Republic Act No.

1425 19th century Europe

known as the Rizal Law
mandates all educational institutions in the Philippines to France
offer courses about José Rizal Age of enlightenment – ideas
signed into law: 12 June 1956 Equality
Author: Sen. Claro M Recto Sponsor: Sen. Jose P. Laurel, Sr. Freedom
(Chairman, Committee on Education) Liberty
both Sen. Claro M Recto and Sen. Jose P. Laurel, Sr.: French Revolution (1789)
considered as nationalists Brought down the monarchy of King Louis XVI
Context: Europe
the necessity to inculcate heroism in young people Spread of the ideas of the enlightenment (especially
Time: equal rights)
societal upheaval France inspired other European peoples to topple their
being devastated by the HUKBALAHAP (communist) own monarchs.
insurgency Wanting a more responsible government
The American imperialist presence was considerable in Russia: Tsar Alexander II – emancipated the serfs (1861)
the country's economy and political policy. – Rizal’s birth year
Southeast Asia's communist spread is being contained Italy: threw out the Austrians; took the Papal lands (1861)
in the Philippines using American assistance.
parity rights: the Constitution permitted the United States USA: Abraham Lincoln emancipated the black slaves – led
to exploit the country's natural resources to the American Civil War
Laurel-Langley Agreement: signed in 1955 took effect in
1956 – free entry of American goods Spain
its South and Central American colonies became
Opposed by the Roman Catholic Church independent through revolution (to name a few)
Found 170 passages (Noli Me Tangere) and 50 passages Mexico Colombia Nicaragua
(El Filibusterismo) that are offensive to the Catholic faith. Chile Ecuador El Salvador
Only 25 patriotic statements in Noli Me Tangere Argentina Peru Honduras
Reading both novels was forcing heresy and violation of Venezuela
the freedom of conscience. Spain’s remaining colonies
Threats: Philippines Puerto Rico
Close schools Cuba Spanish Sahara
Campaign against supporters of the Rizal Bill
Opposed by Rep. Miguel Cuenco and Sen. Francisco
“Soc” Rodrigo
Proposal: use expurgated novels
to cleanse of something morally harmful, offensive, or
erroneous
to expunge objectionable parts from before publication or
presentation (Merriam-Webster, 2022)

Recto’s response:
“The people who would eliminate the books of Rizal from the
schools … would blot out from our minds the memory of the
national hero … This is not a fight against Recto but a fight
against Rizal … now Rizal is dead and they no longer attempt
at his life, they are attempting to blot out his memory.”
 19th Century Philippines Rizal: 1861-1896

Why discuss the 19th century Philippines? Chinese and the Chinese Mestizos
To place Rizal in the perspective of the Philippines as a whole benefited greatly from the economy
to comprehend the Philippine culture and economics, where Chinese goods were the primary commodities traded during
Rizal was nurtured and developed the Galleon Trade.
to examine how Chinese mestizos have influenced Filipino The Spanish were apprehensive about the inflow of Chinese.
culture and the economy Policies:
Higher taxes
Massive Change: Forces Parian – enclave: restricted movements of the Chinese
Economical Social Later, the Spaniards realized the importance of the Chinese to
Political Cultural the economy.
Chinese were integrated into colonial society
Political Intermarriages with the indios = Chinese mestizos
Role in the economy:
From the Hapsburgs to the Bourbons in the 18th century Purchasing land
New colonial regulations Accumulating wealth and economy
boosting the financial success of colonies like the
Philippines Impact of economic development
The first governor general of the Philippines during the
Bourbon monarchy was Jose de Basco y Vargas. Needed a more literate population – more professionalized
European industrial revolution: workforce for trading activities
Increasing demand for raw materials and the Education decree (1863) – free primary education
Philippines' agricultural potential Schools for professionals - example: Ateneo Municipal
Export-oriented Government:
intensify bureaucratization
Jose de Basco y Vargas Streamline colonial governance
Established the Royal Philippine Company (1785) Manila: Trading center
Finance agricultural projects Better opportunity for worsening conditions in
Manage the new trade between farmlands
Philippines and Spain (Europe) Overcrowding:
Philippines and other Asian markets Living quarters
Response to the changes Sanitation and public health
greeted with a muted response Criminality
The new labor realignment is not well received by the Internal migration: Difficulty in collecting taxes
Catholic Church. Gov Gen Claveria: adoption of surnames (1849)
traders: Holding on to the Galleon Trade Catologo de apellidos
prohibited name changes at will
Reforms: Cedula personal:
lifted the prohibition on Chinese traders, reviving Registration
domestic trade Name and residence
began to establish farms that grow cash crops To improve surveillance
Some regulations that allowed Manila to gradually the creation of the guardia civil
open up to global markets were relaxed
Tobacco Monopoly was established to increase
production of this export good. Social Stratification
Peninsulares
Royal Philippine Company Pure-bloodied Spaniard born in the Iberian Peninsula
Insular
Issues with mismanagement and corruption Pure-bloodied Spaniard born in the Philippines
Mexican War of Independence: End of the Galleon Trade Mestizo
Closing of the Royal Philippine Company Born of mixed parentage (Spanish mestizo and Chinese
Manila was opened to world trade – 1834 mestizo)
foreign merchants and traders Principalia
Coming to and residing in Manila Wealthy pure-bloodied native supposedly descended
Role: financing and facilitating the (1) burgeoning from the kadatoan class
agricultural cash crop and (2) export oriented- Indio
economy Pure-bloodied native of the Philippines
Merchant houses: British and American Chino infiel
Rapid development of the economy through cash Non-Catholic pure-bloodied Chinese
crops (tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, abaca, and
coffee)
Land
Hacenderos
seized the chance to cultivate cash crops.
