1882):
 Wrote "Amor Patrio" (Love of Country) under the
pen name Laong Laan.
 Published "Amor Patrio" in Diariong Tagalog under
Basilio Teodoro Moran.
 Submitted follow-up articles "Los Viajes" (Travels)
and "Revista de Madrid" (Review of Madrid), but
the newspaper ceased publication.
Key Points:
 Rizal continued his academic pursuits beyond
medicine in Spain.
 He actively participated in student movements and
expressed his love for his country through writing.
 He broadened his skills and knowledge by taking
lessons in various fields.
Rizal's life in Madrid (page: 25-32)

Events: Important Terms:

Rizal's life in Madrid, where he joined a masonic lodge,
experienced financial difficulties, and worked as an assistant
for Dr. Louis de Weckert.
Rizal's move to Paris and later to Heidelberg, where he
continued his studies and wrote poetry.
Rizal's interactions with various personalities in Leipzig,
Dresden, and Berlin, where he joined scientific societies and
worked in clinics.
Rizal's travels around Europe, including visits to the United
States, London, Madrid, and Barcelona, where he met fellow
propagandists and engaged in political activities.
Rizal's involvement in the Propaganda Movement and the
founding of the La Solidaridad newspaper in Barcelona.
Rizal's return to the Philippines, his establishment of a
medical clinic in Calamba, and his involvement in agrarian
issues.
Rizal's diplomatic efforts to seek justice for his family and
fellow Filipinos, his disappointment with Spanish authorities,
and his plan to establish a Filipino colony in North Borneo.
Rizal's return to Manila, his attempts to reconcile with the
Spanish authorities, and his arrest following accusations of
subversion.
Masonic lodge: Secret society to which Rizal belonged,
which he hoped would aid in his fight against the friars.
Propaganda Movement: Campaign for political reform in the
Philippines, of which Rizal was a key figure.
La Solidaridad: Newspaper founded by Filipino
propagandists in Barcelona to advocate for Philippine
reforms.
La Liga Filipina: Organization established by Rizal to unite
Filipinos and work for political reform.
North Borneo colonization: Rizal's plan to establish a Filipino
colony in Sabah, which ultimately faced opposition from
Spanish authorities.
Summarization:
Jose Rizal's life in Europe was marked by his involvement in
the Propaganda Movement, his efforts to seek justice for his
countrymen, and his literary and political activities. Despite
facing financial difficulties and opposition from Spanish
authorities, Rizal remained committed to advocating for
Philippine reforms and the betterment of his people. His
return to the Philippines was met with accusations of
subversion and ultimately led to his arrest, reflecting the
challenges he faced in his quest for justice and
independence.

Important People:

Dr. Louis de Weckert: Leading French ophthalmologist who

employed Rizal as an assistant in Paris.

Marcelo H. del Pilar: Filipino propagandist and founder of La

Solidaridad, with whom Rizal had a rivalry.

Governor General Eulogio Despujol: Spanish colonial official

whom Rizal sought to negotiate with regarding agrarian
issues and Borneo colonization.

Eduardo de Lete: Writer who criticized Rizal in La

Solidaridad, prompting Rizal's protest.

