CHAPTER 5
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY PHILIPPINE ECONOMY AND THE CHINESE MESTIZOS
ACTIVITY 1- SUMMATIVE ACTIVITY
CHANGE AND DEVELOPMENT
 an increased demand of raw materials
 The global wave of industrialization became
ECONOMIC
the silver lining
 Agricultural potential
 The royal Philippine company was
established
 Galleon trade
 Development of cash crop farms
 Opening of manila to foreign markets
 Tobacco monopoly was established
 Manila was opened to world trade
 Inquilinos emerged
 appointment of officials with inadequate
qualifications
 too complicated functions to the unions of
the church and the state
 Manner of obtaining the position.
POLITICAL
The Spaniards had the authority to appoint
the various roles due to their power.
 Term of office or term in office is the length
of time a person (usually a politician) serves
in a particular office is dependent on the
desire of the King of the country.
 inadequate administrative supervisions,
they were unable to face and solve the
problems regarding to the Philippines
 Personal interest over the welfare of the
State
 hey were corrupt during the 19th century
and the Alcaldias/Alcalde is consideredas
the most corrupt over the other corrupts.
The Alcaldias/Alcalde includes the
administrators, judges and military
commandants.
 start of ideas of liberalism in the Philippines
 access to education for the Filipinos of
middle and lower classes, not only to elite
illustrados
SOCIO-CULTURAL
 also bloomed a substantial number
ofFilipinos who could communicate in
Spanish
 Spaniards imposed new social stratification
which discriminate the natives of the land.
 On their imposed social class, Peninsulares
or Spanish born in Spain butliving in the
Philippines belong to the highest order. It is
then followed by Insulares or Spanish
RELATION TO RIZAL’S LIFE
 One book that he recommended through
a postcard was of John Walker titled
“Farming to Profit in Modern Times.” This
demonstrated how deeply he considered
the success of Filipino farmers by offering
them solutions on how growing food can
be profitable.
 Rizal would also express his regard for
Philippine agriculture through the pages
of La Solidaridad. In an article for the
publication, he explained that Spanish
officials burden Filipino farmers instead
of supporting them, resulting in low crop
production.
 Rizal would be vocal in making the case
for the reform of Spain’s colonial policies.
The ideas of Enlightenment had breezed
through Europe the century before, but
Spain remained largely less affected by
these strong winds of thought.
 Rizal’s work comes from the influences of
the philosophy of Enlightenment. The
political and social reforms that he
espoused embodies general ideas of
tolerance, more liberty and the need for
civil government.
 The late nineteenth century was a time
known for developments in the arts,
recreation, education, and technology. It
was also an era that saw the emergence
of new justifications for racism and fear
of other cultures. Reforms were
introduced in some areas of society while
injustices persisted in others
 ACTIVITY 2
LIFE IN CIGAR FACTORY
Questions for reflection

1. What can you say about the conditions of the cigarreras in Manila?
Cigarreras sat on the floor and worked on a low table with other cigarreras. Their workplace was noisy
due to the pounding of the leaves, but they seem not to be bothered as they teased the foreigners
who cannot bear the loud noises coming from the pounding of leaves. Their monotonous work liven
up by these visitors in the factories. Cigarreras can be suspended, expelled, or even disqualified from
working in other factories if they have misdemeanors.
Cigarreras in Manila endured a lot because they are abused and maltreated by the maestras inside
the factory and the soldiers outside the factory. Soldiers pretending to find tulisanes enter their
homes and then maltreat and extorted.
2. What do these excerpts reveal about the life in nineteenth century Manila?
Life in the nineteenth century in Manila was affected by the changes in the economy. Jobs were
opened with the booming of the tobacco factories, people from places as far as Capiz migrated to
Manila to work. If you are a Cigarreras, you can start working at young age , as early as 12 years old,
together with your family. Wage as Cigarreras is usually enough for a person to meet life’s basic needs
and even leave some for other expenses . through prostitution are prevalent , most of the prositute s
are from the provinces so they probably need to make more money. Security at home are very low
because of the wrong doings of the soldiers.
3. How can these excerpts related to a discussion about the situation of women in nineteenth
century Manila?
Philippine is in the precolonial era, valued by the matriarchal as much as the patriarchal (e.g
babaylans) and women enjoyed empowerment and respect from the old society. When the colonizers
came to the country, they introduced and influenced new concepts and stereotypes which led Filipino
women to be subjected to oppression. The Spaniards successfully established the idea that women
should inferior or submissive to man. In the 19 th century, with the rise of the economy, new
innovations and the development of the country, women of the Philippines were given a chance to
have a big role in the society. Although, abuses are prevalent and Filipinas were still objects of
discrimination.