Pacto de retroventa
a selling contract that stipulates that the land can be
repurchased for the same amount as when it was first
sold
Small landowners required funding and resources
Kasama
tenant farmer
 RIPH related to Rizal
Cavite Mutiny The acts and facts do not fit well with the story of retraction.
Cavite's naval arsenal The third chief line of argument against the Retraction is that it
Historians in the Philippines saw it as the genesis of Filipino is out of character
nationalism The story concerning the forger should be further investigated.
Filipinos recognized their shared oppression Attention should be given more to Rizal’s mature faith and
Rizal: regarded it a pivotal moment for him and execution of thought.
GOMBURZA and the Cavite Mutiny prompted him to write El
Filibusterismo. On May 18, 1935, the lost "original" document of Rizal’s retraction
was discovered by the archdiocesan archivist Fr. Manuel
Garcia, C.M. The discovery, instead of ending doubts about
Three (3) Versions of the Cavite Mutiny Rizal’s retraction, has in fact encouraged it because the newly
discovered text retraction differs significantly from the text
Cavite Mutiny is a grand conspiracy found in the Jesuits’ and the Archbishop’s copies. And, the fact
Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne gave rise that the texts of the retraction which appeared in the Manila
among certain Filipinos to the idea of attaining their newspapers could be shown to be the exact copies of the
independence "original" but only imitations of it. This means that the friars who
this is an insurrection and conspiracy influenced by the controlled the press in Manila (for example, La Voz Española)
following: had the "original" while the Jesuits had only the imitations.
Spanish revolution which overthrew a secular throne
Propaganda against Monarchial principles Dr. Jose Rizal’s diary clearly bolsters his unchanging adherence
Democratic and Republican books and pamphlets to his deep ideals and principles. His encounter with Japanese
Speeches and preaching of new ideas culture made him embrace the calmness of death with honor.
American publicists and criminal policy This made it second to impossible that he submitted himself to
influences triggered certain Filipinos to develop an idea of the Spaniards’ whimsical importuning.
attaining independence
attain the goal of becoming independent, they started to Dr. Pascual opined that “the difference in the forms of letters,
work with the powerful assistance of the native clergy slants, habits of writings, distinct characteristics in the signature
“It was seem definite that the INSURRECTION was MOTIVATED between the genuine writings on one hand and the retraction
and PREPARED by the NATIVE CLERGY, MESTIZOS, NATIVE on the other, and the closed affinity between the writings
LAWYERS, and ABOGADILLOS. Some were residents of Manila, supposed to be done by different persons in the same
Cavite and nearby provinces” document,” demonstrate that the retraction is a forgery
Cavite Mutiny is a CRIMINAL PROJECT and they use the
following inducements: “Notwithstanding the conversations of the famous Jesuit
staged protests against injustice of the government in Fathers Faura and Vilaclara with Rizal in the chapel (of the
bandala, usury, polo, and tribute. prison), the convict continued to refuse to confess and
seduced the native troops remained obstinate in his philosophical and political theories.”
offered wealth, employment, and rank During their conversation, Dr. Jose Rizal said that when he was in
Cavite Mutiny is not a grand conspiracy but merely a labor Madrid, the Republicans were telling me that liberties are
issue sought with bullets, and not by kneeling down. “Truly, these
Gen. Izquierdo’s first official act to abolish the exemption ideas aroused in my soul are the authors of my work. My only
privilege particularly from force labor and tribute caused the sin is that of pride.” Cavanna, Rizal's Unfading Glory (Manila:
dissatisfaction and discontent of the workmen in the arsenal. 1961)
Rizal’s Retraction
Yes, Rizal Retracted: The SUMMARY of ARGUMENTS
The retraction documents discovered in 1935 is considered as
the chief witness to the reality of retraction.