Various Filipino compatriots and propagandists, including

Graciano Lopez Jaena, Juan Luna, Antonio Luna, and Mariano
Ponce.
RIZAL’S LIFE IN DAPITAN (page 32-35)
Arrival in Dapitan: Rizal was brought to Dapitan under heavy
guard on July 15, 1892, by Captain Delgras.
Meeting with Captain Carnicero: Upon arrival in Dapitan on
July 17, 1892, Rizal was handed over to Captain Ricardo
Carnicero, the Spanish commandant in Dapitan, who later
developed a positive relationship with him.
Lottery Win: Rizal won the second prize of P20,000 in a
lottery, with his share amounting to P6,200. He used part of
the money to support his family and invested the remainder
in purchasing agricultural lands.
Religious Disputes: Rizal engaged in theological arguments
with Fr. Pablo Pastells, a Jesuit priest, regarding religion.
This led to Rizal's refusal to return to the Catholic fold
despite efforts by Fr. Pastells and other priests.
Duel Incident: Rizal challenged a Frenchman named Mr.
Juan Lardet to a duel after receiving an insulting letter from
him regarding logs purchased from Rizal's lands. However,
the situation was resolved when Lardet apologized to Rizal.
Spy Incident: Rizal encountered a spy named Florencio
Namanan, hired by Recollect friars to spy on his activities
and writings. Rizal reported the incident to the authorities,
but the investigation was squashed, and the spy was freed.
Community Projects: Rizal engaged in various community
projects in Dapitan, including establishing a school,
improving water systems, draining marshes, and beautifying
the town plaza.
Scientific Contributions: Rizal collected specimens for
scientific study, conducted anthropological and geological
studies, and explored jungles and coasts with his students to
collect specimens.
Artistic Pursuits: Rizal continued his artistic pursuits,
contributing his painting skills to the decoration of a chapel
and creating sculptures such as "The Mother Revenge" and
"The Dapitan Girl."
Agricultural and Business Ventures: Rizal applied modern
agricultural methods, imported machinery, and engaged in
business ventures, including fishing and copra production.
Relationship with Josephine Bracken: Rizal fell in love with
Josephine Bracken, and they married in a self-made
ceremony, facing scandal and gossip.
Offer of Military Service: Rizal offered his services as a
military doctor in Cuba to Governor Blanco.
Return to Manila: Rizal left Dapitan on July 31, 1896, with his
family and students, but was later arrested upon reaching
Barcelona, Spain.
Important people:
Captain Delgras: Brought Rizal to Dapitan under heavy
guard.
Captain Ricardo Carnicero: Spanish commandant in Dapitan
who developed a positive relationship with Rizal.
Fr. Pablo Pastells: Jesuit priest with whom Rizal had
theological disputes about religion.
Fr. Obach: Jesuit parish priest of Dapitan to whom Fr.
Pastells addressed a letter regarding Rizal's stay.
Fr. Jose Villaclara: Jesuit priest instructed to persuade Rizal
to return to Catholicism.
Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez: Jesuit priest sent to Dapitan
to win back Rizal to Catholicism.
Antonio Miranda: Individual who forwarded a letter from
Mr. Juan Lardet to Rizal, leading to a duel incident.
Mr. Juan Lardet: French businessman with whom Rizal had a
duel incident.
Florencio Namanan: Spy hired by Recollect friars to spy on
Rizal's activities and writings.
Captain Juan Stiges: New Captain in Dapitan to whom Rizal
reported the spy incident.
Mr. George Taufer: Blind patient from Hong Kong who came
to Dapitan, accompanied by Josephine Bracken.
Josephine Bracken: Rizal's partner whom he married in a
self-made ceremony in Dapitan.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela: Filipino doctor who informed Rizal about
the Katipunan's plan for revolution.
Governor General Blanco: Official who accepted Rizal's offer
to serve as a military doctor in Cuba and later ordered his
arrest in Barcelona.
General Eulogio Despujol: Rizal's jailor who ordered his
banishment from Dapitan and later supervised his arrest in
Barcelona.
Events following Rizal's Arrest 

Investigation and Trial: Important Terms

 A preliminary investigation was conducted by  Military Court: The court that tried Rizal, known for its
Judge Advocate Colonel Francisco Olive. lack of impartiality.
 Rizal was not allowed to confront his accusers.  Judge Advocate: A military lawyer who oversaw the
 The case was forwarded to Governor General investigation and prosecution.
Blanco and later to Judge Advocate General  Court-Martial: A formal military trial.
Nicolas de la Peña.  Manifesto: A public declaration of principles or policy,
 De la Peña recommended Rizal's trial, which Rizal wrote but was suppressed.
imprisonment, and restrictions on his defense.
 Rizal chose Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade Summary
as his defense counsel.
 The charges against Rizal included founding Following his arrest, Rizal underwent a biased
seditious societies and inciting rebellion. investigation and trial by a military court. Despite his
 Rizal pleaded not guilty but admitted to writing defense arguments, he was found guilty and sentenced
the Liga Filipina constitution. to death. Governor General Polavieja approved the
 Governor General Polavieja, upon assuming verdict, and Rizal was executed by firing squad on
office, suppressed Rizal's manifesto urging December 30, 1896. This marked the end of his life but
Filipinos to pursue reform through education. served as a catalyst for the Philippine revolution.
 The court-martial proceedings commenced at
Cuartel de España.
 Prosecution presented its case with arguments
for the death penalty.
 Rizal's defense counsel presented arguments
for his innocence.
 Rizal delivered a supplemental defense further
asserting his innocence.
 The military court found Rizal guilty and
sentenced him to death.

Execution:

 Governor General Polavieja affirmed the court's

decision.
 Rizal spent his last hours with family, friends,
and a priest.
 On December 30, 1896, Rizal was executed by
firing squad at Bagumbayan Field.

Important People

 Colonel Francisco Olive: Judge Advocate who

conducted the preliminary investigation.
 Judge Advocate General Nicolas de la Peña:
Recommended Rizal's trial and restrictions on
his defense.
 Lieutenant Luis Taviel de Andrade: Rizal's
defense counsel.
 Governor General Blanco: Initially received
Rizal's case.
 Governor General Polavieja: Approved the
court-martial's decision and ordered Rizal's
execution.
 Josephine Bracken: Rizal's fiancé who visited
him during his last days.