The testimony of the press at the time of the event, of
“eyewitnesses”, and other “qualified witnesses”, i.e. those
closely associated with the events such as the head of the
Jesuit order, archbishop, etc.
Contents of the Retraction letter
Explicit Denouncement and Detestation of Masonry
Recognized pride as the cause of perdition.
Renounced errors, embracing the true religion.
Errors renounced publicly in both words and writings.
Professed the Catholic faith openly, embraced and
declared adherence to Catholicism.
Notarization: the retraction officially notarized for legal
validity
No, Rizal had not retracted: The SUMMARY of ARGUMENTS
The retraction document is said to be a forgery
First of all there is the matter of the handwriting
A second prong directed against the authenticity of the
documents itself is based on the principles of textual
criticism
Its content is strongly worded, e.g. in the Catholic religion “I
wish to live and die”, yet there was little time to live and
also Rizal’s claim that his retraction is spontaneous.
 Selected Work of Rizal
Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Rizal’s letter to Mariano Ponce:
Without 1872 there would not be now either a Plaridel or Jaena,
or Sanciangco, or there exist brave and generous Filipino
colonies in Europe; without 1872 Rizal would be a Jesuit now and
instead of writing Noli Me Tangere, would have written the
opposite. At the sight of the injustices and cruelties, while still a
child, my imagination was awakened, and I swore to devote
myself to avenge one day so many victims, and with this idea
in my mind I have been studying and this can be read in all my
works and writings. God will someday give me an opportunity
to carry out my promise. Good! May they commit abuses, let
there by imprisonments, banishments, executions, good. Let
Destiny be fulfilled! The day they lay their hands on us, the day
they martyrize innocent families for our faults, goodbye, friar
government, and perhaps, goodbye Spanish government!
Noli Me Tangere
Depicted the circumstances of the Philippine administration.
Attempted to awaken the Spanish rulers and Filipinos to the
truth about colonial government.
The friars: represented as mocking and ridiculing the
populace and extorting excessive taxes from them in the
guise of religion.
Reforms:
proposed enlightening the Filipino masses
Filipino masses: been kept in ignorance by the colonial
powers, particularly the friars
scientific education
means of enlightening the Filipino
free of religious order doctrine
awakening them to a knowledge of themselves as
thinking human beings.
To propagate “the idea of what is called a fatherland”
That is because the unhappiness shared by the entire Filipino
people would not be remedied if people were disconnected
from one another.
It would be vital for everyone to work together.
Two lines: enlightenment of the masses and the development
of love for the fatherland
Rizal: one of the intellectuals among the people of the
Philippines to put these two lines into action.
Quibuyen (2011):
cast away greed and selfishness
“unite with the people”
“sow an idea”
“aspire to be a nation”
the need to cultivate love for the fatherland:
objective component: a common traditional culture
The establishment of the important basis for creating a
sense of national solidarity among the inhabitants of the
Philippines - the first step in the development of their
national consciousness.
five-point program of social transformation:
unite the entire archipelago into a single compact, active,
and homogeneous body;
mutual protection in times of crisis and need;
defense against all forms of violence and injustice;
development in education, agriculture, and trade; and
reform study and execution.
El Filibusterismo
Dedication
To the memory of the priests, Don Mariano Gomez (85 years
old), Don Jose Burgos (30 years old), and Don Jacinto Zamora
(35 years old). Executed in Bagumbayan Field on the 28th of
February, 1872. • The Church, by refusing to degrade you, has
placed in doubt the crime that has been imputed to you; the
Government, by surrounding your trials with mystery and
shadows, causes the belief that there was some error,
committed in fatal moments; and all the Philippines, by
worshiping your memory and calling you martyrs, in no sense
recognizes your culpability. In so far, therefore, as your
complicity in the Cavite mutiny is not clearly proved, as you
may or may not have been patriots, and as you may or may
not have cherished sentiments for justice and for liberty, I have
the right to dedicate my work to you as victims of the evil which
I undertake to combat. And while we wait expectantly upon
Spain some day to restore your good name and cease to be
answerable for your death, let these pages serve as a tardy
wreath of dried leaves over your unknown tombs, and let it be
understood that every one who without clear proofs attacks
your memory stains his hands in your blood!
Noli Me Tangere's sequel.
Near the end of June 1888, he tore up the finished chapters,
rewrote the plot completely, and started over to create a work
that would persuade his countrymen "to think correctly.“
(Epistolario 1931, 2:20-21).
The link of the two storylines of the novels:
Noli: to show the necessity for reforms in his country -
corruption, friar abuses, and injustice
El Fili: he resisted until the conditions and time for a
revolution arrived, ultimately killing Simoun/Ibarra.
Simoun/Ibarra: filibusterer or would-be revolutionary?
Rizal witnessed occurrences in Spain where student
movements and other people can take action to change the
government for the better.
It's a story about youth. The students are the protagonists who
were supposed to make a difference.
filibusterismo or "filibusters" implies "troublemaker" or "one who
also opposes the government."
Simoun: organized a revolution by assembling a group of
men who used armed force to assault the government, such
as Kabesang Tales, and then recruited university students to
assist him in his undertaking.
Jose Alejandrino (the roommate of Jose Rizal in Germany):
Crisostomo Ibarra was an egoist who only decided to
provoke the rebellion when he was hurt in his interests, his
person, his loves and all the other things he held sacred.
With men like him, success cannot be expected in their
undertakings.
Older characters either die or are relegated to obscurity.
The university students - Basilio, Juanito Pelaez, Makaraig,
Placido Penitente, and others - were the only characters
pushing for change - a revolution - an idea they would like to
give for them to achieve in their studies.
The young men sought to improve their academic
performance by planning to open a Spanish academy. A
school that was planned to become a component of the
university under their ambitious plan.
Revolution:
not an armed revolution that results in change as a result of
killing and violence
If Filipinos improved themselves for the sake of their
motherland, a peaceful revolution would be realized. • would
be peaceful if the change was made using one's intelligence.
making use of education and language
 Life and Works of Rizal
Family Background As a student of Ateneo (1872-1877)
entered Ateneo Municipal as an 11-year-old.
Birth Date: June 19, 1861 Father: Francisco Mercado close friendship with Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez, S.J.
Birth Place: Calamba, Mother: Tedora Alonso y poems written under the guidance of Fr. Sanchez:
Laguna Realonda The Tragedy of St. Eustace In the Memory of My Town
Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good Education
Siblings: Through Education Motherland Receives Enlightenment
1. Saturnina Rizal-Hidalgo (1850-1913), she is married to other activities
Manuel T. Hidalgo (Tanauan, Batangas) joined Marian Congregation, mentor was Fr. Pablo
2. Paciano Rizal (1851-1930), revolutionary general during the Pastells, S.J., a member of Academy of Spanish
Philippine Revolution; a bachelor with his own family. He was Literature and of Natural Sciences.
married to Severina Decena. Fr. Jose Villaclara, S.J. encouraged him to pay attention
3. Narcisa Rizal-Lopez (1852-1939), she married Antonio Lopez also to the sciences and philosophy.
(teacher from Morong, Rizal) In S.Y. 1877-1878, returned to Ateneo while studying at
4. Olimpia Rizal-Ubaldo (1855-1887), she married Silvestre University of Santo Tomas (UST)
Ubaldo (telegraph operator from Manila) awarded the title perito agrimensor, issued the
5. Lucia Rizal-Herbosa (1857-1919), she married Mariano certificate on November 25, 1881, at the age of 20.
Herbosa (Calamba) As a student of the UST (1877-1878)
6. Maria Rizal-Cruz (1859-1945), m. Daniel Faustino Cruz enrolled at the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters; majored in
(Biñan, Laguna) Philosophy, 1877- 1878
7. José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (1861-1896) pursued medicine at the UST
8. Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865), died at the age of 3 submitted an entry in Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila in
9. Josefa Rizal (1865-1945), head of the women chapter of the 1879, entitled A La Juventud Filipina, won first prize and
Katipunan; died unmarried awarded a silver quill, used the phrase the youth, the fair
10. Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951), member of the Katipunan; died hope of my country
unmarried contest was held by Liceo Artistico Literario de Manila,
11. Soledad Rizal-Quintero (1870-1929), m. Pantaleon Quintero submitted an entry entitled El Consejo de los Dioses,
(Calamba) awarded the grand prize, a gold ring (1880)
Other literary works:
The execution of Rizal - On December 30, 1896, about "Junto al Pasig" "A Filipinas"
7:00 a.m. in the Bagumbayan.
He decided to continue his studies in Spain:
A timeline of the education and major events of Jose to widen his knowledge
Rizal: 1861 - Birth of Jose Rizal to avail of more conducive conditions in Europe
1872-1877 - Student at Ateneo to learn a cure on the worsening eye condition of his mother
1877-1878 - Student at UST
1880 - Won the grand prize for El Consejo de los Dios
1882-1887 - First trip to Europe Trip To Europe 1882-1887
1882 - Went to Europe
Education November 3, 1882 - enrolled at the Universidad Central de
Early Education Madrid June 21, 1884 - completed his Licenciado en Medicina
November 1885 - Paris, France
First teachers hired by his father: 1886 – Germany
Lucas Padua Leon Monroy Jose Rizal left Manila on May 3, 1882
His mother, Doña Teodora left with blessings of brother Paciano, uncle Antonio Rivera
Reader used: El Amigo de los Niños (The Children's Friend) not seek parents' blessing knowing they never approve
The story of the moth taught him a valuable lesson as a
young boy. Spain
Barcelona
Influences from Other Members of His Family found out that the people of the city enjoyed
Uncle Gregorio - value of hard work, think for himself, observe freedom and liberalism
surroundings keenly. wrote essays for Diariong Tagalog.
Uncle Jose - sketch, paint, sculptures. "Amor Patrio" (Love for Country)
Uncle Manuel - swimming, fencing, wrestling "Los Viajes" (Travels)
His yaya - told stories of duwendes (dwarves), ghosts, and "Revista de Madrid" (Review of Madrid)
aswangs (evil spirits), Maria Makiling, and other tales of his Madrid
hometown, Calamba. enrolled at the Universidad Central de Madrid on November
3, 1882
Artistic Endeavors Medicine Philosophy and Letters
Poems: Sa Aking Mga Kabata, A Memory of My Town, took courses at the Academy of San Carlos
Calamba Painting and sculpture
Languages: French, German, and English
During His Secondary Education took private lessons at the Hall of Sanz and Carbonell
Place: Biñan, Laguna Shooting Fencing
Teacher: Justianiano Aquino Cruz joined Circulo Hispano Filipino, social organization where the
Injustice to the Rizal Family members talked on the reforms needed in the Philippines
Doña Teodora was accused as an accomplice of Jose joined freemasonry, masonic name was Dimasalang
Alberto of trying to poison his wife was thrown to jail. Juan Luna and Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo are the Filipino
painters of his time.
completed his Licenciado en Medicina on June 21, 1884
finished his studies in Philosophy and Letters, Licenciado en
Filosofia y Letras
 started writing the novel Noli Me Tangere when he was still a
student at the Central University of Madrid.
could not afford the printing cost but was saved by his
friend, Maximo Viola. He lent Jose Php 5300, the needed
money for the first 2000 copies of the novel
March 29, 1887, the novel was printed in Berlin, book was
dedicated to the Philippines, his fatherland
Paris, France
He arrived in Paris on November 1885.
He worked as an assistant to Dr. Louis de Weckert
Composed songs: Alin Mang Lahi and La Deportacion
Germany
On February 1886, arrived in Heidelberg, an old university town.
He worked to Dr. Otto Becker at the University Eye Hospital.
He wrote the poem, "To the Flowers of Heidelberg."
On August 1886, he arrived in Leipzig.
On October 29, 1886, he arrived in Dresden. He saw the
painting of Raphael, the Sistine Madonna.
He made the final revisions on the novel Noli Me Tangere. On
March 29, 1887, the novel was finally printed. (Berlin)
He went to Prague to visit the tomb of Nicolaus Copernicus.
Departure from Europe
In Geneva, Switzerland, Maximo Viola and Jose Rizal parted
ways. Viola returned to Spain.
Rizal continued to Rome, Italy
In Marseilles, France, he boarded Djemnah to Saigon,
Vietnam and finally, Manila.
Returned to Calamba
established a clinic and his first patient was his mother.
treated his mother's eyes.
worked as a town physician.
called to Malacañang by Gov. Gen. Emilio Terrero due to the
controversy raised by Noli Me Tangere
found out that the book was heretic, impious, unpatriotic,
subversive, and injurious to the government of Spain in the
Philippines, the importation, reproduction, and the
distribution of the book should be prohibited
Gov. Gen. Terrero requested Jose Rizal to leave the country
Second Trip To Europe
Hongkong
He was met by Jose Ma. Basa and other Filipinos who were
exiled due to the secularization issue of 1872.
He studied the Chinese language, Chinese drama and
theater, Chinese cultures, and Chinese values.
He visited Macau, a Portuguese colony near Hong Kong
Japan
He stayed in Yokohama.
He studied the Japanese language, Japanese culture,
theatres, martial arts, and he visited shrines.
On the way to the United States, on board a ship, he met
Tetcho Suehiro.
Suehiro wrote the book Dead Traveler, he described his
travel from Japan to the US with Jose Rizal, and wrote Storm
Over the Southern Sea, similar to Rizal's Noli Me Tangere.
USA
The entire boat was quarantined when it docked in San
Francisco on April 28, 1888. The reason given was because
the boat came from a land where cholera was rampant. In
reality, it was because the boat carried several Chinese
coolies and laborers who accepted cheap labor.
traveled westward through Reno, Utah, Colorado, Nebraska,
Chicago, Albany, and New York City
His comments on America:
progressive and prosperous country
lack of racial equality because racial prejudice against
the blacks
land of fairness and justice but only for the whites
Liverpool, England
He reached Liverpool, England on May 24, 1888.
Immediately after his arrival, he left for London.
He was met by Dr. Antonio Ma. Regidor, also an exile of 1872.
Dr. Regidor practice law in London.
His objectives were to annotate Antonio Morga's Sucesos
de las Islas Filipinas, a rare Philippine history book available
at the British Museum
Paris
He continued his research on Philippine history at the
Bibliotheque Nationale or the National Library in Paris.
He continued to worked on his annotation of Antonio de
Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas. He published his
annotated version
studied the French language.
published Por Telefono, an answer to Fr. Salvation Font, a
Spanish friar who attacked the Noli Me Tangere.
Brussels
He continued to write El Filibusterismo, his second novel.
He wrote articles for the La Solidaridad.
Publication of the El Filibusterismo. Like Noli Me Tangere,
money was very scarce. It was financed by Valentin
Ventura.
Madrid
Calamba residents were forced to leave town, houses were
burned, more people were exiled, including Rizal’s family
He wrote a poem entitled A Mi Musa (To My Muse)
Rivalry between Jose Rizal and M. H. del Pilar
Paciano, advised Jose not to return to the Philippines but he
compromised that Jose can return to the East, near enough
for his parents and relatives to visit him but he cannot be
disturbed by the Spaniards. He left for Hong Kong.
Hongkong
Jose Ma. Basa initially paid for his fare to Hong Kong.
He applied for his license to practice medicine in Hong
Kong and this granted.
His friendship with Dr. Lorenzo P. Marquez helped him start
his practice in Hong Kong.
He went to Sandakan, Borneo to look for an alternative
place for displaced Calamba farmers.
Paciano started translating Noli Me Tangere to Tagalog
wrote A la Nacion Española (To the Spanish Nation)
Together with his sister Lucia, Rizal left Hong Kong and
returned to Manila
La Liga - Jose Ma. Basa thought of the idea of an organized
group of Filipinos toward the attainment of the liberty of the
people of the Philippines
Years of Exile in Dapitan
Handbills were found in Lucia's pillows entitled Pobres Frailes.
Jose Rizal admitted that those bills belonged to him. He was
ordered arrested by Despujol.
He was ordered exiled to Dapitan, North Zamboanga.
Animal species named after Jose Rizal:
Racophorous rizali (a frog) Apogonia rizali (a beetle)
Poems written while he was in Dapitan:
El Canto del Viajero (The Song of the Traveler)
A Ricardo Carnicero
Dr. Ferdinand Blumentritt updated Jose Rizal on world events.
He suggested that Rizal volunteer his services to the Spanish
government and join forces as a doctor in Cuba as a means
to end his exile.
Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco granted Jose Rizal's request. On
July 30, 1896, he was granted a safe conduct pass. Rizal
returned to Manila on board the steamer España.
The Final Chapter of His Life
While on board the steamer España, awaiting another ship
that will transport him to Spain and eventually to Cuba,
Philippine Revolution broke out. 2. He was transferred to
another ship that left for Spain. 3. He was arrested while
cruising the Mediterranean Sea. He was imprisoned in
Barcelona, Spain and was immediately deported back to
Manila. 4. In Manila, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago. He
was tried on the charges of rebellion, sedition, and illegal
association. 5. He was guilty and was sentenced to death
through a firing squad on December 30, 1896.